INTRODUCTION
OF
TAXONOMY
BANTILAN, DELGADO
Topic Outline
Definition of Taxonomy Levels of Classification
Importance of Taxonomy Domains and Kingdoms
Binomial Nomenclature Applications of Taxonomy
Today, you’ll be able to...
explain the basic ideas and history of taxonomy,
including its purpose and classification system
accurately arrange the levels of the classification
system
understand the importance of taxonomy and its
applications in different fields
What is Taxonomy?
the science of describing, naming and
classifying species
term comes from Greek words taxis
(arrangement) and nomos (law)
Carolus Linnaeus
Carl von Linné
Swedish botanist and explorer
developed the Linnaean system,
a taxonomic classification
system
organized organisms from larger
to smaller and more specific
categories, the Hierarchical
System
created a scientific naming
system, Binomial System of
Nomenclature
Why Taxonomy is
important?
- Taxonomy classifies organisms into categories (family,
genus, species), aiding understanding of relationships and
evolution.
- Accurate classification helps identify endangered
species and directs conservation resources effectively.
- Scientific names (e.g., Homo sapiens) ensure clear global
communication among scientists, reducing confusion from
common names
Binomial Nomenclature
two-part name (genus and
specific epithet)
Binomial Nomenclature
Rules in Writing
1. the name should be in Latin;
2. the genus of an organism begins with a capital letter;
the species designation begins with a lowercase letter;
3. the entire scientific name is italicized when typewritten
or underlined when handwritten
ex: Felis catus -house cat, Panthera leo -lion
4. all taxa must have an author when described.
ex: Homo sapiens L.,
Nomenclature Codes
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN)-Algae, Fungi, and Plants
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(ICZN)-Animals
International Code of Nomenclature Bacteria
(ICNB)-Bacteria
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
(ICTV)-Viruses
T H Levels of Classification
A I
X E
O R
N A
O R
M C
Y H
Y
T H
A I
X E
O R
N A
O R
M C
Y H
Y
DOMAINS
&
KINGDOMS
Domain
Domain is the highest taxonomic rank in the
hierarchical biological classification system,
above the kingdom level.
There are three domains of life: Archaea,
Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Domain
Archaea
Prokaryotic organisms often found in extreme environments. They lack a
nucleus and have unique membrane lipids and ribosomal structures distinct
from bacteria
Bacteria
Also prokaryotic, these organisms are more common and diverse, lacking a
nucleus and possessing peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They have circular
DNA and are generally sensitive to antibiotics
Eukarya
Comprising all eukaryotic organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and
protists. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei containing
their DNA
KINGDOM
A taxonomic rank composed of smaller groups
called phyla (or divisions, in plants).
Serves as one of the primary ranks for organizing
and grouping living organisms based on their
shared characteristics and evolutionary history.
KINGDOM
Here are the currently recognized kingdoms:
Archaea-bacteria: Archaea
Eubacteria: True bacteria
Protista: Protists
Fungi: Fungi
Plantae: Plants
Animalia: Animals
KINGDOM-ARCHAEA
ancient bacteria
prokaryotes
unicellular
cells don't have peptidoglycan
mostly extremophiles
halophiles, methanogens,
thermophiles
some are autotrophs, some are
heterotrophs
KINGDOM-EUBACTERIA
true bacteria and blue-green
algae (cyanobacteria)
prokaryotes
unicellular (some form
colonies and filaments)
cells have peptidoglycan
survives almost anywhere
autotrophs, heterotrophs, or
chemoautotrophs
cocci, bacilli, and spirilla
KINGDOM-PROTISTA
Euglena plant-like, animal-like, and
fungus-like organisms
eukaryotes
mostly unicellular, few are
colonial and multicellular
mostly aquatic
some are autotrophs, some
Paramecium
Amoeba are heterotrophs
KINGDOM-FUNGI
eukaryotes
mostly multicellular, very few unicellular
all are heterotrophs
form spores for reproduction
the cell wall contains chitin
breaks down organic materials
provides drugs and aids in food
production
"model organisms" in genetics and
molecular biology
causes animal and plant diseases
KINGDOM-PLANTAE
eukaryotes
multicellular
autotrophs
cells are enclosed by a rigid
cell wall
has chlorophyll
producers
Two Major Groups
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
KINGDOM-ANIMALIA
eukaryotes
multicellular
heterotrophs
consumers
biggest kingdom in the
living world
Two Major Groups
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
APPLICATIONS
OF
TAXONOMY
CONSERVATION
Species Biodiversity Management
Identification: Assessment Units
Recognizes Facilitates Defines
endangered evaluations of
species for unique
species richness
targeted lineages for
conservation
and ecosystem
health. effective
efforts.
protection.
Ecology
Taxonomy helps us identify and classify living things.
This is essential for understanding species interactions and
ecosystem health.
Taxonomy guides conservation efforts by identifying
endangered species.
It also aids scientists in studying relationships between
organisms.
In short, taxonomy is key to understanding and protecting
biodiversity.
Agriculture
Taxonomy is essential in agriculture for identifying and
classifying crop species.
This aids in accurate communication and trade.
Taxonomy helps manage pests by identifying harmful and
beneficial organisms.
It supports plant breeding by conserving genetic diversity.
Taxonomy improves data organization, making it easier for
farmers and researchers to access and analyze agricultural
information.
THANK
YOU
