Fundamental of Computer

What is computer?

Computer is an electronic device which is derived from Human intelligence.

It can do arithmetic Calculation faster. It can be compared to a magic box,
This serves different purpose to different people. Computer is a machine
capable of solving problem and manipulating data. It accepts the data by
doing some mathematical and logical operation and gives us the desired
output. A Computer accepts data from an input device and process it into
useful information which it displays an output device.

What is the full form of Computer?

C Common
O Operating
M Machine
P Particular
U User
T Technology / Trade
E Education
R Research

Characters of Computer

1. Speed: Computer can work very fast. Do you know your small
Computer can finish every work in a few time.

2. Accuracy: In Computer accuracy of Calculation is very high.

The degree of accuracy of Computer is very high and
every Calculation is performed with same accuracy.

3. Storage: The Computer has a built memory where it can store a

large amount of data. you can also share data in
Secondary Storage devices such as floppy,
Pen drive,
CD/ DVD, Hard Disk etc which can be kept outside your
Computer and can be carried very easily to any
other Computer.
 Storage Capacity

4 Bits : 1 Nibble
8 Bits : 2 Nibble and 1 Byte
1 Byte : 1 Letter
1 Byte x 1024 Bytes : 1 K B (Kilo Byte)
1 K B x 1024 K B : 1 M B (Mega Byte)
1 M B x 1024 M B : 1 G B (Gega Byte)
1 G B x 1024 G B : 1 T B (Tera Byte)
1 T B x 1024 T B : 1 P B (Peta Byte)
1 P B x 1024 P B : 1 E B (Exa Byte)
1 E B x 1024 E B : 1 Z B (Zeta Byte)

4. Diligences

A Computer is free from tiredness. It can work continuously without

being tired unlike human being.

5. Versatility

The Computer is very much versatile in performing the jobs provided

to it. It means the capacity to perform completely different type of
work.

6. Communication

Most Computers today have the capacity of communication with other

Computer. We can connect two or more computer by a
Communication device such as a Modem, Switch, router etc. These
Computers can share data, information and instructions. The
Connected Computers are called Network.

Limitations of Computer

I. It does not have feelings and Emotions.

II. It does not get tired even after long hours of work.
III. It does not have the capacity to learn from experience.
IV. Computer do not take any decision, it totally depend on user.
V. It hacker the privacy individual.
VI. Computer increases unemployment.
Generation of Computer

First Generation of Computer: first generation of computer used in

(1945 to 1955) Vacuum tube. These computer were large in size and
Writing programs on them was difficult.
Limitation of first Generation of Computer

I. The operating speed was quite slow.

II. Power consumption was very high.
III. It required large space for installation.

Second Generation of Computer

Around 1955 a device called Transistor replaced the bulky vacuum tube in
the first Generation Computer. Transistors are smaller than electric tubes
and have higher operating speed.

Third Generation of Computer

The third Generation Computer were introduced in (1964 to 1975) in these

Computer were used integrated circuits (ics).

Fourth Generation of Computer

The fourth Generation that started around 1975. It uses large scale
integrated Circuits built on a single Silicon chip called microprocessor.

Fifth Generation of Computer

The Computer of 1990 are said to be fifth Generation Computers. The

speed is externally high in fifth Generation Computer. They invented P-1,
P-2, P-3, P-4, (P- Pentium)

.
 Classification of Digital Computer

On the basic of purpose digital computer can be classified OS.

I. Special purpose Digital computer.

II. General purpose Digital computer.

Special purpose Digital Computer: These Computers are designed to

solve problems of a restricted type i. e designed to be especially efficient
in a certain class of application.

General purpose Digital Computer: This is also called all purpose digital
Computers. It can be used for any type of application. Computer that are
used for payroll, graphics, analysis etc.

These Computers can be divided in to the following category

Micro Computer: Micro Computer is at the lowest end of the computer

range in terms of speed and storage capacity. It CPU is a Micro processor.
The first Micro Computers were built of 8-bit micro processor.

Mini Computer: This is designed to support more than one user at a time.
It processor large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed.

Main frame Computer: These types of Computers are generally 32 bit

Microprocessor. It operates at a very high speed, have very large storage
capacity and can handle the work load of many users.

Super Computer: This is the fastest and most expensive machine. These
machines have high processing speed compared to other computers. It has
also multiprocessing technique. India’s first super Computer name is
(PARAM) Computer.
Chapter-2

Computer Organization and input Output Device

Program and Data Input unit Storage unit Output unit

Control unit

CPU

Arithmetic
Logic Unit

C U + A L U is called C P U and C P U stand for Central Processing Unit.

Input- This is the process of entering data and program into the computer

Storage- The process of saving data and instruction permanently is known

as storage.

Processing- The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logic

operations is called processing.

Output- This is the process of producing results from the data for getting
useful information.

Control- The manager how instructions are executed and the above
operations are performed controlling of all operations like input, processing
and output are performed by control unit.

Function unit

There are three types of units in CPU

1. Arithmetic logical unit- we enter data through the input device. It is

stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data
and instruction are performed by Arithmetic logical unit. The major
 operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction,
multiplication deviation etc.

2. Control unit- Cu is the brain of Computer. This acts like the

supervisor seeing that things are done in proper function. The control
unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed.

3. Central processing unit- The ALU and the CU of a computer

system are jointly known as the central processing unit you man call
as the brain of any computer system.

Memory

The Memory is an essential component of a computer system. It is

required by the computer to store instruction and data.

Types of Memory

1. Primary memory- Primary memory is a small fast storage unit that

store data and instructions which are being currently used by the
CPU.

Example of Primary Memory

Ram- Ram means Random Access Memory. It is a volatile memory.

The Power is switch off the data is vanishing in the Ram memory so
that is called temporary memory.

2. Secondary Memory- Secondary Memory is used to store the data

instruction or any kind of data permanently or long time. The
power is switch off suddenly yet our data is safe in secondary
Memory.
Example of Secondary Memory

Hard disk, Pen Drive, C D / DVD, Floppy, Memory Card etc.

Input and Output Devices

Input devices are those devices which are used to give the order /
instruction to system. It necessary to convert out information or data which
can be understood by the computer.

Types of input Devices

1. Key board- Key board is a primary input device. It is a combination of

both calculation and type writer. It has almost 101 to 104 keys.

Key board has many types of keys

F 1 to F 12 (Function key) A to Z (Alphabetic key)

0 to 9 (Numeric key) ALT+ CTRL+ SHIFT (Control key
$ @ # (Special key)

2. Mouse- , Mouse is an input and pointing device. It has a roll, a small

boll and two or three button on the top. The curser moves very fast
with mouse giving you more freedom to work in any direction. It is
easier and faster to move through it.

3. Scanner- Scanner is an input device. The key board can input only
text through keys are provided in it. If we want to input a picture the
key board cannot do that. Scanner is an input and optical device that
input any graphical matter and display on monitor.

4. Bar code Reader (BCR)- A bar code reader is a specialized code

represented by sets of parallel bars of verifying thickness and
 separation. This is used for fast identification of items with an
optimized Scanner. The optical scanner is called a Bar code reader.

5. Digital Camera- A Digital camera is a camera that take video or still

photographic for both digitally by recording on a light sensitive
sensor.

6. Magnetic ink character Reorganization (MICR)- This is widely used

by banks to process large volume of check and drafts.

7. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)- This technique is used when students

have appeared in objective type tests and they had to mark their
answer by darkening a square of circular space by pencil. These
answer sheets are directly fed to a computer for regarding where
OMR is used.

8. Optical Character Reorganization (OCR)- This technique units the

direct reading of any printed character.

9. Light Pen- light pen is an input device that utilizes a light sensitive
detector to select objects a display screen.

Output Device

Output devices are those device which is used to show the any type
of result, information or data etc.

Example of Output device

1. Monitor- Monitor is an output device which is used to show any type

of result and video, picture etc.
2. Printer – Printer is an output Device which is used to convert soft
copy into a hard copy.
 3. Speaker- Speaker is an Output Device. It keeps out any type of
sound of any video, songs movies, functions marriage videos etc.

Windows

Windows is an operating system. Which is used to operate any system? It

has many tools for working as Notepad, WordPad, Paint, Accessory,
internet explorer, windows explorer and all Program etc.They all
Applications are already inbuilt in every different-2 windows.

 Notepad- Notepad is a text Editor. Notepad is a Writing package.

Notepad has no tool bar. It is only text base.

Notepad Extension is .TXT (Text)

 WordPad- WordPad is writing package software. WordPad is a word

processor. WordPad has many tools bars like, ruler, formatting etc. it
provide the paint drawing, insert object etc.

WordPad Extension is .RTF (Rich Text Format).

 Ms-Paint- Ms-Paint is a Graphics Design Package. It has many Tools

bars like file, edit, view etc. it provide the color features, rotate the
image and crop the image and other many types of tools in paint like
air brush text box etc.

Ms- Paint Extension is .BMP (Bitmap Picture)