Detailed Answers to Unit-1 and Unit-2 Questions
UNIT-1
1. Classification of Computers
Generations of Computers:
1. First Generation (1940-1956):
- Used vacuum tubes.
- Large, slow, and expensive.
- Example: ENIAC.
2. Second Generation (1956-1963):
- Used transistors.
- Smaller and faster than the first generation.
- Example: IBM 1401.
3. Third Generation (1964-1971):
- Used integrated circuits (ICs).
- Cost-effective and efficient.
- Example: IBM System/360.
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present):
- Used microprocessors.
- Enabled the development of personal computers.
- Example: Desktop PCs.
5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond):
- Focuses on artificial intelligence (AI).
- Example: AI-driven devices and quantum computers.
Types of Computers:
- Analog Computers: Process continuous data (e.g., speedometer).
- Digital Computers: Process discrete data (e.g., laptops).
- Hybrid Computers: Combine analog and digital features (e.g., ECG machine).
2. Five Input Devices and Five Output Devices
Input Devices:
1. Keyboard (Typing input).
2. Mouse (Pointing input).
3. Microphone (Audio input).
4. Scanner (Image input).
5. Joystick (Control input for gaming).
Output Devices:
1. Monitor (Visual display).
2. Printer (Hardcopy output).
3. Speakers (Audio output).
4. Projector (Enlarged visual output).
5. Headphones (Personal audio output).
3. Difference Between Application Software and System Software
1. Application Software:
- Used for specific user tasks.
- Examples: MS Word, VLC Player.
- Depends on system software to function.
- Designed for end-users.
2. System Software:
- Manages computer hardware and provides a platform for applications.
- Examples: Windows OS, Linux.
- Operates independently.
- Acts as an intermediary between hardware and user.
5. Explanation of Terms
1. Computer Ethics: Rules and guidelines for the responsible use of computers (e.g.,
avoiding hacking and piracy).
2. E-Business: Conducting business activities online (e.g., Amazon, Flipkart).
3. Bioinformatics: Application of computers to analyze biological data (e.g., DNA analysis).
4. Computer Gaming: Playing interactive games on computers, either offline or online.
6. Operating System and Its Functions
1. What is an Operating System?
- A system software that manages hardware and software.
- Provides an interface for users to interact with the computer.
- Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.
2. Functions of an Operating System:
- Process Management: Allocates resources to running programs.
- Memory Management: Allocates memory to applications.
- File Management: Organizes and secures data.
- Device Management: Controls peripheral devices like printers.
- User Interface: Provides a GUI or CLI for interaction.
7. Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System:
- Processes jobs in batches.
- No user interaction during execution.
- Example: Early IBM systems.
2. Time-Sharing Operating System:
- Allows multiple users to share system resources simultaneously.
- Example: UNIX.
3. Distributed Operating System:
- Manages resources across multiple systems.
- Example: Windows Server.
4. Real-Time Operating System:
- Processes data instantly, suitable for critical systems.
- Example: Air traffic control systems.
8. What is a File? Explain File Operations
1. What is a File?
- A file is a collection of data stored with a name and extension.
- Examples: Text files (.txt), Image files (.jpg), Video files (.mp4).
2. File Operations:
- Create: Making a new file.
- Read: Viewing file content.
- Write: Adding or editing content.
- Rename: Changing the file name.
- Delete: Removing the file.
UNIT-2
1. Generations of Programming Languages
1. First Generation:
- Machine language written in binary (0s and 1s).
- Difficult for humans to understand.
2. Second Generation:
- Assembly language using mnemonics.
- Easier than machine language but still low-level.
3. Third Generation:
- High-level languages with English-like syntax.
- Examples: C, Java.
4. Fourth Generation (4GL):
- Simplifies programming with closer-to-human commands.
- Example: SQL.
5. Fifth Generation (5GL):
- Focuses on problem-solving and AI.
- Examples: Prolog, LISP.
2. Difference Between Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP) and Object-
Oriented Programming (OOP)
1. Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP):
- Focuses on writing procedures (functions) to perform tasks.
- Data flows freely between functions.
- Less secure due to lack of encapsulation.
- Examples: C, Pascal.
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):
- Focuses on creating objects and classes.
- Combines data and methods into objects (encapsulation).
- Provides features like inheritance and polymorphism.
- Examples: Java, Python, C++.
