SCIENCE 10 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

1. Crust is the outermost layer of the Earth.

2. The crust and upper mantle make up Earth’s lithosphere.
3. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust.
4. Plate is the continuously moving part of the earth’s crust.
5. Plate Tectonic Theory states that the entire crust is broken and is continuously moving.
6. Landslide is not a result of Plate Tectonics.
7. Tectonic earthquake happens due to the sudden release of energy within some limited
region of the rocks of Earth.
8. A submarine earthquake causes a huge amount of water to be displaced which created
tsunamis.
9. A chain of mountains is called mountain range.
10. Epicenter is the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
11. Pacific Plate pushes the Philippine Plate toward the Eurasian Plate.
12. If an earthquake begins while you are in a building, the safest thing for you to do is to get
under the strongest table, chair, or other pieces of furniture.
13. It is important to be aware of places prone to earthquakes to perform necessary
precautions.
14. The location of the majority of earthquake epicenters are situated at the same location of
volcanoes around the world.
15. Mountain ranges are found in places where volcanoes and/or earthquake epicenters are
also situated.
16. Plates move apart at Divergent Boundaries.
17. Plates slide past each other at Transform Fault Boundary.
18. The boundary between two plates moving toward each other is called a Convergent
Boundary.
19. Seafloor spreading is located at Divergent Plate Boundary.
20. Plate Tectonic Theory states that continents have moved slowly to their current location.
21. The East African Rift is an example of a Rift Valley.
22. The Himalayan mountain range of India was formed at the Convergent Boundary.
23. Philippine plate moves toward the Antarctic plate.
24. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a transform fault boundary.
25. Divergent plate boundary occurs between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate.
26. Convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary occurs between the Nazca Plate and the
South American Plate.
27. Base on the current position of the continents, South America is moving away from Africa
in the west direction.
28. At the convergent plate boundary, the older crust is recycled by subduction.
29. The force that causes the plates to move is convection current.
30. Features found at divergent plate boundaries include Mid-ocean ridges.
31. When magma in the earth’s mantle develops a great pressure, the ground above it is
pushed upward. If this happens in the middle of an ocean, volcanic island is produced.
32. The tall landform created when two continental plates converge is called mountain ranges.
33. Subducting plate dives down under a less dense plate during subduction.
34. Partially liquid materials in the mantle flow up and down.
35. A rift valley is formed simultaneously with divergent plate boundary.
36. Plates move toward each other, away from each other, and slide past each other when we
feel that the ground is shaking.
37. When two continental plates converge, mountain is produced.
38. San Andreas Fault located in California has transform fault boundaries in the oceans and
on the continents.
39. Oceanic ridge is otherwise known as an underwater mountain.
40. Volcanic island arc is a chain of volcanoes developed parallel to a trench or a crack under
the ocean.
41. Tsunami is formed when ocean water flips upward due to the great push caused by
convergence of plates.
42. A convection current is caused by differences in temperature resulting to variation in air
pressure.
43. Hot molten materials in a convection cell rises near the mantle.
44. The motion of gas or liquid caused by differences in temperature is a convection current.
45. A driving force for plate motion at mid-ocean ridges as result of the rigid lithosphere
sliding down is called ridge push.
46. Lithospheric plates are flowing in asthenosphere.
47. The method of heat transfer are convection, conduction, and radiation.
48. The driving force of tectonic plates are ridge push, slab push, and mantle convection.
49. The source of heat in a mantle convection current is the core.
50. Rocks, fossils, and climate are the evidences scientists use to support the Continental Drift
Theory.
51. Fossil evidence provided strong support for Continental Drift Theory.
52. The magnets point north when Earth's magnetic field has normal polarity.
53. Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Theory was not accepted immediately by the people
during his time because he cannot explain what causes the continents to drift.
54. Magnetic patterns found on the ocean floor are puzzling because it shows alternating
bands of polarity.
55. The process that forms and moves new oceanic crust is called Seafloor Spreading.
56. The supercontinent landmass formed million years ago is called Pangaea.
57. If Australia is moving about 2cm/ year and was drifted from the ridge by 1000km, 50
million years ago, Australia was near the ridge.
58. The evidence from the rock layers in different continents exactly matched mainly proves
that the Cape Mountains of South America and Africa line up perfectly before.
59. Alfred Lothar Wegener hypothesized in 1912 that continents were once a giant landmass
called Pangaea.
60. Harry Hammond Hess realize in the 1950s that the Earth's crust had been moving away on
each side of oceanic ridges, down the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans when his team continued
exploring the ocean floor and discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.