Q1.

(a) The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle at each beat was measured for
a person during six different activities. These activities showed an increasing energy
demand, with rest requiring the least energy and rowing a boat the most. The results
of these measurements are shown on the bar chart.

(i) The pulse rate was also measured for the person during the same activities.
The table shows the results that were obtained.

Activity Pulse rate in

beats per minute

Rest 70

Writing 85

Cleaning the floor 100

Wallpapering 120

Walking fast 132

Rowing a boat 153

On the graph paper below draw a bar chart of the results obtained for the
measurements of the pulse rate.

Page 1 of 55
 (2)

(ii) Undertaking activities with increasing energy demand has an effect on the
volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle (per beat) and on the pulse
rate. What do the bar charts show these effects to be? Use only information
shown in the bar charts in your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The pulse rate changed when the activity changed. Explain the reason for this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
The diagram shows an enlargement of structure D.

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 The arrows show the direction of the gases exchanged in this structure. Name gas X and
gas Y.

X _____________________________________________________________________

Y _____________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Q3.
Person A and Person B measured their pulse rates over a period of five minutes. For one
minute of this time they exercised by stepping on and off a box. At other times they sat
still. The graph shows the results for Person A.

(i) What does the graph tell you about the changes in the pulse rate of Person A within

Page 3 of 55
 the five minute period?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) What was the pulse rate of Person A at the end of the five minute period?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The table shows the results obtained for Person B.

Time Pulse rate per

in minutes minute

0 68

1 68

2 110

3 96

4 80

5 68

Plot these results on the graph.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q4.
(a) During respiration, sugar is oxidised to release energy. Complete the equation for
respiration.

Sugar + ______________ = ______________ + ______________ + energy

(3)

(b) The photograph below shows an athlete using an exercise machine. The machine
can be adjusted to vary the rate at which the athlete is required to work.

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The athlete’s heart rate and breathing rate were measured at different work rates.

The table below shows the results which were obtained.

WORK RATE HEART RATE BREATHING RATE

(J/s) (beats/min.) (breaths/min.)

0 86 9.6

60 106 10.0

80 112 10.4

100 122 10.4

120 135 11.4

140 143 14.5

160 156 15.8

200 174 30.5

Plot the data on the graph paper below.

Page 5 of 55
 (3)

(c) Explain, as fully as you can, the advantages to the body in the change in breathing
and heart rates.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 55
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(d) This increase in the rate of heart-beat is a response to a stimulus. For this response
suggest:

(i) the stimulus; _____________________________________________

(ii) the co-ordinator; _____________________________________________

(iii) the effector. _____________________________________________

(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q5.
The diagram below shows the mass of carbon involved each year in some of the
processes in the carbon cycle.

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 (a) Complete the equation for plant respiration.

(2)

(b) (i) Calculate the mass of carbon removed from the atmosphere each year. (Show
your working.)

Answer _____________ billion tonnes

(1)

(ii) Calculate the percentage of this total which is removed by the photosynthesis
of land plants. (Show your working.)

Answer ___________________ %
(2)

(iii) Calculate the net gain of carbon by the atmosphere in one year. (Show your
working.)

Answer _____________ billion tonnes

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.
Marathon runners are recommended to have a high carbohydrate diet prior to a race.
Three athletes tried out three dietary regimes prior to a marathon race.

These three dietry regimes were as follows.

Athlete A Up to 7 days before the race - Normal mixed diet

7 days before the race - Prolonged extreme physical activity

6-3 days before the race - Protein and fat diet; no carbohydrate

2 and 1 days before the race - Large carbohydrate intake

Athlete B Up to 5 days before race - Normal mixed diet

5 days before the race - Prolonged extreme physical activity

4-1 days before the race - Large carbohydrate intake

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Athlete C Up to 4 days before the race - Normal mixed diet

4-1 days before the race - Large carbohydrate intake

The graph below shows the effect of each of these dietary regimes on glycogen levels in
the athletes’ muscles

(a) (i) What is the immediate effect of extreme physical activity on the glycogen
content of muscles?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Describe how this effect occurs.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Evaluate the three regimes as preparation for a marathon race.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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 ______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Suggest a possible explanation for the different effects of the three regimes.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.
A student breathed out into an empty breathing bag five times.

After breathing out five times the volume of air in the bag was measured.
The volume was 3000 cm3.

(a) Complete the following sentences.

The air the student breathed in would contain more ____________________ than
the air the student breathed out.

The air the student breathed out would contain more ___________________ than
the air the student breathed in.
(2)

(b) The student then did some exercise for two minutes. The volume breathed out in
five breaths was again measured. This time there was 9000 cm3 of air in the bag.

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 What does this tell you about the effect of exercise on breathing?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) (i) Name the chemical process that releases energy when it takes place in the
cells of the body.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name the substances produced by this process.

_____________________________ and _____________________________

(2)

(iii) Explain as fully as you can why this process has to take place more rapidly
during exercise.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q8.
(a) Explain, as fully as you can, why respiration has to take place more rapidly during
exercise.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) During exercise the process of respiration produces excess heat. Explain how the
body prevents this heat from causing a rise in the core (deep) body temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 55
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Q9.
In an investigation four groups of athletes were studied. The maximum rate of oxygen
consumption for each athlete was measured and the mean for each group was calculated.
The athletes then ran 10 mile races and the mean of the best times was calculated for
each group. The results are shown in the table below.

(i) What is the relationship between maximum rate of oxygen consumption and time for
a 10 mile race?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest an explanation for this relationship.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 4 marks)

Q10.
The graph shows the effect of increasing the carbon dioxide content of the inhaled air on:

• the number of breaths per minute;

• the total volume of air breathed per minute.

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 (i) Describe the effect of increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide in the inhaled air
on the total volume of air breathed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Suggest why the total volume of inhaled air is not directly proportional to the
number of breaths per minute.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q11.
The diagram shows part of the breathing system in a human.

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 (a) Use words from the list to label the parts on the drawing.
alveoli bronchiole bronchus diaphragm trachea (windpipe)
(4)

(b) Where in the lungs does oxygen enter the blood?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Which process in cells produces carbon dioxide?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q12.
Read the passage.

Glutton up a gum tree

Along the banks of the Cygnet River on Kangaroo Island, the branches of the dying gum
trees stretch out like accusing fingers. They have no leaves. Birds search in vain for nectar-
bearing flowers.

The scene, repeated mile upon mile, is an ecological nightmare. But, for once, the culprit is

Page 14 of 55
not human. Instead, it is one of the most appealing mammals on the planet – the koala. If the
trees are to survive and provide a food source for the wildlife such as koalas that depend on
them, more than 2000 koalas must die. If they are not removed the island’s entire koala
population will vanish.

Illegal killing has already started. Worried about soil erosion on the island, some farmers
have gone for their guns. Why not catch 2000 koalas and take them to the mainland?
“Almost impossible,” says farmer Andrew Kelly. “Four rangers tried to catch some and in two
days they got just six, and these fought, bit and scratched like fury.”

The diagram shows the flow of energy through a koala.

The numbers show units of energy.

(i) Calculate the percentage of the food intake which is converted into new tissues for
growth. Show your working.

____________ %
(2)

(ii) Give three different ways in which the koala uses the energy released in
respiration.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 15 of 55
 (Total 5 marks)

Q13.
Fermentation of sugar by yeast produces carbon dioxide.

The graph shows the effect of temperature on the production of carbon dioxide by
fermentation.

(a) By how much did the volume of carbon dioxide collected change when the
temperature was raised from 30°C to 40°C?

________________________________________ cm3

(1)

(b) Complete the sentences to explain the shape of the curve between X and Y.

Raising the temperature _________________ the speed of the reacting particles.

These particles collide more _________________ and more _________________ .

(3)
(Total 4 marks)

Q14.
(a) The graph shows how the mass of oxygen you breathe in changes as you climb up
a mountain.

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 Describe, in as much detail as you can, how the mass of oxygen in one breath
changes as you climb from sea level to 3000 m.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) People who live high up in mountainous areas have more red blood cells than
people who live at sea level. The graph below shows how the number of red blood
cells changes with height above sea level.

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 (i) How many more red blood cells does a person living at 3000 m above sea
level have than someone living at sea level? Show clearly how you work out
your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Increase in number of red blood cells = __________________ millions per m3

(2)

(ii) What is the advantage of having more red blood cells?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q15.
The temperature at the surface of the skin can be measured by using a technique called
thermography.

In this technique, areas with higher temperature appear as a different colour on the
thermographs.

The drawings below show the results of an investigation in which thermographs were
taken from a person before and after exercise.

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 Describe and explain, as fully as you can, the effects of exercise on skin temperature.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 3 marks)

Q16.
The graph shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in a greenhouse full of
tomato plants, measured over a period of 24 hours.

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 (a) Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in the greenhouse
increased between X and Y.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in the greenhouse
decreased between Y and Z.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q17.
The diagram shows a water balance for a girl who spends most of the day working at a
desk. It is not complete.

(a) Complete the diagram by writing in the volume of sweat produced.

Page 20 of 55
 (1)

(b) The next day she spent much of the day training, doing many different types of
exercise.

State how each of the following would change and why it would be different from
the previous day.

(i) The amount of water given off as sweat.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The amount of water breathed out.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) The amount of urine passed, if she had the same water intake as on the
previous day.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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 (2)

(c) Which organ controls the amount of water in the body?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q18.
The diagram shows the human breathing system.

(a) Complete the labels (i) and (ii).

(2)

(b) Complete the following sentence.

When we breathe out, the mixture of gases which leaves the air sacs contains

more _______________ and less ____________________ than the mixture of

gases which enters the air sacs.

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q19.
(i) What is the name of the process which takes place in living cells in your body and
which releases energy from oxygen and glucose?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name the two products of the process in part (i).

_______________________________ and _______________________________

(1)

Page 22 of 55
 (Total 2 marks)

Q20.
(a) (i) Complete the word equation for the process of aerobic respiration.

Glucose + ______________ → carbon dioxide + water

(1)

(ii) Which organ removes carbon dioxide from your body?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Use names from the box to complete the two spaces in the passage.

carbon dioxide lactic acid nitrogen oxygen water

Anaerobic respiration can occur when an athlete does vigorous exercise.

This is because there is not enough ___________________________ in the body.

The product of anaerobic respiration is ________________________________ .

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q21.
Oxygen from our lungs is carried, by our blood, to cells in our body where aerobic
respiration takes place.

(i) Complete the two spaces to balance the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

(1)

(ii) Name the substance with the formula C6H12O6.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Name the structures in the cytoplasm of our cells where aerobic respiration takes
place.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q22.
A young athlete trains and this makes her heart work harder. The table shows part of her
training record.

Time measured in weeks from 0 8 16 24 32 40

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 the start of training

Resting pulse rate measured in

75 69 66 63 61 60
pulses per minute

(i) Give two changes to her heart resulting from this training.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The graph shows a smooth curve drawn to match the data from her training record.

Use the graph:

(A) to estimate her resting pulse rate, in pulses per minute, after 18 weeks of
training;

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(B) to predict her resting pulse rate, in pulses per minute, if she continues her
training until the end of the year.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q23.

Page 24 of 55
(a) The air you breathe in and the air you breathe out are different.

Use the names of gases from this box to complete the three spaces.

argon carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen water vapour

Compared to the air you breathe in, the air you breathe out contains:

• more _________________________________________________________

• more _________________________________________________________

• less__________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The process of aerobic respiration takes place in your cells.

(i) Complete the space in the word equation for this process.

____________ + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

(1)

(ii) Complete the space to give the main energy transfer which takes place in this
process.

chemical energy → ______________ energy

(1)

(iii) What is the name of the organ where oxygen from the air passes to your
blood?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The athlete is taking part in vigorous exercise.

Page 25 of 55
 Complete the two spaces in the passage.

The cells in our muscles respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise. This results

in ___________________ debt and the production of ___________________ acid.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q24.
(a) The diagram shows a cereal crop.

Complete spaces (i) and (ii).

(2)

(iii) What sort of weather may cause the cereal crop to wilt?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Describe the process of transpiration in plants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 26 of 55
Q25.
The man uses energy as he walks along. Energy is released in the cells in his body.

(i) What name is given to this process which occurs in his cells?

Circle the correct name.

circulation reproduction respiration transpiration

(1)

(ii) What gas is brought to his cells by the blood?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) What gas is released by his cells and carried away by the blood?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q26.
(a) Respiration is a process which takes place in living cells. What is the purpose of
respiration?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Balance the equation for the process of respiration when oxygen is available.

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2 O
(1)

(ii) What is the name of the substance in the equation with the formula C 6H12O6?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Oxygen is absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.

(i) How are the alveoli adapted for this function?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Name the gas which is excreted through the alveoli.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 27 of 55
 (d) (i) What is the name of the process of respiration when oxygen is not available?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Describe the process of respiration which takes place in human beings when
oxygen is not available and give an effect.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q27.
Plants need chemical energy for respiration and for active transport.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation which represents the process of respiration in
plants.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Describe the process of active transport in the root hair cells of plants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 28 of 55
Q28.
The table shows the percentage of some gases in the air a boy breathed in and out.

Air Air
Gases
breathed in breathed out

carbon dioxide 0.04% 4.0%

oxigen 20.0% 16.0%

water vapour 1.0% 6.0%

(a) What happens in the lungs to change the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
this way?

Oxygen ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Carbon dioxide ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Compare the percentage of water vapour in the air breathed out with the percentage
in air breathed in.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q29.
Diagram 1 shows the main features of human blood circulation.

Page 29 of 55
(a) What changes in the composition of blood occur in the lungs?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Diagram 2 shows how the circulation of blood changes between rest and exercise.

Page 30 of 55
Rate of supply of blood to parts of the body (cm³/min) when at rest and during exercise.

(b) (i) Use the information from Diagram 2 to complete the table below.

Parts of the body to be included:

Digestive System
Skin
Brain
Arteries of Heart
Muscles of Skeleton

Page 31 of 55
 Bone

(4)

(ii) What happens to the rate of supply of blood to the whole body with exercise?

(You should make full use of the information provided.)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q30.
(a) Breathed-out air is different from breathed-in air.

The two pie-charts show the percentages of different gases in each.

Complete the second pie-chart, using the information from the table.

Page 32 of 55
 (3)

(b) Use the information above to complete the following sentences.

The air you breathe out contains more _____________________ than the air you
breathe in.

The air you breathe out contains less ______________________ than the air you
breathe in.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q31.
As they go higher up a mountain, mountaineers take less oxygen into their bodies with
each breath.

This is shown in the table below.

MILLIGRAMS OF OXYGEN MILLIGRAMS OF OXYGEN

TAKEN INTO LUNGS WITH TAKEN INTO BLOOD WITH
EACH NORMAL BREATH EACH NORMAL BREATH

Page 33 of 55
 At bottom of 300 60
mountain

At top of 150 30
mountain

(a) At the top of the mountain, they only take half as much oxygen into their lungs with
each breath as they did at the bottom.

How does this affect the amount of oxygen that gets into their blood with each
breath?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Why do the cells in the mountaineers’ bodies need oxygen?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q32.
(a) (i) The table shows an athlete’s breathing rate after the end of a race.

The results can be put onto a graph.

Three of the points are already plotted.
Plot the other points shown in the table.
Then draw the graph.

Time after end of Breathing rate

race (litres per second)
(minutes)

0 4

1 2

2 1

3 1

4 1

5 1

Page 34 of 55
 (4)

(ii) What is the athlete’s breathing rate ½ (half) a minute after the end of the race?

________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) One of the reasons for breathing is to get rid of carbon dioxide from your body.
Choose words from the list to complete the sentences below about how your body
does this.

blood heart kidneys lungs urine

Carbon dioxide gets out of your body from your ___________________________

The carbon dioxide is carried to this part of your body by your ________________
(2)

(c) The bar charts show what happens in an athlete’s muscles when running in two
races of different distances.

(i) Compare what happens in the athlete’s muscles when running in the two
races.

Page 35 of 55
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Use the information in the box to explain your answer to (i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q33.
(a) The table shows an athlete’s breathing rate after the end of a race.

Use the information shown in the table to draw a line graph.

Page 36 of 55
 (3)

(b) The bar charts show what happens in an athlete’s muscles when running in two
races of different distances.

(i) Compare what happens in the athlete’s muscles when running in the two
races.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Use the information in the box to explain your answer to (i).

______________________________________________________________

Page 37 of 55
 ______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Explain why the athlete breathes at a faster rate than normal for two minutes after
finishing a 100 metres race.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 38 of 55
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) (i) plotting values for pulse rates;
2 marks- minus 1 mark for each error to a maximum of 2
Accept values if plotted on blood volume bar chart
Non-horizontal tops to bars producing variable values = 1
error
If drawn as a line graph =1 mark maximum
2

(ii) Either

volume of blood went up then fell;

Accept went to a maximum then fell

pulse rate increased (steadily);

Accept went up steadily or kept going up
2

Or

at first or with low activity or with moderate activity both pulse and
volume increased;
Accept activity up to wall- papering

Page 39 of 55
 with more activity pulse continued to increase but volume fell;

(b) Any two of

with increased activity greater muscle use or greater respiration;

need more glucose or oxygen;

Accept more sugar

heart beat faster;

Do not accept more air
Accept more blood needed or blood flows faster
If ‘more’ or equivalent stated once it can be accepted
elsewhere by implication
2
[6]

Q2.
X – oxygen
accept O2

Y – carbon dioxide
accept CO2
[2]

Q3.
(i) with exercise rate rises;
accept between 1 – 2 minutes rate rises
1

(when exercise stops) rate falls slowly;

accept gentle fall or steady fall
for answers which just describe a rise then a fall allow one
mark only as an alternative to the first two points
1

rate does not return to normal or to starting or to resting rate

accept rate returns to normal after five minutes or three
minutes of rest or after recording ended
1

(ii) 86 (per minute);

1

(iii) plotting points;

deduct one mark for each error to max of two
if 68 wrongly plotted count as one error (ignore the quality of
the line)

Page 40 of 55
 2
[6]

Q4.
(a) oxygen; )
carbon dioxide; ) allow symbols
water )
each for 1 mark
3

(b) graph with reasonable vertical scales;

accurate plotting of all points (ignore lines) and labelling lines
histogram – must be coded
gains 3 marks
3

(c) 6 of:
during exercise the level of CO2 (in the blood) rises;
increased breathing to remove excess CO2;
increased oxygen supply to muscles;
or increased breathing takes in more O2
or increased heart rate takes more O2 to muscles;
increased supply of sugar to muscles;
increased respiration rate;
enable faster rate of energy release;
reference to lactic acid (allow even though not on syllabus)/O2 debt;
to avoid cramp;
anaerobic reference;
reference to removal of ‘heat’;
6

(d) high carbon dioxide concentration;

brain/central nervous system;
heart muscles (both)
3
[15]

Q5.
(a) glucose/sugar water

Page 41 of 55
 for 1 mark each
2

(b) (i) 204

for 1 mark
1

(ii) 49 gains 2 marks

(incorrect answer, but correct method gains 1)
2

(iii) 3 gains 2 marks

(incorrect answer, but correct method gains 1)
2
[7]

Q6.
(a) (i) reduced sharply
for 1 mark
1

(ii) converted to glucose which is respired to produce energy

(allow answers in terms of glucagon)
gains 3 marks
3

(b) (i) athlete A’s was most effective

since resulted in highest muscle glycogen level on day of race
for energy release during race
for 1 mark each
3

(ii) e.g. excess carbohydrate stored as glycogen rather than fat in short term
particularly if glycogen stores depleted
for 1 mark each
2
[9]

Q7.
(a) oxygen,
carbon dioxide or water (vapour)
for 1 mark each
2

(b) idea of more air per breath/deeper breaths

for 1 mark
1

(c) (i) respiration

for 1 mark
1

(ii) carbon dioxide,

water

Page 42 of 55
 for 1 mark each
2

(iii) more energy required,

for increased muscular activity
for 1 mark each
2
[8]

Q8.
(a) more energy needed,
for increased muscular activity
for 1 mark each
2

(b) increased sweat production,

evaporation of sweat cools body,
vasodilation OWTTE,
more heat loss (by radiation)
for 1 mark each
4
[6]

Q9.
(i) the higher the rate of oxygen consumption, the shorter the
time taken to complete
for 1 mark
1

(ii) the faster oxygen is taken into the blood,

the faster energy can be released in the muscles,
and the faster the athlete can run
for 1 mark each
3
[4]

Q10.
(i) increase in CO2 concentration leads to increase in volume of air inhaled
increase of % carbon dioxide has little effect over most of range / large
increase when % carbon dioxide > 5.6 %
each for 1 mark
2

(ii) idea that

depth of breathing changes at low % carbon dioxide, in crease in % CO2
results in volume of each breath increasing without increase / little increase
in number of breaths
each for 1 mark
2
[4]

Q11.

Page 43 of 55
 (a) trachea / windpipe
bronchus
alveoli
diaphragm
for 1 mark each
4

(b) alveoli / air sacs (reject capillaries)

for one mark
1

(c) respiration
for one mark
1
[6]

Q12.
(i) 0.25 × 100 / 25
gains 1 mark

but
1%
gains 2 marks
2

(ii) muscle contraction / limb movement / moving around / chewing

heartbeat / breathing / internal muscle activity
maintaining body temperature / keeps body warm
active uptake synthesising substances (reject growth)
any three for 1 mark each
3
[5]

Q13.
(a) 11
accept 10.5 – 11.5
1

(b) ideas of

increase / rises
1

frequently / often
1

energetically / violently
1
[4]

Q14.
(a) falls
1

Page 44 of 55
 from 0.25
1

to 0.19
but by 0.06 gains two marks
if neither figure given, accept steadily /
at constant rate for one mark
accept mass of oxygen inversely related
/ negative correlation to height above
sea level for 2 marks
1

(b) (i) 1.8

accept correct readings from graph for (5 and 6.8) if
subtraction incorrect for one mark
allow one mark for correct subtraction from incorrect
readings
2

(ii) (blood can carry) more oxygen

1
[6]

Q15.
any three from:

heat produced by muscles

during exercise
accept when working

by respiration

(skin) temperature over muscles rises / more blood to skin over muscles
allow vasodilation or arterioles dilate over muscles
reject capillaries dilate
sweating neutral
[3]

Q16.
(a) respiration
reject start respiring / respire only at night
1

no photosynthesis because no light

1

(b) photosynthesis rate greater than respiration rate

1
reject no respiration / photosynthesis only

photosynthesis since light

1
[4]

Page 45 of 55
Q17.
(a) 850
1

(b) (i) more

because exercise makes us sweat or work harder

accept to cool the body
do not credit body hotter or giving off more heat
2

(ii) more

because she respires more

accept she breathes (in and out) more or heavier or faster
2

(iii) less

because (more) water has been lost by sweating or breathing out or other
methods
accept arguments about conservation of water
2

(c) kidney
1
[8]

Q18.
(a) (i) trachea
accept windpipe
1

(ii) (left) lung or lungs

do not credit right lung
1

(b) carbon dioxide or water vapour

do not credit just ‘water’
1

oxygen
answers in terms of used air or fresh air or of temperature
differences are not acceptable
1
[4]

Q19.
(i) (aerobic) respiration
do not credit anaerobic respiration
accept cellular respiration
1

(ii) carbon dioxide and water (vapour)

Page 46 of 55
 both required
do not credit heat
1
[2]

Q20.
(a) (i) oxygen
do not credit air
1

(ii) lung(s)
do not credit blood or nose or windpipe alone but accept as
a neutral answer if included with lungs
1

(b) oxygen
1

lactic acid
both words required
1
[4]

Q21.
(i) 6 in both spaces
do not credit if any formula has been altered
1

(ii) glucose
allow fructose or dextrose
1

(iii) mitochondria
accept organelles
1
[3]

Q22.
(i) any two from

* (heart) more muscular

accept bigger

* (heart) more powerful

accept more efficient
accept stronger
2

(ii) * pauses longer between (heart) beats

accepts beats more slowly
accept heart rate decreases

Page 47 of 55
 * less fast around the heart
recovers more quickly not just ‘heart healthier’
do not credit pulse rate slower
2
[4]

Q23.
(a) more water vapour
accept more water
1

more carbon dioxide

1

less oxygen
1

(b) (i) glucose

accept carbohydrate(s)
accept sugar(s)
1

(ii) heat
or thermal
or internal kinetic
1

(iii) lungs
accept alveoli / alveolus
do not credit air sacs
do not credit capillaries
both neutral if included with lungs
1

(c) oxygen
accept O2
1

lactic
1
[8]

Q24.
(a) (i) photosynthesis
1

(ii) respiration
do not credit combustion
do not credit decay
1

(iii) dry
accept hot or windy or drought

Page 48 of 55
 1

(b) any three from

* evaporation (of water)

or loss of water vapour

* (mostly) from the leaf / leaves

do not credit incorrect reference to leaves

* through the stomata

accept through each stoma
accept through the stomas(sic)

* causing a pull
or causing an increase in osmotic potential (at the top of the
plant)
or causing an increase in water potential (at the top of the
plant) or causing a decrease in osmotic pressure (at the top
of the plant)

* (so that) water moves up (through the plant)

do not credit water vapour moves up through the plant

* as the transpiration stream

* water enters through roots (and goes up plants)

3
[6]

Q25.
(i) respiration
1

(ii) oxygen or O2
do not accept O or O2
1

(iii) carbon dioxide or CO2

do not accept CO2
1
[3]

Q26.
(a) to transfer / provide / give release energy
or production of ATP / adenosine triphosphate (molecules)
accept to give heat
1

(b) (i) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

accept any other
n : 6n : 6n : 6n ratio

Page 49 of 55
 do not credit if any other changes have been made
1

(ii) glucose
do not credit sugar / sucrose
1

(c) (i) any two from

large surface

thin (surface)

moist (surface)

(with a good) blood supply

2

(ii) carbon dioxide

accept water vapour
do not credit just water
1

(d) (i) anaerobic (respiration)

1

(ii) any three from

in mitochondria

glucose decomposes / breaks down / reacts

or glucose → lactic acid for (2) marks

to give lactic acid

or breathing hard
or lactic acid → CO2 + water

causing pain

(leaving an) oxygen debt

(quick) source of energy

(but) less efficient than aerobic respiration

accept less efficient than with oxygen
3
[10]

Q27.
(i) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
energy is neutral
1

formulae all correct

with no omissions / deletions

Page 50 of 55
 correctly balanced
credit 1 mark if the answer is the exact
reverse of an incorrect answer for (a)
1

(ii) and three from

take up of (soluble) substances / ions against the concentration gradient

or when the concentration (of the
substance / ions) is greater inside the
cell / cytoplasm than outside it

through the (semi-permeable) (cell) membrane energy from mitochondria

or energy from respiration
not just energy
3
[5]

Q28.

(a) oxygen passes from the air/lungs into the body

gains 1 mark

but
oxygen passes from the air/lungs into the blood
gains 2 marks

carbon dioxide passes from the body into the air/lungs

gains 1 mark

but
carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air/lungs
gains 2 marks
4

(b) increased/5% more

gains 1 mark

but
6 times more (in air breathed out)
gains 2 marks
2
[6]

Q29.

(a) idea
O2 increases
CO2 decreases

Page 51 of 55
 for 1 mark each
2

(b) (i) reduced unchanged increased

digestive system brain skin
bone muscles
heart and arteries
All (6) correct gains 4
5 correct gains 3
4 correct gains 2
2/3 correct gains 1

Correct wording not needed if unambiguous. No mark if organ repeated.

4

(ii) more/higher/quicker/faster
gains 1 mark

but
7500 more/from 5,000 to 12,500 more
gains 2 marks

but
7500 cm3/min more
gains 3 marks

or 2½ times more
3
[9]

Q30.
(a) carbon dioxide in range 2.5-5%
gains 1 mark

but
carbon dioxide closer to 4% than to 3% or 5%
gains 2 marks

OR
oxygen in range 15-17.5%
gains 1 mark

but
If 3 sectors drawn and two correctly labelled,
award marks and ignore remaining sector
Oxygen and carbon dioxide sectors labelled
for 1 mark
3

(b) carbon dioxide

oxygen
for 1 mark each

Do not allow water vapour.

(Allow correct symbols/formulae)

Page 52 of 55
 2
[5]

Q31.
(a) less / low
gains 1 mark

but
(also) half as much or still one fifth of what’s breathed in
gains 2 marks
2

(b) for energy / respiration [credit for movement / to keep warm]

[Do not allow "to live"]
for 1 mark
1
[3]

Q32.
(a) (i) points correctly plotted
all correct gains 2 marks
2 correct gains 1 mark

each part of line correctly drawn (i.e. curve + straight line)

for 1 mark each part of line
4

(ii) 3 (or according to plotted graph)

litres per second
for 1 mark each
2

(b) lungs
blood
for 1 mark each
2

(c) (i) ideas that

• energy transferred faster in 100m race

• carbon dioxide produced faster during 1500m race / more

• carbon dioxide produced

for 1 mark each
3

correct reference to twice / half as fast in either / both cases

for a further mark
1

(ii) • respiration during 100m race (mainly) anaerobic

• respiration during 1500m race (mainly) aerobic

Page 53 of 55
 • aerobic respiration produced carbon dioxide

• anaerobic respiration produced / lactic acid

for 1 mark each
1
[13]

Q33.
(a) • appropriate scales (> halfway along each axis)

• all points correctly plotted to better than ½ a square

• lines carefully drawn

(allow point to point in this case)

N.B.

• no mark available for labelling axes

• allow either orientation

for 1 mark each
3

(b) (i) ideas that

• energy transferred faster in 100m race

(not more energy transferred)

• carbon dioxide produced faster during 1500m race

for 1 mark each

(allow more carbon dioxide produced)

correct reference to twice / half as fast in either / both cases

for 1 further mark
3

(ii) • respiration during 100m race (mainly) anaerobic

• respiration during 1500m race aerobic

• aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide

• anaerobic respiration doesn’t produce carbon dioxide

/ produces lactic acid
any two for 1 mark each
2

(c) ideas that

• there is an oxygen debt / more than normal oxygen needed

• lactic acid needs to be oxidised / combined with oxygen

for 1 mark each

Page 54 of 55
 2
[10]

Page 55 of 55