1 1

1
1 semust Tnputb C2)
passibe 6
B A
Y=AB
epresentabioni Syrmboli
tNOR
e
buateI NoR CEx- bate AND 9
te Ga
X-NDR
Bullen
Excusive
OR Gate ’NDT
batel
or oR L Gate NOR > Gate OR ’
Gate XOB hate>NAND_ hate AND ’
es Speial baate Univevsal brates Basie
Gate
ut combinctbion
f vanious fon Output
an
ues that cincuit digital abate
is bates
ter Ss Unit
 B
y= AB

A 8

1
1
1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1

2 DR- Gaate
Y= A+B

B
3 ony înput is 1
1 1. Output is 1
1 1
1 1

3) Not- Gate Y=A- A'

A

A
1
1 Outart is (omp eret of ioput
 A Y=A

1
Outut s sgne as input

.uller is used to aet the same input as outot

V delayed intentonal

tis used to provide the propagctbion delay in

ireait

fer
iruit
also inpreves the driving capaci ty af the
5 NAND hate

8
Y2
C 1 A B
1 1
1 1
C 1
1 1 1 1.
 NOR- bate
A y -AB A y=(AB)

A y= LAtB)
1
1 Jhe raer of oR
1

1 1
" NAND & NOR Gate ane hnown as univensal bate
because with the help f this Gate, we can design
any qate.
X-OR Gaate
A y=AB+AB
y- 4 B Reprase ntatin
A B

1 1
1 1

" when, both inputs ave dilßeront then oubyut is hiyh

ther name Anti tant Coinci dence gate
> 3n- equality detecton
A_ y=A
 B y Yhe XOR ate behaves as a
babßer circuit when either the
1 1 igput it set to low
y= A

A
1 1

When eithen af the point input in XOR gate is

Set to high L1) XOR behaves as an înverter
cineuit 'on not gate cincubt
8) X- NDR Grate
y=A8+ AB

A B

1
1
1 1 1
- loincidene gate
Equality Jetecton
When both Snput d oulput is sae then out s
igh.
 A

A B

1
1. Works as NoT Grte
A
y -A

A B
1
Works as Buler círut
1 1 1

A Relationship beteeo NOR and X- NOR Gate

A
yEAB +AB ABtAB
B y= ADB

2 Varables
A B y= A B y= AOB
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
3 Variables
A B y= AB Dc

1 1
1 1 1

1 1
 1 1
1.
1 1
1

|ABDC = AD BOL

K Pulse Operation f logie brates

1 1 1.

D
A
Y-(ABt)

A-Bo

A8+c loo |o

ABtc|

-o o

1 1
 TParalel
allel
series
lti
Mu
|series th
output
AJt deals
D tion
lhat
varia
outett
F
CA+B)C mathea
tiks binany
8
B
+FZ
AC8+c)CD+E)
+ with
C +AB lgebra
et
A A A/ Nalues
+C) a bronch bacic
theorem
ACB
Boolean
is4 loqical 6-
1
1
Hrs * On
1
 A+ A= A |Idempoene hw
A-A = A
9dentity
Al= A
A+1= 1
dteatty law

Null law
A+o A

5_A+ AB = A
AC1+8
’ A tAB =A
A(A+ B) = AA tAB_Absorbbion l¡n
A+AB

AtA= 1
Nggation law lompleren tation low
A- A ] Double
A=A nga tion law
A+BC - (A+B) CA+)
- AAt AC A8 +8C
A +Act AB+ BC Dstri btion law
AL1+c+ 8) + Bc
A+ P
 AB+ AC + 8C AB+AC
ALt 8A +AC) = Act AB+4BC
Consensvs
:B21+ BJ+AB
theore

LReduen dont bterdl rslel

19 AB +AC = LA t) CA+ B)
AA AB 4 AC+ BC Transpostbon theore
: AB+AC

RDuality
Ihe pinciple f duality theorem says that starbog
with abooleannelation we can derive othen
booleon relation by:
) bR’ AND
) ANp >OR
Comple()A+A
ment any- 1 zeno or one present ncypresi
(4)A AB At8
A CA+B)=4B
AA +A8 = AB
1+0 1 AB =A B
A BtC ABtAC
At84c 048)(4+)
De
A low a Boolean algebra
Commutatsive law
A
A+B= BtAJ
Jhe order in which the variable s are oRed ond mote
no dillercnce

Jhe onder in which the Variables are ANDed and mt

no dillerene.
Associative law
(a) A+C6-+C)= A+B)+cI
Vsing of OR of several variab les the esult is san
regardlss grop d vanables.

9t motes no Jilßerenue in what orde rn the vaniables

are gYouped when AND e Sevenal varsables.
3) Distribution law:
AC)- ABAcl
" OR Several variab les and AND the result with a single
Vaviable is equivalent to AND he result in single
Yania ble with each of se vergl arjable ond then
DR the product.
De-mog an's theorem
=AB
he complement f sum of voriglles is egual -to
product of ndividual components

Ihe tomplement of product of vanig bles is cqual

to sum of their îndividual components
2AB A+B

A BB A+B 4+8 A.BAB

1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

io 3coplement
tor

A+B+C=
AB'C
 C ABtC AtBtC AeBe0 ABC A-B

1 1 1 1
1 !
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 11
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

Demorga
A+B
8 A

o
A+B A

Aubtle ad AND bate

.1t is cdegr rom obove diagrem thot NOR Gate s
Same as Bble
bubble AND Gate
 AB
A A
=APY-AB Y= AB
B
NAND te

A A
Y=A+B
B
B
Bubble OR Gate

From De-morgon s 2^ law >nt above figure NAND

aste is Same as Bu bbles ag 0R Gate

: A45+8:p . Prove tat A+ -A+B

rs AB AB Al1+B)+AB
3 AB A ABO ABC D+ABCD A(2) + T8
- Acp CB+B) A8C-(At9,
AB AS AC =(A+A) 4+8)
AB (A+8)
- AB A AB B .A -a+B) = AtB
:A44 4-B
Reduce A4AB
=A(14 B)
"A1 -A
 AB+ ActABCLA Bt)
Ans AB + CcDtEr) +AB"5) Ans AlBtBC (A B+NAC edue to three liera
AB CD+EF+A8 + C ALB+BcAB+o)l Lteral Ltergl is a
-ABtC EF+AB CD AL8+ BCAB+0] Marñable or (ory trent
=A8+(t4 6)(E+F) +A8<D -ALB+BC AB+BtAC of variable used in
: AB(2 +cD)+ (C+5)(s+F) A8+ABCC tAC Boo lean tuncben
-AB+CT+DJ(E+F) F ABt ABc tAc yetw)t yzwntw
ACB-+ Bc)+ ÁC 42 )tye twr)
1xy+XyZ+ XYT+Xyz ACB+O +4c (yz)tyztw
Ans- Y[xtXZ+ xZ+R) =AB+ AC tAC
AB+1 =1 -Jtw

|Ansi- (B+AD) CC+ AD) Ans CA+BJA+B)

(A B)(*B)
AB2 tABC =AD+ BC : CAB) C48)-o
Ans ACLB+B) +ÃBc
AC+ABC A+B) lAB ABc) 0. Prove thati
Ans (A BL) AB+A BL)
- AL8+
lv) 1A A
Ans ABCD +BD CC+JtBTp ) AeA -0
ABD tBDt BTp |Ans
:BDIÃC t13 +BCD AlA- B) CAB)

elp +p7[5+]: B[T+]or col, o

 from truth table
A B

1 1
1
1

)AB AB tA B= AB +

3) A8 AB + AB- A8 AB(i+B)a+B)

AB4 4 B

ADB= AB+ AB-7B t4B

AB- AB +A 8- ABt AB

)
 olot/io:s

A Uhivevs al protr bes of

ot NA ND NOR Ga te
NAND Gate
O NOT Ga te
A y= A =A
A

AND Gate
AB
AB y= AB -AB - AB = AB
AB

OR Ghate
y- AB AtB AtB

xOR Gate A AB=

- A
AB
At t A-B
AA)At 8)
A
A A8 A-B
r
At8
e y -(Ardars
|AB
A+B)(4+E)
AB+AB
B RAB+ B
CA+B)Lat®)
A+ B ADB
 XNOR bute
AOB ADB

JA+B
4-8 B

NOR Grate

DNOT Cha te
y A+A
y= A
9OR Gra te
A+B y AtB + AB

-A+B
B AND Grabe
A A

AB
 X-NOR aate
A
AlAtB)
A AnB AB.
tp B JA'B A- t A B
B -CAtE)AB)

X-oR Gnate AB+TB

AOB
A OB = AOB

Y= AB +AB+AB

- A B+ A B
NAND NOR
NoT 1. AB
AND 2 3
3 2
No. of eate
nequired to creqte 1ate
XNDR 4

A Design of Boolean expression sing niversal gerle

&. Implement - (cD+E) lArB) Using
() AoL logic
Only NAND gate
 (DtE

)
f=(totE)

A+8

A+B=A+B
=AtB
 21/ot/2025
Sm plemcnt usihe NAND Gr le
F Alcpt B) +B)

Ans

B
A ot)
( imlereot sioy NoR Goate
f= (AB AB) (Ct D)
A

A
A4B+A+B

B 7:(F+8)(+B)
A

A+B
6 Convert the tollo wng AoI logic to a citcuit
using ) NAN p Gute cCii) NoX Gote
- NoR Gate

Ans 1) NAND Grate

A

D
RE aCbt c)tba using NOR brate
hsi gate