Islamic Values and Rules

for Medical
Professionalism
By the end of this lecture the student
should be able to
¡ ‫ﺩد‬
1: Describe the role of Islamic civilization
‫ﺕتﻁطﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻝلﻭوﻡم‬
in the evolution of medicine and medical
ethics, giving example of Muslim medical
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻡمﻉع ﺃأﻡمﺙثﻝلﺓة ﻝلﺃأﻉعﻝلﺍاﻡم‬
scholars and their contributions.. ‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﻭو ﻡمﺅؤﻝلﻑفﺍاﺕتﻩهﻡم‬.
2: Identify the current sources and
¡ ‫ﻡم‬
references related to Islamic medical
ethics .
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻩهﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ﻑفﻱي‬
3: List and explain the main guiding
‫ ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡم‬.
principles of Islamic medical ethics ¡ ‫ﻡم‬
4 :Give examples of contemporary issues
addressed by Islamic medical ethics
‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة‬
¡ ‫ﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻉعﺍاﺹصﺭرﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي‬
‫ﺕتﺕتﻥنﺍاﻭوﻝلﻩهﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪Scientific Islamic medicine passed‬‬ ‫ﺱسﺍاﻩهﻡمﺕت ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺽضﺍاﺭرﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻁطﻭوﺭر‬
‫‪through three stages:‬‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻝلﻡمﻱي ﻝلﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻭوﻕقﺩد ﻡمﺭرﺕت ﻩهﺫذﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺍاﻩهﻡمﺍاﺕت‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪1- The first stage was the stage of‬‬
‫‪translation of foreign sources into‬‬ ‫ﺏبﺙثﻝلﺍاﺙثﺓة ﻡمﺭرﺍاﺡحﻝل‪:‬‬
‫‪Arabic. It extended through the‬‬ ‫‪ :1‬ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺡحﻝلﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻭوﻝلﻯى ﻡمﺭرﺡحﻝلﺓة ﺕتﺭرﺝجﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺅؤﻝلﻑفﺍاﺕت‬
‫‪seventh and eighth centuries.‬‬
‫(ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺱسﺍاﺏبﻉع‪-‬ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﻝلﺍاﺩدﻱي)‪:‬‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪2- The second stage was the stage‬‬
‫‪of excellence and genuine scientific‬‬ ‫ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻍغﺭرﻱيﻕقﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻩهﻥنﺩدﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺹصﻱيﻥنﻱيﺓة ﻭو‬
‫‪contribution, in which the Islamic‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﻑفﺍاﺭرﺱسﻱيﺓة ﻝلﻝلﻍغﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺭرﺏبﻱيﺓة‪.‬‬
‫‪physicians were the leaders and the‬‬
‫‪source of new chapters of medicine.‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺡحﻝلﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻥنﻱيﺓة ﻡمﺭرﺡحﻝلﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺯزﺩدﻩهﺍاﺭر ﻭو‬
‫‪This stage extended from the ninth‬‬
‫‪to the thirteenth centuries.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺃأﻝلﻱيﻑف ‪ ( :‬ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺍاﺱسﻉع – ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪3- The third stage was the stage of‬‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺙثﻝلﺙث ﻉعﺵشﺭر ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﻝلﺍاﺩدﻱي)‪ :‬ﻕقﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺭرﺏب‬
‫‪decline, where medicine, as well as‬‬ ‫ﻡمﺅؤﻝلﻑفﺍاﺕت ﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉعﻱيﺓة ﻉعﺭرﺽضﻭوﺍا ﻑفﻱيﻩهﺍا ﺥخﻝلﺍاﺹصﺓة‬
‫‪other branches of science, became‬‬
‫‪stagnant and deteriorated. This‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻉعﺭرﻑفﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺃأﺽضﺍاﻑفﻭوﺍا ﻉعﻝلﻱيﻩهﺍا ﺇإﺱسﻩهﺍاﻡمﺍاﺕت‬
‫‪stage started mainly after the‬‬ ‫ﻑفﺭرﻱيﺩدﺓة ﻝلﻝلﻁطﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺭرﺏبﻱي ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي‪.‬‬
‫‪thirteenth century‬‬
‫‪ :3‬ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺡحﻝلﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻝلﺙثﺓة ﻡمﺭرﺡحﻝلﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻙكﻭوﺩد ﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺽضﻡمﺡحﻝلﺍاﻝل‪ :‬ﺏبﻉعﺩد ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻝلﺙث ﻉعﺵشﺭر‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﻝلﺍاﺩدﻱي ‪ .‬ﺡحﻝلﺕت ﻑفﺕتﺭرﺓة ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻙكﻭوﺩد ﻑفﻱي ﻙكﻝل‬
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺩدﺭرﺱسﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺍاﻭوﻝلﻯى‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺝجﻡمﻉع ﺏبﻱيﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻑفﻝلﺱسﻑف‬
‫(ﺕت‪ 313 .‬ﻩهـ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺏبﻱي ﺏبﻙكﺭر ﻡمﺡحﻡمﺩد ﺏبﻥن ﺯزﻙكﺭرﻱيﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺭرﺍاﺯزﻱي‬
‫‪ 925‬ﻡم) ﺃأﻝلﻑف ﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب "ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺍاﻭوﻱي ”‬
‫ﻭوﺃأﺏبﻱي ﻉعﻝلﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺱسﻱيﻥن ﺏبﻥن ﺱسﻱيﻥنﺍا (ﺕت‪ 428 .‬ﻩهـ‪/‬‬
‫‪ 1 037‬ﻡم)‬
‫ﺃأﻝلﻑف ﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب "ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺍاﻥنﻭوﻥن "‬
‫ﻑفﻕقﺩد ﻙكﺍاﻥنﺍا ﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏبﻱيﻥن ﻑفﻱيﻝلﺱسﻭوﻑفﻱيﻥن ﺍاﻡمﺕتﺯزﺝج‬
‫ﻉعﻥنﺩدﻩهﻡمﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﺏبﺍاﻝلﻑفﻝلﺱسﻑفﺓة ﻭوﺃأﻝلﻑفﺍا ﻑفﻱيﻩهﻡمﺍا‬
‫ﺝجﻡمﻱيﻉعﺍا‪.‬‬
‫ﻭوﻝلﻕقﺩد ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﻝلﻩهﺫذﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺫذﻩهﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻭوﻑفﻱيﻕقﻱي ﺏبﻱيﻥن‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻑفﻝلﺱسﻑفﺓة ﺃأﺙثﺭرﻩه ﻑفﻱي ﺕتﺹصﻭوﺭر‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻭوﻑفﻩهﻡمﻩه‪ .‬ﻑفﻕقﺩد ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﻡمﻉعﻅظﻡم ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻁطﺏبﺍاء‪-‬‬
‫ﺡحﺕتﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺥخﺍاﻡمﺱس‪ -‬ﻱيﻕقﺱسﻡمﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب‬
‫ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﻉعﻝلﻡمﻱي ﻭوﻉعﻡمﻝلﻱي‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺃأﺏبﻱي ﻉعﻝلﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺱسﻱيﻥن ﺏبﻥن ﺱسﻱيﻥنﺍا‬
‫(‪ 428- 369‬ﻩهـ‪ 1 980037 - /‬ﻡم)‬
‫‪commonly known as Avicenna‬‬
‫ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﺃأﻡمﻱيﺭر ﺃأﻁطﺏبﺍاء ﻉعﺹصﺭر ﻩه‬
‫ﺡحﻑفﻅظ ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭوﻩهﻭو ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﺵشﺭرﺓة ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻡمﺭر‬
‫ﺃأﻙكﻡمﻝل ﺩدﺭرﺍاﺱسﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻝلﻭوﻡم ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻡمﻥنﺓة ﻉعﺵشﺭر‬
‫ﺃأﻝلﻑف ﺃأﻭوﻝل ﻙكﺕتﺏبﻩه ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﻡمﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺍاﺩدﻱي ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺵشﺭرﻱيﻥن ‪ .‬ﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡم‬
‫ﻭوﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب ﻭوﻑفﻱيﻝلﺱسﻭوﻑف ﻭوﺵشﺍاﻉعﺭر ﻭو ﻑفﻝلﻙكﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻑف ﺃأﻙكﺙثﺭر ﻡمﻥن ‪ 100‬ﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب ‪ 16‬ﻡمﻥنﻩهﺍا ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب‬
‫ﺃأﺵشﻩهﺭر ﻙكﺕتﺏبﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺍاﻥنﻭوﻥن ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺫذﻱي ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع ﻝلﻝلﺃأﻁطﺏبﺍاء‬
‫ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻭوﺭرﺏبﺍا ﺡحﺕتﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺱسﺍاﺏبﻉع ﻉعﺵشﺭر‬
 ‫ﻭوﻕقﺩد ﺭرﻙكﺯز ﺍاﺏبﻥن ﺱسﻱيﻥنﺍا ﻉعﻝلﻯى‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺭرﺍاﺙث ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﻡمﻝلﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻡمﻝلﺍاﻕق‬
‫"ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺍاﻥنﻭوﻥن ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب"‪ ،٬‬ﺍاﻝلﺫذﻱي‬
‫ﻱيﻉعﺕتﺏبﺭر ﻕقﻡمﺓة ﻭوﻥنﻡمﻭوﺫذﺝجﺍاً ﺭرﺍاﺉئﻉعﺍاً ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻥنﻅظﻱيﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺕتﺹصﻥنﻱيﻑف‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺭرﺏبﻱي‪ .‬ﻭوﺕتﻉعﺍاﻝلﺝج ﻩهﺫذﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻭوﺱسﻭوﻉعﺓة‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﺡحﻕقﺍاﺉئﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻡم‪،٬‬‬
‫ﻭوﺕتﻉعﺭرﺽض ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺕتﻑفﺹصﻱيﻝل‬
‫ﻝلﻝلﺇإﻡمﺭرﺍاﺽض ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﻱيﻡمﻙكﻥن ﺃأﻥن‬
‫ﺕتﻥنﺕتﺍاﺏب ﻙكﻝل ﺃأﺝجﺯزﺍاء ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺱسﻡم ﻡمﻥن‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺭرﺃأﺱس ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺩدﻡم‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻙكﺫذﻝلﻙك ﻉعﻝلﻡم‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻡمﺭرﺍاﺽض ﺍاﻝلﺥخﺍاﺹص‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺩدﺱسﺕتﻭوﺭر‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺹصﻱيﺩدﻝلﺓة‪ .‬ﻭوﻕقﺩد ﺕتﺭرﺝجﻡم ﻩهﺫذﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻝلﺍاﺕتﻱيﻥنﻱيﺓة ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻥنﻱي ﻉعﺵشﺭر‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻅظﻝل ﻩهﺫذﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب ﻭوﺡحﺩدﻩه ﻱيﻁطﺏبﻉع ﻭوﻱيﻕقﺭرﺃأ ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺃأﻭوﺭرﻭوﺏبﺍا‪ .‬ﻁطﻭوﺍاﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻭوﺱسﻁطﻯى‬
‫ﻙكﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع ﺃأﺱسﺍاﺱسﻱي ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﺡحﺕتﻯى‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺹصﻑف ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻥنﻱي ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن‬
 ‫‪Ibn Kitani‬‬

‫ﺕتﺭرﺝجﻡمﺓة ﻑفﺍاﺭرﺱسﻱيﺓة ﻝلﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺍاﻥنﻭوﻥن ﻑفﻱي‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب‬
 ‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻝلﻡم ﻱيﺏبﻕق ﻡمﺝجﺭرﺩد ﻥنﻅظﺭر ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻙكﻝلﻱيﺍاﺕت ﻭوﺍاﺱسﺕتﻕقﺭرﺍاء ﻝلﻝلﺝجﺯزﺉئﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺏبﻝل‬
‫ﺃأﺹصﺏبﺡح ﻱيﺝجﻡمﻉع ﺏبﻱيﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻅظﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺕتﻁطﺏبﻱيﻕق‬
‫ﺃأﻭو ﺏبﻱيﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻝلﻡم ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻅظﺭرﻱي ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻡمﻝل‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻁطﺏبﻱيﻕقﻱي ﻙكﺍاﻝلﺝجﺭرﺍاﺡحﺓة ‪.‬ﻭو ﻩهﺫذﺍا ﻡمﺍاﻱيﺵشﺭرﺡحﻩه‬
‫ﺇإﺏبﻥن ﺱسﻱيﻥنﺍا ﻑفﻱي ﻩهﺫذﻩه «ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺭرﺝجﻭوﺯزﺓة»‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻉعﻝلﻱيﻡمﻱيﺓة‪.‬‬

‫ﻭوﻕقﺩد ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﺃأﻁطﺏبﺍاء ﻙكﺙثﻱيﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻱيﻡمﺍاﺭرﺱسﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺭرﺍاﺡحﺓة ﺇإﻡمﺍا ﺝجﻩهﺭرﺍا ﻭوﺇإﻡمﺍا ﺥخﻑفﻱيﺓة‪ .‬ﻭوﺃأﺵشﻩهﺭر ﻡمﻥن‬
‫ﻉعﺭرﻑف ﺏبﻩهﺍا ﻩهﻭو ﺃأﺏبﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺍاﺱسﻡم ﻉعﺏبﺍاﺱس ﺏبﻥن‬
‫ﺥخﻝلﻑف ﺍاﻝلﺯزﻩهﺭرﺍاﻭوﻱي‬
‫‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺃأﺏبﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺍاﺱسﻡم ﻉعﺏبﺍاﺱس ﺏبﻥن ﺥخﻝلﻑف‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺯزﻩهﺭرﺍاﻭوﻱي‪:‬‬
‫ﻭوﻝلﺩد ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﺍاﻡم ‪ 936‬ﻡمﻱيﻝلﺍاﺩدﻱيﺓة‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﺯزﺩدﻩهﺭرﺕت ﺵشﺥخﺹصﻱيﺕتﻩه‬
‫ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﻩهﺩد ﺍاﻝلﺥخﻝلﻱيﻑفﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻡمﻭوﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻡمﻥن ﻉعﺏبﺩد ﺍاﻝلﺭرﺡحﻡمﻥن‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻝلﺙث‪ ،٬‬ﻙكﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب ﺥخﺍاﺹص ﻝلﻩه‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺫذﻝلﻙك ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻥن‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﺵشﺭر ﻑفﻱي ﻡمﺩدﻱيﻥنﺓة ﻕقﺭرﻁطﺏبﺓة‪ .‬ﻑفﺡحﺍاﻝلﻡمﺍا ﺍاﺱسﺕتﻙكﻡمﻝل‬
‫ﺩدﺭرﺍاﺱسﺕتﻩه ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺡحﻕق ﺏبﻉعﻡمﻝل ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى ﺍاﻝلﺫذﻱي‬
‫ﺃأﻥنﺵشﺃأﻩه ﺍاﻝلﺥخﻝلﻱيﻑفﺓة ﺥخﺹصﻱيﺹصﺍاً ﻑفﻱي ﻕقﺭرﻁطﺏبﺓة ﻭوﺭرﺍاﺡح‬
‫ﻱيﻡمﻉعﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻅظﺭر ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺭرﻕق ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻭوﺱسﺍاﺉئﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺥخﺩدﻡمﺓة‬
‫ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﻝلﺍاﺝج ﻡمﺥخﺕتﻝلﻑف ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻡمﺭرﺍاﺽض ﻭوﺏبﻉعﺩد ﺱسﻥنﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻡمﻥن‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻡمﻝل ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى‪ ،٬‬ﻙكﻭوﻥن ﻡمﻉعﺕتﻕقﺩدﺍاﺕتﻩه ﺍاﻝلﺥخﺍاﺹصﺓة‬
‫‪ Vol. 30 of Surgery book d´Abu-l-Qasim al-‬ﻭوﺃأﻝلﻑف ﺙثﻝلﺍاﺙثﺓة ﻙكﺕتﺏب‪ .‬ﻭوﻙكﺫذﻝلﻙك ﻭوﺽضﻉع ﻉعﺩدﺩدﺍاً ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻙكﺕتﺏب‬
‫‪ Zahrawi (Abulcasis).Century X a.C‬ﻉعﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻡمﻝلﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺭرﺍاﺡحﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﻕقﺍاﻡم ﺏبﻩهﺍا‪ .‬ﻭوﻕقﺩد ﻅظﻝلﺕت‬
‫ﻩهﺫذﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻙكﺕتﺏب ﻥنﺹصﻭوﺹصﺍاً ﻱيﻉعﺕتﺩد ﺏبﻩهﺍا ﻝلﺡحﻭوﺍاﻝلﻱي ﺃأﻝلﻑف ﻉعﺍاﻡم‪.‬‬
‫ﻭوﻡمﺍا ﺯزﺍاﻝل ﺃأﺡحﺩد ﻩهﺫذﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻙكﺕتﺏب ﻡمﻭوﺝجﻭوﺩدﺍاً ﻑفﻱي ﺏبﺍاﻙكﺱسﺕتﺍاﻥن ﻙكﺃأﺡحﺩد‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺍاﺝجﻉع ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺍاﺩدﺭرﺓة‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺫذﻝلﻙك ﻑفﻱي ﻡمﻙكﺕتﺏبﺓة " ﻡمﻉعﻩهﺩد‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺏبﺡحﺍاﺙث ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة " ﻑفﻱي ﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡم ﺃأﺏبﺍاﺩد‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﺱسﻡم ﻩهﺫذﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺅؤﻝلﻑف ﻩهﻭو ‪« :‬ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺹصﺭرﻱيﻑف ﻝلﻡمﻥن ﻉعﺝجﺯز ﻉعﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺃأﻝلﻱيﻑف»‬
‫ﻡمﻥن ﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏب "ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺹصﺭرﻱيﻑف ﻝلﻡمﻥن ﻉعﺝجﺯز ﻉعﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺃأﻝلﻱيﻑف" ﻝلﻝلﺯزﻩهﺭرﺍاﻭوﻱي‬
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﻝلﻡمﻭوﻥن ﻩهﻡم ﺃأﻭوﻝل ﻡمﻥن ﺃأﺱسﺱس ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻱيﺍاﺕت ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡم ﻑفﺃأﻭوﻝل ﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى ﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺃأُﺱسِّﺱس ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﻩهﺩد‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺥخﻝلﻱيﻑفﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻡمﻭوﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻭوﻝلﻱيﺩد ﺏبﻥن ﻉعﺏبﺩد ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻝلﻙك ‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺫذﻱي‬
‫ﺡحﻙكﻡم ( ﻡمﻥن ﺱسﻥنﺓة ‪ 86‬ﻩهـ ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﺱسﻥنﺓة ‪ 96‬ﻩهـ ) ‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻙكﺍاﻥن ﻩهﺫذﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى ﻡمﺕتﺥخﺹصﺹصًﺍا ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺫذﺍاﻡم ‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺃأﻥنﺵشﺉئﺕت‬
‫ﺏبﻉعﺩد ﺫذﻝلﻙك ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺩدﻱيﺩدﺓة ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡم‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺏبﻝلﻍغ ﺏبﻉعﺽضﻩهﺍا ﺵشﺃأﻭوًﺍا ﻉعﻅظﻱيﻡمًﺍا ؛‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺕتُﻉعﺕتﺏبﺭر‬
‫ﻡمﻥن ﺃأﻭوﺍاﺉئﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻙكﻝلﻱيﺍاﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺝجﺍاﻡمﻉعﺍاﺕت ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡم ‪ .‬ﺏبﻱيﻥنﻡمﺍا‬
‫ﺃأُﻥنﺵشِﺉئ ﺃأﻭوﻝل ﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى ﺃأﻭوﺭرﻭوﺏبﻱي ﻑفﻱي ﺏبﺍاﺭرﻱيﺱس ﺏبﻉعﺩد‬
‫ﺫذﻝلﻙك ﺏبﺃأﻙكﺙثﺭر ﻡمﻥن ﺕتﺱسﻉعﺓة ﻕقﺭرﻭوﻥن ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭوﻙكﺍاﻥنﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺕتُﻉعﺭرﻑف ﺏبـ‬
‫( ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻱيﻡمﺍاﺭرِﺱسْﺕتﺍاﻥنﺍاﺕت ) ‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻙكﺍاﻥن ﻡمﻥنﻩهﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﺏبﺕت ﻭوﻡمﻥنﻩهﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻥنﻕقّﻝل ‪ ،٬‬ﻑفﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﺏبﺕت ﻩهﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺫذﻱي ﻱيُﻥنﺵشَﺃأ ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺩدﻥن ‪،٬‬‬
‫ﻭوﻕقﻝلَّﻡمﺍا ﺕتﺝجﺩد ﻡمﺩدﻱيﻥنﺓة ﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة ‪ -‬ﻭوﻝلﻭو ﺹصﻍغﻱيﺭرﺓة ‪ -‬ﺏبﻍغﻱيﺭر‬
‫ﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى‪ ،٬‬ﺃأﻡمﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻥنﻕقﻝل ﻑفﻩهﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺫذﻱي‬
‫ﻱيﺝجﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻉعﻱيﺩدﺓة ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺝجﺏبﺍاﻝل ‪. .‬‬
‫ﻭوﻙكﺍاﻥنﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻥنﻕقّﻝلﺓة ﺕتُﺡحﻡمَﻝل ﻉعﻝلﻯى‬
‫ﻡمﺝجﻡمﻭوﻉعﺓة ﻙكﺏبﻱيﺭرﺓة ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺝجِﻡمﺍاﻝل ﻑفﻱي ﻉعﻩهﺩد ﺍاﻝلﺱسﻝلﻁطﺍاﻥن ﻡمﺡحﻡمﻭوﺩد‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺱسﻝلﺝجﻭوﻕقﻱي (‪ 511‬ﻩهـ ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﺱسﻥنﺓة ‪ 525‬ﻩهـ ) ﻭوﻙكﺍاﻥنﺕت ﻩهﺫذﻩه‬
Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-
Qarshi al-Dimashqi
‫(ﻉعﻝلﺍاء ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻱيﻥن ﺃأﺏبﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺱسﻥن ﻉعﻝلﻱيّ ﺏبﻥن ﺃأﺏبﻱي ﺡحﺯزﻡم ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﺵشﻱي‬
,) ‫ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻡمﺵشﻕقﻱي‬
,) ‫(ﺍاﺏبﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﻱيﺱس‬
¡ known as Ibn al-Nafis (‫) ﺍاﺏبﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﻱيﺱس‬, was is
mostly famous for being the first to describe the
pulmonary circulation .
¡ He was born in 1213 in Damascus. He attended
the Medical College Hospital (Bimaristan Al-
Noori) in Damascus. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-
Nafis learned jurisprudence, literature and
theology. He became an expert on the Shafi'i
school of jurisprudence and an expert physician.
¡ In 1236, Al-Nafis moved to Egypt. He worked at
the Al-Nassri Hospital, Al-Mansouri Hospital,.
When he died in 1288, he donated his house,
library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital.
 ‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al-Ruhāwī‬‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺇإﺱسﺡحﺍاﻕق ﺏبﻥن ﻉعﻝلﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻩهﺍاﻭوﻱي‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻁط‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺍاﺱسﻉع ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﻝلﺍاﺩدﻱي ﻭو ﺱسﻡمﺍاﻩه‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺩدﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻱي‬
‫ﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏبﻩه ﻩهﺫذﺍا ﻡمﺍا ﻱيﺝجﺏب ﺃأﻥن ﻱيﻙكﻭوﻥن ﻉعﻝلﻱيﻩه ﺹصﺍاﺡحﺏب ﻩهﺫذﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻩهﻥنﺓة ﻡمﻥن ﺇإﻱيﻡمﺍاﻥن ﻉعﻡمﻱيﻕق‬
‫ﺏبﺍاﻝلﻝلﻩه ﺕتﻉعﺍاﻝلﻯى‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻡمﻉعﺭرﻑفﺓة ﻭوﺍاﺱسﻉعﺓة ﺏبﻉعﻝلﻭوﻡم ﻡمﻩهﻥنﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻡمﺍا ﻱيﺡحﻑفﻅظ ﺹصﺡحﺓة‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺱسﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻉعﻕقﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﺱس‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺱسﻝلﻭوﻙك ﺭرﺽضﻱي ﻑفﻱي ﺕتﻉعﺍاﻡمﻝلﻩه ﻡمﻉع ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺽضﻯى‪،٬‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻭوﺫذﻭوﻱيﻩهﻡم‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻡمﻥن ﺡحﻭوﻝلﻩهﻡم ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻕقﺭرﺏبﺍاء ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺯزﺍاﺉئﺭرﻱيﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺥخﺩدﻡم‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻩهﻥنﺓة‪ ،٬‬ﺇإﺏبﺭرﺍاﺯز ﺵشﺭرﻑفﻩهﺍا‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻉعﻅظﻱيﻡم ﻡمﺍا ﻱيﺱسﺕتﻑفﺍاﺩد ﻡمﻥنﻩهﺍا ﻑفﻱي ﺡحﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺽض‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻡمﺍا ﻱيﻥنﺏبﻍغﻱي ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺙثﻕقﺓة ﺏبﻉعﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻝلﻩه‬
‫ﺕتﻉعﺍاﻝلﻯى‪ ،٬‬ﺥخﺍاﻝلﻕق ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻥنﺱسﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺃأﻙكﻭوﺍاﻥن‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺃأﻥنﻩه ﻩهﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺍاﺭرﻱي‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻡمﻉعﻱيﻥن‪،٬‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺵشﺍاﻑفﻱي‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻭو‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺥخﺩدﺍاﻉع‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﺏبﺕتﺯزﺍاﺯز ﺃأﻡمﻭوﺍاﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺱسﻁطﺍاء ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺍاﺱس ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺽضﻯى‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﻱيﺕتﺡحﺍاﺵشﻯى‬
‫ﻡمﺍا ﻱيﻑفﺱسﺩد ﺹصﻥنﺍاﻉعﺕتﻩه ﺱسﻭوﺍاء ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﺫذﻝلﻙك ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺍاﻥنﺏبﻩه‪ ،٬‬ﺃأﻭو ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺍاﻥنﺏب ﻡمﺭرﻱيﺽضﻩه‪،٬‬‬
‫ﻭوﻡمﺍا ﻱيﻭوﺹصﻝل ﺏبﻱيﻥنﻩهﻡمﺍا ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻡمﺭرﺽضﻱيﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺹصﻱيﺍاﺩدﻝلﺓة‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺽضﻯى‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺃأﻩهﻝلﻩهﻡم‪،٬‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻭوﻡمﻥن ﻱيﻕقﻭوﻡم ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺥخﺩدﻡمﺕتﻩهﻡم‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺉئﺭرﻱيﻩهﻡم‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻙك‬
‫‪ Peer review.‬ﻡمﺭرﺍاﺝجﻉعﺓة ﺱسﺝجﻝلﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺽضﻯى‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻙك‬
‫ﻡمﺱسﺕتﺵشﻑفﻯى ﻡمﻱيﺩدﺍاﻥنﻱي ﻭوﻙكﺍاﻥنﺕت ﻡمﻉعﺭرﻭوﻑفﺓة ﺏبﻡمﻩهﺍاﺭرﺕتﻩهﺍا ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻉعﻕقﺍاﻕقﻱيﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺃأﺩدﻭوﻱيﺓة ﻭوﺕتﺹصﻥنﻱيﻉعﻩهﺍا‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺝجﺭرﻭوﺡح‬
‫ﻭوﺕتﺽضﻡمﻱيﺩدﻩهﺍا ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻙكﺱسﻭوﺭر ﻭوﺕتﺝجﺏبﻱيﺭرﻩهﺍا‪.‬‬

‫ﺃأﻡمﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﻕقﺍاﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺭرﻭوﻑفﺍاﺕت ﻑفﻕقﺩد ﻙكﺍاﻥنﺕت ﻡمﻥن ﻡمﺍاﻝلﻩهﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﺥخﺍاﺹص ﻭوﺝجﻩهﺩدﻩهﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺫذﺍاﺕتﻱي‪ ،٬‬ﻝلﺍا ﺕتﺃأﺥخﺫذ ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺫذﻝلﻙك ﺃأﺝجﺭرﺍاً ﺃأﻭو‬
‫ﻉعﻭوﺽضﺍاً‪ ،٬‬ﺏبﻝل ﻙكﺍاﻥنﺕت ﺕتﻥنﻑفﻕق ﻭوﺕتﺏبﺕتﻍغﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺝجﺭر ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻝلﻩه‬
‫ﺕتﻉعﺍاﻝلﻯى‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻑفﻱيﺯزﻱيﺍاء ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﻱيﻡمﻙكﻥن ﺇإﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙكﻩهﺍا ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺡحﻭوﺍاﺱس ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺝجﺭرﺏبﺓة ﻭوﻩهﺫذﺍا‬
‫‪ .‬ﻡمﺍا ﻉعﻥنﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺩدﻱيﺙث ﺍاﻝلﺵشﺭرﻱيﻑف‬

‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻙك‬
‫ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺡحﻭوﺍاﺱس ﻭوﻝلﻙكﻥن ﻱيﺅؤﻡمﻥن ﺏبﻩهﺍا ﻙكﻉعﻕقﻱيﺩدﺓة ﻡمﺙثﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺵشﺭرﺍاﺉئﻉع‬
‫‪.‬ﺍاﻝلﺱسﻡمﺍاﻭوﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﻡمﺍا ﺃأﻥنﺯزﻝلﺕتﻩه ﻡمﻥن ﻕقﻱيﻡم ﻭوﻡمﺏبﺍاﺩدﺉئ ﻭو ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻡمﺭر ﻭو ﻥنﻭوﺍاﻩهﻱي‬

‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻑف‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺩدُّﻥنْﻱيَﺍا ﴿‪ ﴾29‬ﺫذَٰﻝلِﻙكَ‬
‫ﻉعَﻥنْ ﺱسَﺏبِﻱيﻝلِﻩهِ ﻭوَﻩهُﻭوَ ﺃأَﻉعْﻝلَﻡمُ ﺏبِﻡمَﻥنِ ﺍاﻩهْﺕتَﺩدَﻯىٰ ﴿‪﴾30‬ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺝجﻡم‬

‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺍاﻥنﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻝلﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺝجﺭرﻱيﺏبﻱي ﻡمﻉع ﻡمﺭرﺍاﻉعﺍاﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺍاﻥنﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻭوﺡحﻱي ﻭو‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪As Western ethics are be‬‬ ‫ﻑفﻱيِ ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺽضﺍاﺭرﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻍغﺭرﺏبﻱيﺓة ﺕتُﺏبﻥنﻯى‬
‫‪based on human reason‬‬
‫‪and experience as the‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻉعﺍاﻱيﻱيﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺓة ﻝلﻝلﻁطﺏب‬
‫‪arbiter between right and‬‬ ‫ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺃأُﺱسﺱس ﻑفﻝلﺱسﻑفﻱيﺓة ﻭو‬
‫‪wrong action.‬‬ ‫ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺕتﻕقﺩدﻱيﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺵشﺭر‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪This shift from religious‬‬ ‫ﻝلﻝلﺃأﻡمﻭوﺭر ‪ .‬ﺃأﻡمﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺽضﺍاﺭرﺓة‬
‫‪ethics to philosophical‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻑفﻥنﺱسﺕتﻡمﺩد ﻩهﺫذﻩه‬
‫‪ethics does not apply in‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻉعﺍا ﻱيﻱيﺭر ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺵشﺭرﻱيﻉعﺓة ﻭو‬
‫‪Islam .‬‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻑفﻕقﻩه ‪.‬‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫‪While Islamic ethics‬‬ ‫ﻭو ﻡمﻉع ﻩهﺫذﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺥخﺕتﻝلﺍاﻑف ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺍاﺩدﺭر‬
‫‪incorporate various‬‬
‫‪philosophical traditions it‬‬ ‫ﺇإﻝلﺍا ﺃأﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت‬
‫‪still is based mainly from‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة ﺕتﺱسﻉع ﺍاﻝلﻉعﻥنﺍاﺹصﺭر‬
‫‪religious texts.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻱيﺝجﺍاﺏبﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﺕتﺕتﺏبﻥنﺍاﻩهﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺽضﺍاﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺥخﺭرﻯى‪.‬‬
¡ Islamic medical ethics are grounded in Islamic legal tradition.

¡ Many Muslims when asked as to what is the source of their ethical code and
where they turn when facing ethical dilemmas, would direct the questioner
towards Islamic fiqh (jurisprudential understanding) and the Shari’ah
(Islamic law).

¡ Ethicists in the Muslim world may refer to the Shari’ah when debating
abortion, euthanasia, end-of-life care, and other biomedical issues.

¡ In Islam bioethical deliberation is inseparable from the religion

itself , which emphasizes continuity between ethics and
jurisprudence. Hence Islamic Medical Ethics is tied to Islamic Law
(Shari’ah), as Islamic Law not only legislates but also assigns moral
values.
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻭوﻝل ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻥنﺱسﺍاﻥن ﻡمﻙكﺭرّﻡم ‪:‬‬

‫ﭐٱﻝلۡﺏبَﺭرِّ ۞‬
‫ﻭوَﻝلَﻕقَﺩدۡ ﻙكَﺭرَّﻡمۡﻥنَﺍا ﺏبَﻥنِﻯىٓ ءَﺍاﺩدَﻡمَ ﻭوَﺡحَﻡمَﻝلۡﻥنَـٰﻩهُﻡمۡ ﻑفِﻯى‬
‫ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﺏبَﺡحۡﺭرِ ﻭوَﺭرَﺯزَﻕقۡﻥنَـٰﻩهُﻡم ﻡمِّﻥنَ ﭐٱﻝلﻁطَّﻱيِّﺏبَـٰﺕتِ ﻭوَﻑفَﺽضَّﻝلۡﻥنَـٰﻩهُﻡمۡ ﻉعَﻝلَﻯىٰ‬
‫)ڪَﺙثِﻱيﺭرٍ۬۟ ﻡمِّﻡمَّﻥنۡ ﺥخَﻝلَﻕقۡﻥنَﺍا ﺕتَﻑفۡﺽضِﻱيﻝلﺍاً۬۟ (ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﺭرﺍاء ‪٧۷٠۰‬‬
‫ﺏبﻍغﺽضِّ ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻅظﺭر ﻉعﻥن ﻝلﻭوﻥنﻩه ﻭو ﺝجﻥنﺱسﻩه ﻭو ﻡمﻉعﺕتﻕقﺩدﻩه‪ .‬ﻭو ﻱيﻕقﺕتﺽضﻱي ﺕتﻙكﺭرﻱيﻡمُﻩه ﻩهﺫذﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺡحﺍاﻑفﻅظﺓة ﻉعﻝلﻱيﻩه ﻑفﻱي ﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺕتﺍاﻡمﺓة ﻭوﻡمﻉعﺍاﻑفﺍاﺓة ﻙكﺍاﻡمﻝلﺓة ﻙكﻡمﺍا ﻱيﻕقﺕتﺽضﻱي‬
‫ﺕتﻙكﺭرﻱيﻡمُﻩه ﺇإﺡحﺕتﺭرﺍاﻡم ﺵشﺥخﺹصﻱيﺕتﻩه ﻭو ﺇإﺡحﺕتﺭرﺍاﻡم ﺥخﺹصﻭوﺹصﻱيﺍاﺕتﻩه ﻭو ﺃأﺱسﺭرﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺍاﺉئﺩدﺓة ‪32‬‬
‫ﺇإﺡحﺕتﺭرﺍاﻡم ﺡحﻕقﻩه ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺹصﻭوﻝل ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﻙكﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻉعﻝلﻭوﻡمﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺃأﻱي‬
‫ﺹصﺍاﺡحﺏب‬ ‫ﻙكﻭوﻥنﻩه ﻩهﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع‪ :‬ﻭو ﺇإﺡحﺕتﺭرﺍاﻡم ﺡحﻕقﻩه ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﺱسﺏبﺕتﻡمﺏبﺭر ‪ , 2005EM/ RC52/7‬ﺵش ﻡم ﻝل ﺇإ ‪7/ 52‬‬
‫ﻱيﺕتﻉعﺭرﺽض‪ -‬ﻝلﻩه‬ ‫ﺇإﺝجﺭرﺍاء ﻁطﺏبﻱي ﺱسﻭوﻑف‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺩدﺭر‪ :‬ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻝلﺝجﻥنﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻕقﻝلﻱيﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻝلﺵشﺭرﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻭوﺱسﻁط ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻭوﺭرﺓة ‪ 52‬ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻥنﺩد ‪ 8‬ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺩدﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻉعﻡمﺍاﻝل ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺩدﺱسﺕتﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱي‬
‫ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺭرﺍاﺭر ﻑفﻱي ﻡمﺍا ﻱيﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺵشﺉئﻭوﻥنﻩه ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ﻡمﺍا ﺩدﺍاﻡم ﺫذﻝلﻙك ﻑفﻱي ﻁطﺍاﺭر ﻩهﺫذﻩه‬
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻥنﻱي ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺡحﻱيﺍاﺓة ﺡحﻕق ﻝلﻙكﻝل ﺇإﻥنﺱسﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻩهﻱي ﻡمﻕقﺩدﺱسﺓة ﻡمﺡحﺕتﺭرﻡمﺓة‬
‫ﻡمﺩدﺍاﻑفﻉع ﻉعﻥنﻩهﺍا‪.‬‬

‫‪ .‬ﻭو ﻕقﻱيﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﺱس ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺵشﺭرﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻭوﺍاﺡحﺩدﺓة ﺕتﻉعﺩدﻝل ﻕقﻱيﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺵشﺭر ﺝجﻡمﻱيﻉعﺍا‪.‬‬

‫ﻱيﻕقﻭوﻝل ﻉعﺯز ﻭو ﺝجﻝل‬
‫(ﻡمَﻥن ﻕقَﺕتَﻝلَ ﻥنَﻑفۡﺱسَۢﺍا ﺏبِﻍغَﻱيۡﺭرِ ﻥنَﻑفۡﺱسٍ ﺃأَﻭوۡ ﻑفَﺱسَﺍاﺩدٍ۬۟ ﻑفِﻯى‬
‫ﭐٱﻝلۡﺃأَﺭرۡﺽضِ ﻑفَڪَﺃأَﻥنَّﻡمَﺍا ﻕقَﺕتَﻝلَ ﭐٱﻝلﻥنَّﺍاﺱسَ ﺝجَﻡمِﻱيﻉعً۬۟ﺍا ﻭوَﻡمَﻥنۡ ﺃأَﺡحۡﻱيَﺍاﻩهَﺍا‬
‫ﻑفَڪَﺃأَﻥنَّﻡمَﺁآ ﺃأَﺡحۡﻱيَﺍا ﭐٱﻝلﻥنَّﺍاﺱسَ ﺝجَﻡمِﻱيﻉعً۬۟ﺍا‌ۚ (ﺱسُﻭوۡﺭرَﺓةُ ﺍاﻝلﻡمَﺍاﺉئﺩدﺓة‪)32‬‬
‫ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻉعﺕتﺩدﺍاء ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺡحﻱيﺍاﺓة ﺃأﻯى ﻥنﻑفﺱس ﺏبﺵشﺭرﻱيﺓة ‪ ,‬ﻭو ﻝلﻭو ﻙكﺍاﻥن ﺝجﻥنﻱيﻥنﺃأ ﺃأﻭو‬
‫ﺵشﻱيﺥخﺍا ﺃأﻭو ﻡمﻉعﻭوﻕقﺍا ﻉعﺩدﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺵشﺭر ﺝجﻡمﻱيﻉعﺍا ‪ :‬ﻡمﻥن ﻕقﺕتﻝل ﻥنﻑفﺱسﺍا ﺏبﻍغﻱيﺭر‬
‫ﻉعﻝلﻡمﺍا‬ ‫ﻥنﻑفﺱس ﺃأﻭو ﻑفﺱسﺍاﺩد ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺭرﺽض ﻑفﻙكﺃأﻥنﻡمﺍا ﻕقﺕتﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺍاﺱس ﺝجﻡمﻱيﻉعﺍا !!!‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺩدﺭر‪ :‬ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻝلﺝجﻥنﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻕقﻝلﻱيﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻝلﺵشﺭرﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻭوﺱسﻁط ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻭوﺭرﺓة ‪ 52‬ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻥنﺩد ‪ 8‬ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺩدﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻉعﻡمﺍاﻝل ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺩدﺱسﺕتﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱي‬
‫ﻡمﻕقﺹصﻭوﺭرﺍا‪7/ 52‬ﻉعﻝلﻯى ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺡحﻱيﺍاء‬ ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع‪:‬ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡم ﻝلﻱيﺱس‬
‫ﺱسﺏبﺕتﻡمﺏبﺭر ‪ , 2005EM/ RC52/7‬ﺵش ﻡم ﻝل ﺇإ‬
‫ﻡمﻑفﻩهﻭوﻡم‬ ‫ﺏبﺃأﻥن ﻩهﺫذﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺡحﻱيﺍاء ﻑفﻱي‬
‫ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ‪-‬‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺩدﻥنﻱي ﺏبﻝل ﻱيﺕتﻉعﺩدﺍاﻩه ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺡحﻱيﺍاء ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﺱسﻱي ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻭوﺡحﻱي ﻭو‬

 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻝلﺙث ‪:‬ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺩدﻝل‬
‫ﻭوﻩهﻭو ﻕقﻱيﻡمﺓة ﺝجﻭوﻩهﺭرﻱيﺓة ﻭوﻍغﺍاﻱيﺓة ﺃأﺱسﺍاﺱسﻱيﺓة ﻡمﻥن ﻍغﺍاﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺇإﺭرﺱسﺍاﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺭرﺱسﻝل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻝلَﻕقَﺩدۡ ﺃأَﺭرۡﺱسَﻝلۡﻥنَﺍا ﺭرُﺱسُﻝلَﻥنَﺍا ﺏبِﭐٱﻝلۡﺏبَﻱيِّﻥنَـٰﺕتِ ﻭوَﺃأَﻥنﺯزَﻝلۡﻥنَﺍا ﻡمَﻉعَﻩهُﻡمُ‬

‫ﭐٱﻝلۡﻙكِﺕتَـٰﺏبَ ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﻡمِﻱيﺯزَﺍاﻥنَ ﻝلِﻱيَﻕقُﻭوﻡمَ ﭐٱﻝلﻥنَّﺍاﺱسُ ﺏبِﭐٱﻝلۡﻕقِﺱسۡﻁطِ (ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺩدﻱيﺩد ‪)25‬‬

‫ﻭو ﻕقﺩد ﺃأﻡمﺭر ﺍاﻝلﻝلﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺍاﺱس ﺏبﻩهﺍا ﺃأﻡمﺭرﺍا ﻉعﺍاﻡمﺍا ‪:‬‬

‫۞ ﺇإِﻥنَّ ﭐٱﻝلﻝلَّﻩهَ ﻱيَﺃأۡﻡمُﺭرُ ﺏبِﭐٱﻝلۡﻉعَﺩدۡﻝلِ ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﺇإِﺡحۡﺱسَـٰﻥنِ ﻭوَﺇإِﻱيﺕتَﺁآﻯىِٕ ﺫذِﻯى‬

‫ﭐٱﻝلۡﻕقُﺭرۡﺏبَﻯىٰ ﻭوَﻱيَﻥنۡﻩهَﻯىٰ ﻉعَﻥنِ ﭐٱﻝلۡﻑفَﺡحۡﺵشَﺁآءِ ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﻡمُﻥنڪَﺭرِ ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﺏبَﻍغۡﻯىِ‌ۚ‬
‫ﻱيَﻉعِﻅظُﻙكُﻡمۡ ﻝلَﻉعَﻝلَّڪُﻡمۡ ﺕتَﺫذَﻙكَّﺭرُﻭوﻥنَ (‪٩۹٠۰‬ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺡحﻝل )‬

‫ﻱيَـٰٓﺃأَﻱيُّﮧہَﺍا ﭐٱﻝلَّﺫذِﻱيﻥنَ ءَﺍاﻡمَﻥنُﻭوﺍاْ ﻙكُﻭوﻥنُﻭوﺍاْ ﻕقَﻭوَّٲﻡمِﻱيﻥنَ ﻝلِﻝلَّﻩهِ ﺵشُﮧہَﺩدَﺁآءَ‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺩدﺭر‪ :‬ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻝلﺝجﻥنﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻕقﻝلﻱيﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻝلﺵشﺭرﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻭوﺱسﻁط ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻭوﺭرﺓة ‪ 52‬ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻥنﺩد ‪ 8‬ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺩدﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻉعﻡمﺍاﻝل ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺩدﺱسﺕتﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱي‬
‫ﺱسﺏبﺕتﻡمﺏبﺭر ‪ , 2005EM/ RC52/7‬ﺵش ﻡم ﻝل ﺇإ ‪7/ 52‬‬ ‫ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ‪ -‬ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﺍاﻝلﺭرﺍاﺏبﻉع ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺡحﺱسﺍاﻥن‪:‬‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺡحﺱسﺍاﻥن ﻕقﻱيﻡمﺓة ﺝجﻭوﻩهﺭرﻱيﺓة ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻕقﻱيﻡم ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻱي ﺃأﻡمﺭر ﺍاﻝلﻝلﻩه ﻉعﺯز ﻭوﺝجﻝل ﺏبﻩهﺍا‬
‫ﺏبﻕقﻭوﻝلﻩه ‪:‬‬

‫۞ ﺇإِﻥنَّ ﭐٱﻝلﻝلَّﻩهَ ﻱيَﺃأۡﻡمُﺭرُ ﺏبِﭐٱﻝلۡﻉعَﺩدۡﻝلِ ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﺇإِﺡحۡﺱسَـٰﻥنِ ﻭوَﺇإِﻱيﺕتَﺁآﻯىِٕ ﺫذِﻯى‬

‫ﭐٱﻝلۡﻕقُﺭرۡﺏبَﻯىٰ ﻭوَﻱيَﻥنۡﻩهَﻯىٰ ﻉعَﻥنِ ﭐٱﻝلۡﻑفَﺡحۡﺵشَﺁآءِ ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﻡمُﻥنڪَﺭرِ‬
‫ﻭوَﭐٱﻝلۡﺏبَﻍغۡﻯىِ‌ۚ ﻱيَﻉعِﻅظُﻙكُﻡمۡ ﻝلَﻉعَﻝلَّڪُﻡمۡ ﺕتَﺫذَﻙكَّﺭرُﻭوﻥنَ (‪٩۹٠۰‬ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺡحﻝل)‬
‫‪ :1‬ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺡحﺱسﺍاﻥن ﺏبﻡمﻉعﻥنﻯى ﺍاﻝلﺝجﻭوﺩدﺓة {‪ }quality‬ﻑفﺍاﻝلﺡحﺱسﻥن ﻩهﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﻱيﺩد ‪:‬‬
‫ﭐٱﻝلَّﺫذِﻱيﻥنَ ﻱيَﺱسۡﺕتَﻡمِﻉعُﻭوﻥنَ ﭐٱﻝلۡﻕقَﻭوۡﻝلَ ﻑفَﻱيَﺕتَّﺏبِﻉعُﻭو َ‬
‫ﻥن‬
‫ﺃأَﺡحۡﺱسَﻥنَﻩهُ ۥۤ‌ۚ ﺃأُﻭوْﻝلَـٰٓٮِٕﻙكَ ﭐٱﻝلَّﺫذِﻱيﻥنَ ﻩهَﺩدَٮٰﻩهُﻡمُ ﭐٱﻝلﻝلَّﻩهُ‌ۖ ﻭوَﺃأُﻭوْﻝلَـٰٓٮِٕﻙكَ‬
‫ﻩهُﻡمۡ ﺃأُﻭوْﻝلُﻭوﺍاْ ﭐٱﻝلۡﺃأَﻝلۡﺏبَـٰﺏبِ (ﺍاﻝلﺯزﻡمﺭر ‪ )١۱٨۸‬ﻕقﺍاﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺏبﻱي «ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻝلﻩه‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺩدﺭر‪ :‬ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻝلﺝجﻥنﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻕقﻝلﻱيﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻝلﺵشﺭرﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻭوﺱسﻁط ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻭوﺭرﺓة ‪ 52‬ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻥنﺩد ‪ 8‬ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺩدﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻉعﻡمﺍاﻝل ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺩدﺱسﺕتﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱي‬
‫ﺱسﺏبﺕتﻡمﺏبﺭر ‪ , 2005EM/ RC52/7‬ﺵش ﻡم ﻝل ﺇإ ‪7/ 52‬‬ ‫ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱي ‪ -‬ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﺍاﻝلﺥخﺍاﻡمﺱس‪:‬ﻝلﺍا ﺽضﺭرَﺭرَ ﻭو ﻝلﺍا ﺽضِﺭرﺍاﺭر‬
‫ﻭو ﻩهﺫذﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﻥنﺹصُّ ﺡحﺩدﻱيﺙث ﺵشﺭرﻱيﻑف ﺹصﺡحﻱيﺡح ﺝجﺍاﻡمﻉع ‪,‬‬
‫ﻱيُﺭرﺍاﺩد ﺏبﻩه ﻉعﺩدﻡم ﺝجﻭوﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺽضﺭرﺍاﺭر ﺏبﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﺱس ﺃأﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺽضﺭرﺍاﺭر‬
‫ﺏبﺍاﻝلﻍغﻱيﺭر ‪ ,‬ﺃأﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺽضﺭرﺍاﺭر ﺏبﺍاﻝلﻡمﺝجﺕتﻡمﻉع ‪ ,‬ﺏبﺍاﻱيّ ﺵشﻙكﻝل ﻡمﻥن‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺵشﻙكﺍاﻝل ‪ .‬ﻭو ﻝلﺍاﺕتﺥخﻑفﻯى ﺃأﻩهﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻩهﺫذﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺩدﺃأ ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺝجﺍاﻝل‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱي ‪ ,‬ﻭو ﻝلﺍاﺱسﻱيﻡمﺍا ﻡمﻥن ﺡحﻱيﺙث ﻉعﺩدﻡم ﺝجﻭوﺍاﺯز ﺇإﻕقﺩدﺍاﻡم‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب ﺃأﻭو ﻍغﻱيﺭرﻩه ﻡمﻥن ﺃأﺭرﺏبﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻩهﻥن ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ‪ ,‬ﻉعﻝلﻯى‬
‫ﺕتﻉعﺭرﻱيﺽض ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﻱيﺽض ﺇإﻝلﻯى ﺃأﻱيّ ﺇإﺝجﺭرﺍاء ﺕتﺵشﺥخﻱيﺹصﻱي ﺃأﻭو‬
‫ﻉعﻝلﺍاﺝجﻱي ﻱيﻙكﻭوﻥن ﻡمﻥن ﺵشﺃأﻥنﻩه ﺕتﻉعﺭرﻱيﺽضﻩه ﻝلﻝلﺥخﻁطﺭر ﺃأﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺽضﺭرﺭر‪.‬‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺹصﺩدﺭر‪ :‬ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻝلﺝجﻥنﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻕقﻝلﻱيﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻝلﺵشﺭرﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻭوﺱسﻁط ﺍاﻝلﺩدﻭوﺭرﺓة ‪ 52‬ﺍاﻝلﺏبﻥنﺩد ‪ 8‬ﻡمﻥن ﺝجﺩدﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻉعﻡمﺍاﻝل ‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺩدﺱسﺕتﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱي‬
‫ﺱسﺏبﺕتﻡمﺏبﺭر ‪ , 2005EM/ RC52/7‬ﺵش ﻡم ﻝل ﺇإ ‪7/ 52‬‬ ‫ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ‪ -‬ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺝجﻉع‪:‬‬
¡ The first principle is that Man is honored –
¡ “We have honored the children of Adam” (17:70)
Regardless of color, gender or belief. This
honoring implies that he should be kept in full
health and well being. It also implies respect for
his personality, his private affairs and secrets, his
right to receive all the information relevant to any
medical procedure he will be subjected to, and his
right to be the only person entitled to make any
decision that concerns his health affairs, so long
as that remains within the framework of these
values.
¡ The second principle is that every human being
has the right to live; his life is respected and
protected.
§ One human soul is equal in value to all human beings.
God, the Most Glorious and Sublime, says, “...
§ and if he saves [a life], it is as if he saved the lives of all
people” (5:32). Any aggression against the life of a human
being, even if it is a fetus or an old or disabled person, is
an aggression against all people: “When a person who kills
a soul – unless it is [in punishment] for a [murdered] soul or
for corruption on earth – it is as if he killed all
people” (5:32). It should be noted that this life saving, as
§ seen in Islam, is not only saving a person physically; it
goes beyond that to include psychological,
§ spiritual, and social life-saving.
¡ The third principle is equity, which is regarded in religion as an
essential value, being one of the purposes of messenger
missions:
“We have sent our messengers with clear signs and sent down with
them the Book and the Scale, so that men may stand in
equity” (57:25).
God gives a general order to people to practice equity.
“God enjoins equity and charity” (16:90);
“My Lord enjoins fairness” (7:29);
“And be fair; God loves those who are fair” (49:9).
In His glorious Book, God indicates that equity should be applied in
everything:• in statements: “If you speak, be just” (6:152);
• in judgment: “If you judge between people, be just in your
judgment” (4:58);• in conciliation: “Make peace between them in equity
and justice” ( 49:9); and• in guardianship: “Be just in serving as
guardians of orphans” (4:127).
¡ The fourth principle is doing well, :
¡ This iis one of the fundamental values enjoined by God, the Most Glorious
and Sublime, when He says, “God enjoins equity and doing well” (16:90).
¡ The Arabic word ihsaan,translated here as doing well, has several
denotations.
¡ (1) First it denotes “quality,” as the root of the word that means “good.” A
derivation of the same root is used in God’s promise to his servants “who
listen to what is said and follow the best of it” (39:18). Such high quality is
desired in everything, every single thing. The Prophet, blessing and peace
be upon him, says, “God has ordained the doing well of everything.” This is
the source of the concept of guaranteed quality in providing health care.
¡ (2) The word ihsaan, however, also denotes charity and thus implies the
gentle, compassionate touch which has been missing or almost missing in
modern medical practice. It implies a giving nature, which makes a person
wish for his brother what he wishes for himself and give priority to others
over himself, even when he suffers a dire need.
¡ The fifth principle is “no harm and no causing
harm.”

This principle is the text of an inclusive, exclusive tradition of the Prophet,

(puh)which means that it is unacceptable to bring harm on one’s self, or
to cause harm to others or to society in any shape or form. The
importance of this principle in the field of health is self-evident, particularly
in prohibiting any physician or other health professional from
exposing a patient to a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure that exposes
him to harm or to any hazard.
 ‫‪The need for Islamic code of medical and health ethics‬‬

‫ﻅظﻩهﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻝلﺡحﺍاﺝجﺓة ﻝلﻙكﺕتﺍاﺏبﺓة ﻡمﻱيﺙثﺍاﻕق ﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺩدﺓة ﺃأﺱسﺏبﺍاﺏب ﻡمﻥنﻩهﺍا‪:‬‬
‫‪ :1‬ﺍاﻝلﺵشﻉعﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻡم ﺏبﺕتﺡحﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻡمﺍاﺭرﺱسﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻝلﺱسﻝلﻉعﺓة ﻡمﺍاﺩدﻱيﺓة ﺕتﺕتﺝجﺍاﻩهﻝل‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺍاﻥنﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺇإﻥنﺱسﺍاﻥنﻱي ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺭرﻭوﺡحﻱي ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :2‬ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻁطﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻝلﺕتﻙكﻥنﻭوﻝلﻭوﺝجﻱي ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻡمﻡمﺍا ﺥخﻝلﻕق ﺃأﺱسﺉئﻝلﺓة ﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺓة ﺝجﺩدﻱيﺩدﺓة‬
‫ﻑفﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻡمﺙثﻝل ﺯزﺭرﺍاﻉعﺓة ﺍاﺍاﻝلﻝلﺃأﻉعﺽضﺍاء ﻭو ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺥخﺹصﻱيﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺹصﻥنﺍاﻉعﻱي ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :3‬ﻩهﻥنﺍاﻙك ﻡمﺅؤﺱسﺱسﺍاﺕت ﺃأﺝجﻥنﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻍغﻱيﺭر ﻡمﺱسﻝلﻡمﺓة ﻝلﻙكﻥنﻩهﺍا ﺕتﺱسﻉعﻯى ﻝلﻡمﻉعﺭرﻑفﺓة‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺏبﺍاﺩدﺉئ ﺍاﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻙكﺕتﺏبﺍاﺩدﻝل ﺡحﺽضﺍاﺭرﻱي ﻭو ﻝلﺽضﺭرﻭوﺭرﺓة ﺕتﻉعﺍاﻡمﻝلﻩهﺍا ﻡمﻉع‬
‫ﻡمﺭرﺽضﻯى ﻡمﻥن ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺱسﻝلﻡمﻱيﻥن‪.‬‬

‫ﻕقﺍاﻡمﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻝلﻝلﻉعﻝلﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺕتﻥنﺱسﻱيﻕق‬

‫ﻡمﻉع ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺓة ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺓة ﻭو ﻡمﻥنﻅظﻡمﺍاﺕت ﺃأﺥخﺭرﻯى ﺏبﺇإﺹصﺩدﺍاﺭر‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺙثﺍاﻕق ﺍاﻝلﺇإﺱسﻝلﺍاﻡمﻱي ﺍاﻝلﻉعﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱي ﻝلﻝلﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕقﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺓة ﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺹصﺡحﻱيﺓة ‪.‬‬
 Some questions addressed by the Islamic code of medical and
health ethics

¡ Where do we stand on
▪ artificial insemination?
▪ test-tube babies?
▪ womb hiring?
▪ lineage confusion?
¡ May a physician, who has made an oath to preserve life, take part in
terminating a life?
¡ May he assist a patient to commit suicide to end an incurable
disease?
¡ Should we allow this kind of killing on the pretext that it is, as we call
it, mercy-killing?
¡ Should we remove a respirator when it is prolonging a hopeless life?
¡ Is that a type of mercy killing or is no killing at all is involved and there
is nothing wrong with it?
¡ What attitude should we take towards an AIDS patient?
§ Shall we forsake him, “fail and surrender him”? or “eliminate his feeling of loss
and stand behind him” and “relieve his stress,” as ordered by the Prophet,?
§ May we get close to him? How close?
§ Should we inform his (or her) spouse?
§ Should we or should we not recommend the continuation of normal marital
relationship?
§ On the other hand, shall we give him benefits and rights that we deny to a
patient with tuberculosis, malaria, or plague
 ‫ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺃأﻭوﻝل‪ :‬ﺃأﺥخﻝلﺍاﻕق ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻥنﻱي‪ :‬ﻭوﺍاﺝجﺏبﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب ﻥنﺡحﻭو ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﻱيﺽض‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺙثﺍاﻝلﺙث‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﺱسﺭرّ ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبّﻱي‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺭرﺍاﺏبﻉع‪ :‬ﻭوﺍاﺝجﺏبﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب ﺕتﺝجﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺝجﺕتﻡمﻉع‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﺏبﺍاﺏب ﺍاﻝلﺥخﺍاﻡمﺱس‪ :‬ﺍاﻝلﻕقﺽضﺍاﻱيﺍا ﺍاﻝلﺍاﺝجﺕتﻡمﺍاﻉعﻱيﺓة‬
 ‫ﺍا ﺍاﻝلﻑفﺕتﺍاﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕقﺓة ﺏبﺍاﻝلﻁطﺏب ﻭوﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم‬
‫ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﺽضﻯى‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺹصﻝلﺍاﺓة ﺍاﻝلﻡمﺭرﻱيﺽض‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأ‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺯزﻙكﺍاﺓة‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺹصﻱيﺍاﻡم‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺡحﺝج‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺕتﺩدﺍاﻭوﻱي ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺕتﻁطﺏبﻱيﺏب‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺃأﺩدﻭوﻱيﺓة‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺡحﺝجﺍاﺏب ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺥخﻝلﻭوﺓة‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺍاﺥخﺕتﻝلﺍاﻁط‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﻉعﻡمﻝلﻱيﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻝلﺕتﺝجﻡمﻱيﻝل‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺥخﺕتﺍاﻥن‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺡحﻡمﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺇإﺝجﻩهﺍاﺽض ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺥخﻥنﺙثﻯى‬
‫ﻭوﺕتﺡحﺩدﻱيﺩد ﺍاﻝلﻥنﺱسﻝل‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺃأﻡمﺭرﺍاﺽض ﺍاﻝلﻡمﻱيﺉئﻭوﺱس ﻡمﻥنﻩهﺍا‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﻥنﻕقﻝل ﻭوﺏبﻱيﻉع ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺕتﺏبﺭرﻉع‬
‫‪http://www.alifta.com/default.aspx#1‬‬ ‫ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺃأﻉعﺽضﺍاء‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺩدﻡم‬
‫‪¡‬‬ ‫ﺃأﺡحﻙكﺍاﻡم ﺕتﺕتﻉعﻝلﻕق ﺏبﺍاﻝلﺃأﻡمﺭرﺍاﺽض ﺍاﻝلﻥنﻑفﺱسﻱيﺓة‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻝلﻉعﻱيﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻝلﺱسﺡحﺭر‬