Computer Organization and Architecture
Tutorial
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-organization-architecture/computer-organization-and-
architecture-tutorials/
Computer architecture defines how a computer’s components
communicate through electronic signals to perform input,
processing, and output operations.
It covers the design and organization of the CPU, memory,
storage, and input/output devices.
Describes how these components interact through buses,
control signals, and data pathways.
It directly influences the overall speed, functionality, and
reliability of a computer system.
Computer Organization Basic
This section introduces the fundamentals of computer organization
and architecture, covering key concepts, system components, data
representation, and error-handling basics.
Computer Architecture vs Computer Organization
Components of a Computer
Von Neumann & Harvard architectures
Flynn's taxonomy
Number Systems
Fixed Point Representation
Floating Point Representation
Character representation
Error detection and correction codes
Digital Logic & Microoperations
In digital logic and microoperations section, we have covered logic
gates, Boolean algebra, circuit types, RTL, microoperations, and
control timing essentials.
Logic Gates
Boolean Algebra
Combinational Circuits and Sequential Circuits
Register Transfer Language
Microoperations
Control Signals and Timing
CPU Organization & Instruction Sets
Here in this section of CPU organization and instruction sets, you will
get to know instruction formats, addressing modes, control design,
program control types, and advanced execution models like
superscalar and multithreading.
Instruction Set Architecture
Representing Instructions in Computers
CPU Organizations
Addressing Modes
Instruction Formats
RISC vs CISC Architectures
Machine Control Instructions
Data Manipulation Instructions
Essential Registers for Instruction Execution
Instruction Cycle
Control Unit Design
Subroutines & Stack Memory
Types of Program Control Instructions
Superscalar Architecture
Multithreading
Computer Arithmetic
Explore all the concepts of computer arithmetic, including ALU
operations, number complements, division algorithms, Booth’s
method, overflow handling, and negative number representation.
ALU and Data Path
Computer Arithmetic | Set 1
Computer Arithmetic | Set 2
Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
Restoring Division Algorithm
Non-Restoring Division
Booth’s Algorithm
Overflow in Arithmetic Addition
Negative Number Representation in Memory
Memory Organization
This section explains memory organization, covering types of
memory, storage hierarchy, addressing methods, virtual memory
techniques, and key architectural differences.
Memory & Memory Units
Main Memory
Secondary Storage
Cache Memory
Paging
Segmentation
Virtual Memory
Page Replacement Algorithms
Translation Lookaside Buffer
RAM vs ROM
NUMA vs UMA Architectures
Memory Interleaving
Byte Addressable & Word Addressable Memory
Simultaneous vs Hierarchical Access Memory
Input/Output Organization
This section covers input/output organization, including interfaces,
interrupts, DMA, peripheral devices, synchronization methods, bus
systems, and processor communication.
Introduction to I/O Interface
I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
Interrupts
DMA
Modes of DMA Transfer
DMA controller 8257/8237
Programmable peripheral interface 8255
Asynchronous & Synchronous I/O Synchronization
Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor for 1’s and 2’s
complement of a number
Microcomputer system
Working of 8085-based Single board microcomputer
Interface 8254 PIT with 8085 microprocessor
Synchronous Data Transfer
Input-Output Processor
Bus Systems
MPU Communication
BUS Arbitration
Pipelining & Parallel Processing
This section explains pipelining and parallel processing, covering
ILP, execution stages, hazards, VLIW, branch prediction, and
Amdahl’s law.
Pipelining Concepts
Instruction Level Parallelism
Execution, Stages and Throughput
Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture
Types and Stalling
Dependencies and Data Hazard
Branch Prediction in Pentium
Amdahl's law and its Proof
Number System and IEEE Number Standards
This section covers number systems and IEEE standards, including
base conversions, fixed and floating-point formats, and IEEE 754
representation.
Fixed Point Representation
Introduction to Floating Point Representation
IEEE Standard 754 Floating Point Numbers
Number System and Base Conversions
Important Links
1. Generations of computer
2. Microprocessor
3. Flynn’s taxonomy
4. Memory Banking
5. Evolution of Microprocessors
6. Introduction to Parallel Computing
7. 2D and 2.5D Memory organization
Programs
1. Program for Binary To Decimal Conversion
2. Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
3. Program for decimal to octal conversion
4. Program for octal to decimal conversion
5. Program for hexadecimal to decimal
Quizzes and Problems Links
‘Quizzes’ on Computer Organization and Architecture
‘Practice Problems’ on Computer Organization and
Architecture
Problem Solving on Instruction Format
Quiz on Number Representation
