DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

I.I.T. MADRAS
MA 1101 - Calculus
Assignment - 3
(1) Prove the following:
(a) It is not possible that a series converges to a real number ℓ and also diverges to −∞.
(b) It is not possible that a series diverges to ∞ and also to −∞.
(2) Let k be any real number. Prove the following:
P P P P
(a) If both the series an and bn converge, then the series (an + bn ), (an − bn )
P
and kan converge.
P P P
(b) If an converges and bn diverges to ±∞, then (an + bn ) diverges to ±∞, and
P
(a − bn ) diverges to ∓∞.
Pn P
(c) If an diverges to ±∞, and k > 0, then ka diverges to ±∞.
P P n
(d) If an diverges to ±∞, and k < 0, then kan diverges to ∓∞.
(3) Give examples for the following:
P P P
(a) an and bn both diverge, but (an + bn ) converges to a nonzero number.
P P P
(b) an and bn both diverge, and (an + bn ) diverges to ∞.
P P P
(c) an and bn both diverge, and (an + bn ) diverges to −∞.
ln(1 + x)
(4) Determine Maclaurin series expansion of the functions (a) ln(1 + x) (b) .
1−x
1
(5) The function has Taylor series representation for −1 < x < 1. However, prove that
1−x
it has Taylor series representation around any c ̸= 1.
∞
X (−1)n
(6) Find the sum of the alternating harmonic series . Ans: ln 2.
n=0
n
Z a
sin x
(7) Give an approximation scheme for dx where a > 0.
P∞ 0 x
Ans: a + n=1 (−a)2n+1 /[(2n + 1)2 (2n)!].
1 1 1·3 1 1·3·5 1 π
(8) Show that 1 + + · + · + ··· = .
2 3 2·4 5 2·4·6 7 2
(9) Find the Fourier series of f (x) given by: f (x) = 0 for −π ≤ x < 0; and f (x) = 1 for
0 ≤ x ≤ π. Say also how the Fourier series represents f (x). Hence give a series expansion
of π/4. Ans: (2/π) ∞ −1
P
n=0 (2n + 1) sin[(2n + 1)x].
∞
π2 X 1
(10) Considering the Fourier series for |x|, deduce that = .
8 n=0
(2n + 1)2
∞
π X (−1)n
(11) Considering the Fourier series for x, deduce that = .
4 n=0
2n + 1
(12) Considering the Fourier series for f (x) given by: f (x) = −1, for −π ≤ x < 0 and f (x) = 1
∞
π X (−1)n
for 0 ≤ x ≤ π. Deduce that = .
4 n=0
2n + 1
(13) Considering f (x) = x2 , show that for each x ∈ [0, π],
∞ ∞
π2 X (−1)n cos nx X n2 π 2 (−1)n+1 + 2(−1)n − 2
+2 = sin nx.
6 n=1
n2 n=1
n3 π
(14) Represent the function f (x) = 1 − |x| for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 as a cosine series.
Ans: 1/2 + (4/π 2 ) ∞ −2
P
n=0 (2n + 1) cos[(2n + 1)πx].