General Chemistry

CHM115
The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
1
Chapter 3

Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

2
Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

3
Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

Learning outcomes:

❑ Estimation of molar mass

❑ Estimation of number of moles
❑ Estimation of number of atoms/molecules
❑ Estimation of percentage of elements in a molecule

4
 The Mole

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance. Like

dozen, the mole tells you the number of entities

One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to

four significant figures).
This number is called Avogadro’s number and is
abbreviated as N.

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Figure 3.1 One mole (6.022x1023 entities) of some
familiar substances.

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 Molar Mass

The molar mass (M)

For monatomic elements, the molar mass is the

same as the

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Periodic table : Needy for the calculation of molar mass

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For molecular elements and for compounds, the
formula is needed to determine the molar mass.

The molar mass of O2 = 2 x M of O

= 2 x 16.00 g/mol
= 32.00 g/mol

The molar mass of SO2 = 1 x M of S + 2 x M of O

= [32.00 + 2(16.00)] g/mol
= 64.00 g/mol

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Table 3.1 Information Contained in the Chemical Formula
of Glucose C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

Atoms/molecule of 6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms
compound

Moles of atoms/mole 6 mol of atoms 12 mol of atoms 6 mol of atoms

of compound

Atoms/mole of 6(6.022x1023) atoms 12(6.022x1023) atoms 6(6.022x1023) atoms

compound

Mass/mole of 72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g

compound

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 Interconverting Moles, Mass, and
Number of Chemical Entities

n=

Number of entities (molecules in covalent compounds or formula units in

ionic compounds) =

Number of entities (atoms in covalent compounds or ions ionic compounds)

=

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 Interconverting Moles, Mass, and
Number of Chemical Entities

Figure 3.2

Mass-mole-number relationships for elements.

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Sample Problem 3.1
Converting Between Mass and
Amount of an Element

PROBLEM: Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no

longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of Ag are in
0.0342 mol of Ag?

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Sample Problem 3.2

Converting Between Number of Entities

and Amount of an Element

PROBLEM: Gallium (Ga) is a key element in solar panels, calculators

and other light-sensitive electronic devices. How many Ga
atoms are in 2.85 x 10-3 mol of gallium?

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Sample Problem 3.3

Converting Between Number of Entities

and Mass of an Element

PROBLEM: Iron (Fe) is the main component of steel and is therefore the
most important metal in society; it is also essential in the body.
How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?

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Sample Problem 3.4
Converting Between Number of Entities
and Mass of Compound I

PROBLEM: Nitrogen dioxide is a component of urban smog

that forms from the gases in car exhausts. How
many molecules are in 8.92 g of nitrogen dioxide?

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Sample Problem 3.5

Converting Between Number of Entities

and Mass of Compound II

PROBLEM: Ammonium carbonate, a white solid that decomposes

on warming, is an component of baking powder.
a) How many formula units are in 41.6 g of ammonium
carbonate?
b) How many O atoms are in this sample?

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Mass Percent from the Chemical Formula

Mass % of element X =

moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g/mol)

x 100
mass (g) of 1 mol of compound

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Sample Problem 3.6

Calculating the Mass Percent of Each

Element in a Compound from the Formula

PROBLEM: Farmers base the effectiveness of fertilizers on their

nitrogen content. Ammonium nitrate is a common fertilizer.
What is the mass percent of each element in ammonium
nitrate?

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Mass Fraction and the Mass of an Element

Mass fraction can also be used to calculate the

mass of a particular element in any mass of a
compound.

Mass of any element in sample =

mass of element in 1 mol of compound

mass of compound x
mass of 1 mol of compound

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Sample Problem 3.7

Calculating the Mass of an Element

in a Compound

PROBLEM: Use the information from Sample Problem 3.6 to determine

the mass (g) of nitrogen in 650. g of ammonium nitrate.

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Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

Learning outcomes:

❑ Balancing chemical equations

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 Chemical Equations
A chemical equation uses formulas to express the identities and
quantities of substances involved in a physical or chemical change.

Figure 3.6
The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.
The masses per 1 mol are conserved!
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The number of atoms is conserved!

Figure 3.7 A three-level view of the reaction between
magnesium and oxygen.

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 Features of Chemical Equations
A yield arrow points from
reactants to products.

Mg + O2 MgO

Reactants are written on the left.

Products are written on the right.

The equation must be balanced; the same number

and type of each atom must appear on both sides.

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 Balancing a Chemical Equation

Translate the statement magnesium and oxygen gas react to

give magnesium oxide:
Mg + O2 → MgO

Balance the atoms using coefficients;

formulas cannot be changed
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Adjust coefficients if necessary

Check that all atoms balance Specify states of matter

2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)

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Sample Problem 3.12

Balancing Chemical Equations

PROBLEM: Within the cylinders of a car’s engine, the hydrocarbon

octane (C8H18), one of many components of gasoline,
mixes with oxygen from the air and burns to form carbon
dioxide and water vapor. Write a balanced equation for
this reaction.

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Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

Learning outcomes:

❑ Estimation of number of moles of products

❑ Estimation of mass of products
❑ Writing overall equations
❑ Finding Limiting Reactants
❑ Estimation of percentage yield

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 Stoichiometric Calculations

The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation

represent the relative number of reactant and product
particles and the relative number of moles of each.

Since moles are related to mass,the equation can be

used to calculate masses of reactants and/or products
for a given reaction.

The mole ratios from the balanced equation are used

as conversion factors.

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Table 3.4 Information Contained in a Balanced Equation

Viewed in Reactants Products

Terms of C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

Molecules 1 molecule C3H8 + 5 molecules O2 3 molecules CO2 + 4 molecules H2O

Amount (mol) 1 mol C3H8 + 5 mol O2 3 mol CO2 + 4 mol H2O

Mass (g) 44.09 g C3H8 + 160.00 g O2 132.03 g CO2 + 72.06 g H2O

Total Mass (g) 204.09 g 204.09 g

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Figure 3.8
Summary of amount-mass-number relationships
in a chemical equation.

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Sample Problem 3.14
Calculating Quantities of Reactants and
Products: Amount (mol) to Amount (mol)

PROBLEM: Copper is obtained from copper(I) sulfide by roasting

it in the presence of oxygen gas to form powdered
copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
How many moles of oxygen are required to roast
10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide?

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Sample Problem 3.15

Calculating Quantities of Reactants and

Products: Amount (mol) to Mass (g)

PROBLEM: During the process of roasting copper(I) sulfide, how

many grams of sulfur dioxide form when 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide reacts?

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Sample Problem 3.16

Calculating Quantities of Reactants

and Products: Mass to Mass

PROBLEM: During the roasting of copper(I) sulfide, how many

kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of
copper(I) oxide?

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 Limiting Reactants

• The limiting reactant will be completely used up in the

reaction.

• The reactant that is not limiting is in excess – some of

this reactant will be left over.

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Figure 3.10

An ice cream sundae analogy for limiting reactions.

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Sample Problem 3.18
Using Molecular Depictions in a
Limiting-Reactant Problem

PROBLEM: Chlorine trifluoride, an extremely reactive substance, is

formed as a gas by the reaction of elemental chlorine and
fluorine. The molecular scene shows a representative
portion of the reaction mixture before the reaction starts.
(Chlorine is green, and fluorine is yellow.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Find the limiting reactant.

(b) Write a reaction table for the process.

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Sample Problem 3.19

Calculating Quantities in a Limiting-

Reactant Problem: Amount to Amount

PROBLEM: In another preparation of ClF3, 0.750 mol of Cl2 reacts

with 3.00 mol of F2.
(a) Find the limiting reactant.
(b) Write a reaction table.

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Sample Problem 3.20

Calculating Quantities in a Limiting-

Reactant Problem: Mass to Mass

PROBLEM: A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry

consisted of two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and
dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), which ignite on
contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
(a) How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00 x 102 g of N2H4
and 2.00 x 102 g of N2O4 are mixed?
(b) Write a reaction table for this process.

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 Reaction Yields
The theoretical yield

The actual yield

% yield = actual yield x 100

theoretical yield

The effect of side reactions

on the yield of the main
product.

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Sample Problem 3.21
Calculating Percent Yield

PROBLEM: Silicon carbide (SiC) is made by reacting sand (silicon

dioxide, SiO2) with powdered carbon at high temperature.
Carbon monoxide is also formed. What is the percent
yield if 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered from processing 100.0
kg of sand?

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