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CLASS –11
COMPUTER SCIENCE
NOTES
CHAPTER-2 ENCODING SCHEMES AND
NUMBER SYSTEM

1. Introduction

• Definition: Encoding schemes and number systems are fundamental concepts in computer science. They define
how data is represented and manipulated in computers.

2. Number Systems

Number systems are used to represent numbers using different bases. The most commonly used number systems
are:

2.1 Binary Number System

• Base: 2
• Digits: 0 and 1
• Usage: Fundamental in digital computing. Each binary digit (bit) represents a power of 2.
• Example: 1011₂ = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11₁₀

2.2 Decimal Number System

• Base: 10
• Digits: 0 to 9
• Usage: Commonly used in everyday life. Each digit represents a power of 10.
• Example: 254₁₀ = 2×10² + 5×10¹ + 4×10⁰ = 200 + 50 + 4 = 254

2.3 Octal Number System

• Base: 8
• Digits: 0 to 7
• Usage: Less common, but sometimes used in computing. Each digit represents a power of 8.
• Example: 345₈ = 3×8² + 4×8¹ + 5×8⁰ = 192 + 32 + 5 = 229₁₀

2.4 Hexadecimal Number System

• Base: 16
• Digits: 0 to 9, A to F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15)
• Usage: Often used in computing and programming to simplify binary representation. Each digit represents a power
of 16.
• Example: 2F₁₆ = 2×16¹ + F×16⁰ = 32 + 15 = 47₁₀

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3. Conversion Between Number Systems

• Binary to Decimal: Multiply each binary digit by its corresponding power of 2 and sum the results.
• Decimal to Binary: Divide the decimal number by 2, record the remainder, and repeat with the quotient until it is 0.
The binary number is the remainders read in reverse order.
• Binary to Hexadecimal: Group binary digits into sets of four (from right) and convert each group to its hexadecimal
equivalent.
• Hexadecimal to Binary: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.

4. Encoding Schemes

Encoding schemes are used to convert data into a format suitable for processing or transmission. Common
encoding schemes include:

4.1 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

• Purpose: Encodes characters into numerical values.

• Character Set: Includes 128 characters, including control characters and printable characters (letters, digits,
punctuation).
• Example: 'A' = 65 (decimal), 01000001 (binary)

4.2 Extended ASCII

• Purpose: Extends the standard ASCII set to 256 characters.

• Character Set: Includes additional characters for various languages and graphical symbols.

4.3 Unicode

• Purpose: Provides a unique number for every character, regardless of platform, program, or language.
• Character Set: Covers a wide range of characters from different languages and symbols.
• Example: 'A' = U+0041, '😊😊' = U+1F60A

4.4 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

• Purpose: Represents decimal numbers in binary form.

• Encoding: Each decimal digit is encoded as a 4-bit binary number.
• Example: Decimal 25 is encoded as 0010 0101 in BCD.

4.5 Gray Code

• Purpose: A binary encoding scheme where two successive values differ in only one bit.
• Usage: Used in error correction in digital communications.
• Example: Binary 0000 → Gray 0000, Binary 0001 → Gray 0001

5. Applications of Encoding and Number Systems

• Data Storage: Different number systems and encoding schemes are used in storing and retrieving data.
• Data Transmission: Encoding schemes help in ensuring data integrity during transmission over networks.
• Programming: Understanding number systems is crucial for writing and debugging code.

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