Chapter 1 Differential Equations

Definitions:

Differential Equations: An equation involving derivatives of one or more dependent variables with
respect to one or more independent variables is called a differential equation.

Equations such as

𝒅𝒚 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
(i) =
𝒅𝒙 √𝟐−𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
(ii) + = 𝒌𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Ordinary Differential Equations: A differential equation involving ordinary derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to a single independent variable is called an ordinary differential
equation. For example

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
+ 𝑥𝑦 ( ) =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Partial Differential Equations: A differential equation involving partial derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to more than one independent variable is called a partial differential
equation. For example

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

Order and Degree of Differential Equations:The order of the highest ordered derivative involved
indifferential equations is called the order of the differential equation.

The degree of a differential equation is the power (or degree) of the highest differential coefficient when
the equation has been made rational.

General Solution:The relation containing n arbitrary constants which satisfies an ordinary differential
equation of nth order is called its complete primitive or general solution. It can be shown that by
eliminating n arbitrary constants from an equation in x, y, we get a differential equation of nth order. Such
a process is called formation of differential equations.

Particular Solution:A particular solution of differential equation is one obtained from the primitive by
assigning definite values to the arbitrary constants.
4
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example:(𝑑𝑥 3 ) + 7 𝑑𝑥2 + 8 𝑑𝑥 − 9𝑦 = log 𝑥

Which involve 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 3and 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 4.

Example 1: Eliminate the constants from 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 .

Solution: We have,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 ⟹ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = − 2𝑏𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦
Again, 𝑑𝑥2 = 2𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 2 𝑑𝑥 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)

Using (2) in (1),

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑎= −2∙ ∙ 𝑥 = − ∙ 𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

Using (2) and (3) in the given equation,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 2
𝑦=( − 2 ∙ 𝑥) 𝑥 + ( )𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 2
= ∙ 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 + ∙𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 2
= ∙𝑥− ∙𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
2𝑦 = 2 ∙ ∙ 𝑥 − 2 ∙ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 ∙ 2
− 2𝑥 ∙ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 2. Eliminate the constant 𝒂 from √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + √𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒚) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟏)

Solution: Given that, √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1),

Differentiating the given equation, we get

−2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− ∙ = 𝑎 (1 − )
2√1 − 𝑥2 2√1 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, − ∙ = 𝑎 (1 − ) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Dividing eq.(1) and eq.(2) to eliminate 𝑎, we get

√1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦
−𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦
− ∙ 𝑎 (1 − )
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
⟹ √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 − (√1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 ) = − ∙ + + ∙
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ ∙ − ∙ − (√1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 )
√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦
= + − √1 − 𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑦 2
√1 − 𝑥2 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 ) − 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 2 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )

⇒{ } ={ }
√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑥𝑦 − 1 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 − 1 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )

⇒ . =
√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ ∙ =
√1 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 √1 − 𝑦 2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Example 3. Form the differential equation of which 𝒄(𝒚 + 𝒄)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟏) is the complete
integral.

Solution: Given that, 𝑐(𝑦 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑥 3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)

𝑑𝑦
Differentiating the given equation, we get 2𝑐(𝑦 + 𝑐) = 3𝑥 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝑑𝑥

Dividing (1) by (2)

𝑦+𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 =
2 𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦
⟹ 3(𝑦 + 𝑐) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⟹ 3𝑐 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑐 = {2𝑥 − 3𝑦} ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
3 𝑑𝑥
Using (3) in (2), we get

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 {2𝑥 − 3𝑦} ∙ [𝑦 + {2𝑥 − 3𝑦}] = 3𝑥 2
3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ {2𝑥 − 3𝑦} [𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦] = 3𝑥 2
3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
⟹{ 𝑥 − 2𝑦} ∙ 𝑥 ( ) = 3𝑥 2
3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

8 𝑑𝑦 3 4 𝑑𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑥 2 ( ) − 𝑥𝑦 ( ) = 3𝑥 2
9 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
⟹ 8𝑥 2 ( ) − 12𝑥𝑦 ( ) = 27𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
⟹ 8𝑥 ( ) − 12𝑦 ( ) = 27𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This is the required differential equation.

Example 4. Form the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves

𝒚 = 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (𝟏)where c is an arbitrary constant.

𝑑𝑦
Solution: Here, = 2𝑐(𝑥 − 𝑐) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝑑𝑥

Dividing (1) by (2), we get

𝑦 𝑥−𝑐
𝑑𝑦 =
2
𝑑𝑥

2𝑦
⟹𝑥−𝑐 = 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 )

2𝑦
⟹𝑐=𝑥− 𝑑𝑦
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
(𝑑𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2𝑦
Using the value of c in (2), we get 𝑑𝑥
= 2 (𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 )
( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥𝑦 8𝑦 2
= −
𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑑𝑥 )
 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
⟹ ( ) = 4𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
⟹ ( ) = 4𝑦 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This is the required differential equation.

Equations of First order and First Degree

A differential equation of the type 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 where M and N are functions of x and y or
constants, is called a differential equation of the first order and first degree.

 Solution of the differential equation when variables are separable:

If an equation can be written in such a way that 𝑑𝑥 and all the terms containing 𝑥 are on one side and 𝑑𝑦
and all the terms containing 𝑦 on the other side, then this is an equation in which variables are separable.

𝒅𝒚 𝟏+𝒚𝟐
Example 1: Solve 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟏+𝒙𝟐

Solution: Separating the variables, the equation becomes

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑥2

Integrating both sides, we get, tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐴

⇒ tan−1 𝑦 − tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐴
𝑦−𝑥
⇒ tan−1 = tan−1 𝑐 [𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝐴 = tan−1 𝑐]
1 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑦−𝑥
⇒ =𝑐
1 + 𝑥𝑦

∴ 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑥𝑦)

This is the required solution.

𝒅𝒚
Example 2: Solve = 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝒚
𝒅𝒙

Solution: The given equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦

𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
 𝑥3
Integrating both sides,𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 3
+𝑐

This is the required solution.

Example 3: Solve 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution: Separating the variables, we get

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

=0
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

Integrating both sides,ln tan 𝑥 + ln tan 𝑦 = 𝐴

⇒ ln(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) = 𝐴
(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑒𝐴

⇒ tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 = 𝑐 [𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝐴 ]

This is the required solution.

𝒅𝒚
Example 4: Solve (𝒚 − 𝒑𝒙)𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑 = .
𝒅𝒙

Solution: The given equation is𝑝𝑥 2 = 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)
𝑖. 𝑒, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 1
⇒ = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒ = ( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
1
Integrating both sides, ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ln 𝐴

1
⇒ ln 𝑦 − ln 𝑥 = + ln 𝐴
𝑥
𝑦 (1⁄ )
⇒ ln = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝐴
𝑥
𝑦 1
⇒ = 𝐴𝑒 ( ⁄𝑥)
𝑥
This is the required solution.
 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 4: Solve 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂(𝒚𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙)

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦(1 − 𝑎𝑦)

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
⇒ =( + ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥+𝑎 𝑦 1 − 𝑎𝑦

Integrating both sides, ln(𝑥 + 𝑎) = ln 𝑦 − ln(1 − 𝑎𝑦) + ln 𝑐

𝑐𝑦
⇒ ln(𝑥 + 𝑎) = ln ( )
1 − 𝑎𝑦
𝑐𝑦
∴𝑥+𝑎 =
1 − 𝑎𝑦

This is the required solution.

 Homogeneous Differential Equations:

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥,𝑦)
An equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑥,𝑦) in which 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)are homogeneous functions of 𝑥 and
2
𝑦 of the same degree can be reduced to an equation in which variables are separable by putting
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Example 1: Solve (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution: We have, (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The equation becomes,

 𝑑𝑣 −(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑣 2 )
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑣𝑥

−𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑣 2 )
=
2𝑣𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 −(1 + 𝑣 2 )
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣

−1 − 𝑣 2 − 2𝑣 2
=
2𝑣

−1 − 3𝑣 2
=
2𝑣

−(1 + 3𝑣 2 )
=
2𝑣
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑣
⇒ = 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 1 + 3𝑣 2
𝑑𝑥 1 6𝑣
⇒ =− ∙
𝑥 3 1 + 3𝑣 2
1
Integrating both sides, ln 𝑥 = − ∙ ln(1 + 3𝑣 2 ) + ln 𝑐
3

1⁄
⇒ ln 𝑥 + ln(1 + 3𝑣 2 ) 3 = ln 𝑐
1⁄
⇒ ln 𝑥(1 + 3𝑣 2 ) 3 = ln 𝑐
1⁄
𝑦2 3
⇒ ln 𝑥 (1 + 3 2 ) = ln 𝑐
𝑥

𝑦 2 1⁄
⇒ 𝑥(1 + 3 ) 3=𝑐
𝑥2

Example 2: Solve 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:We have, 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦
⇒ = 3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The equation becomes,
 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 )

𝑥3 ∙ 𝑣
=
𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑣 3 )

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑣 3 )

𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑣4
=
(1 + 𝑣 3 )

−𝑣 4
=
(1 + 𝑣 3 )

𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣3
⇒ = − ( 4 ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣

1 1
= −( + ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣4 𝑣
1 1
Integrating both sides,ln 𝑥 = ∙ − ln 𝑣 + 𝑐
3 𝑣3

1 1
⇒ ln 𝑣𝑥 = ∙ +𝑐
3 𝑣3

1 𝑥3
⇒ ln 𝑦 = ∙ +𝑐
3 𝑦3

𝒅𝒚 𝒚𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚
Example 3: Solve =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 3 +3𝑥 2 𝑦
Solution:We have, 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 +3𝑥𝑦2

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The equation becomes,

𝑑𝑣 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )

𝑥 3 (𝑣 3 + 3𝑣)
=
𝑥 3 (1 + 3𝑣 2 )
 𝑑𝑣 (𝑣 3 + 3𝑣)
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 3𝑣 2 )

𝑣 3 + 3𝑣 − 𝑣 − 3𝑣 3
=
(1 + 3𝑣 2 )

2𝑣 − 2𝑣 3
=
(1 + 3𝑣 2 )

2𝑣(1 − 𝑣 2 )
=
(1 + 3𝑣 2 )

𝑑𝑥 (1 + 3𝑣 2 )
⇒ = 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 2𝑣(1 − 𝑣 2 )

2𝑑𝑥 1 2 2
⇒ =( − + ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣 1+𝑣 1−𝑣

Integrating both sides, 2 ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑣 − 2 ln(1 + 𝑣) + 2 ln(1 − 𝑣) + ln 𝑐

𝑐𝑣(1 − 𝑣)2
⇒ ln 𝑥 2 = ln
(1 + 𝑣)2

𝑐𝑣(1 − 𝑣)2
⇒ 𝑥2 =
(1 + 𝑣)2

𝑦 2
𝑐𝑦 (1 − )
𝑥
=
𝑦 2
𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 )

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 4: Solve 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution:We have, 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The equation becomes,

𝑑𝑣 𝑣 2𝑥2
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∙ 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑥 2
 𝑣 2𝑥2
=
𝑥 2 (𝑣 − 1)

𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 − 1)

𝑣2 − 𝑣2 + 𝑣
=
(𝑣 − 1)

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
⇒𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 − 1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑣−1
⇒ =( ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 1
⇒ = (1 − ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣

Integrating both sides, ln 𝑥 = 𝑣 − ln 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑦 𝑦
ln 𝑥 = − ln + ln 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ ln 𝑥. = ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) + ln 𝑐
𝑥
𝑦⁄
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥

Example 5: Solve (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Solution:We have, (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The equation becomes,

𝑑𝑣 𝑥. 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 2

𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑣3
=
1 + 𝑣2
 −𝑣 3
=
1 + 𝑣2

𝑑𝑥 −(1 + 𝑣 2 )
⇒ = 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣3
−1 1
= ( 3 − ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 𝑣
1
Integrating both sides, ln 𝑥 = − 2𝑣 2 − ln 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑦2 𝑦
⇒ ln 𝑥 = − 2
− ln + ln 𝑐
2𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦2
−
⇒ ln 𝑥 ∙ = ln 𝑐. (𝑒 2𝑥2 )
𝑥

𝑦2
−
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥2
Linear Differential Equations:
A differential equation of the form

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥

where, 𝑃, 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 or constants, is called the linear differential equation of the first order.

To solve this equation, multiply both sides of (1) by𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑑𝑦
Then it becomes,𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, [𝑒 𝑦] = 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Integrating both the sides with respect to 𝑥,

We get,𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = ∫[𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

Integrating Factor:

It will be noticed that for solving (1), we multiplied it by a factor 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 and the equation became readily
(directly) integrable. Such a factor is called the integrating factor.
𝒅𝒚
Example 1: Solve (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
− 2
𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥 2 )

This is now expressed in the linear form.

−𝑥
𝑝 = (1−𝑥 2 ), 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

−𝑥
∫(1−𝑥2) 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒
1 −2𝑥
∫(1−𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒2
1 1
2) 2 )2
= 𝑒 2ln(1−𝑥 = 𝑒 ln(1−𝑥 = √1 − 𝑥 2

Multiply both sides of (1) by√1 − 𝑥 2 ,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
 𝑑 1
⟹ [√1 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑦] =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Integrating both sides,

1
√1 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2

= sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝒅𝒚
Example 2: Solve 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 2
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

This is now expressed in the linear form.

2
𝑝= , 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

2
= 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 2 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥
2
= 𝑒 ln 𝑥

= 𝑥2

Multiply both sides of (1) by 𝑥 2 ,

𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
⟹ [𝑥 . 𝑦] = 𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑥6
Integrating both sides,𝑥 2 𝑦 = +𝑐
6

𝒅𝒚
Example 3: Solve𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 2
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
This is now expressed in the linear form.
2
𝑝=𝑥, 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

2
= 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 2 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥
2
= 𝑒 ln 𝑥

= 𝑥2

Multiply both sides of (1) by 𝑥 2 ,

𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
⟹ [𝑥 . 𝑦] = 𝑥 3 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Integrating both sides, 𝑥 2 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 3 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥4 1 𝑥4
= log 𝑥 . − ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥 4

1 1
= 𝑥 4 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑐
4 16
1 1
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 −2 .
4 16
𝒅𝒚
Example 4: Solve (𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 (3𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2

− 3 𝑦= = = = (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥) (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

This is now expressed in the linear form.

(3𝑥 2 −1)
𝑝=− (𝑥 3 −𝑥)
, 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

(3𝑥2 −1)
∫ − (𝑥3 −𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒
3 −𝑥)
= 𝑒 − ln((𝑥
 1
= (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)−1 =
𝑥3 −𝑥
1
Multiply both sides of (1) by ,
𝑥 3 −𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 (3𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑥 2 − 1)
− 𝑦 =
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)2 𝑥3 − 𝑥

𝑑 1 (𝑥 2 − 1) 1
⟹ [ 3 . 𝑦] = 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥
1 1
Integrating both sides, 𝑥 3 −𝑥
.𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒚
Example 5: Solve 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
+ 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
This is now expressed in the linear form.
1
𝑝=𝑥, 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 ln 𝑥

=𝑥

Multiply both sides of (1) by 𝑥,

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⟹ [𝑥 . 𝑦] = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

Integrating both sides, 𝑥𝑦 = ∫(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 3 𝑏 2
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑘
3 2
𝑎 2 𝑏
∴𝑦= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑘𝑥 −1
3 2
 𝒅𝒚
Example 6: Solve 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

𝑑𝑦 1
⟹ − 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

This is now expressed in the linear form.

1
𝑝 = − 𝑥(𝑥−1) , 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

−1
∫𝑥(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒
1 1
− )𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 ∫(𝑥 𝑥−1

= 𝑒 ln 𝑥−ln(𝑥−1)
𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥−1
𝑥
=
𝑥−1
𝑥
Multiply both sides of (1) by ,
𝑥−1

𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
− 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2

𝑑 𝑥𝑦
⟹ [ ] = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1
𝑥𝑦 𝑥3
Integrating both sides, 𝑥−1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3
+𝑐

𝒅𝒚 𝟏+𝒙+𝒙𝟐
Example 7: Solve (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = (𝟏+𝒙)𝟑

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 3 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
+ 𝑦= ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)4

This is now expressed in the linear form.

3
𝑝 = (1+𝑥) , 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥
 3
∫(1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒

= 𝑒 3 ln(1+𝑥)

= (1 + 𝑥)3

Multiply both sides of (1) by (1 + 𝑥)3 ,

𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
(1 + 𝑥)3 + 3(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
𝑑 1 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)
⟹ [(1 + 𝑥)3 . 𝑦] =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
1
= +𝑥
1+𝑥
1 𝑥2
Integrating both sides, (1 + 𝑥)3 . 𝑦 = ∫( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ln(1 + 𝑥) + +𝑐
1+𝑥 2

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 8: Solve 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑦 = 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 4
∴ + 𝑦= ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥−1

This is now expressed in the linear form.

2
𝑝 = (𝑥−1) , 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

2
∫(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
=𝑒

= 𝑒 2 ln(𝑥−1)

= (𝑥 − 1)2

Multiply both sides of (1) by (𝑥 − 1)2 ,

𝑑𝑦 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1)𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑑
⟹ [(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑦] = 4(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Integrating both sides, (𝑥 − 1)2 . 𝑦 = ∫ 4(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ( − 𝑥) + 𝑐 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑐
2
 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
Example 9: Solve𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝟐

Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 2 1 1
∴ − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

This is now expressed in the linear form.

−2
𝑝= 𝑥
, 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

−2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒∫ 𝑥

= 𝑒 −2 ln 𝑥

1
=
𝑥2
1
Multiply both sides of (1) by ,
𝑥2

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
− 2 3 𝑦 = + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 1 1 1
⟹ [ 2 . 𝑦] = + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 1 1 1
Integrating both sides, 𝑥2
= ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
) 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= ln 𝑥 + ∫ 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

= ln 𝑥 + 𝐼
1 1 1
Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 Let, 𝑡 = 𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑡 −2
=∫ − sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ =
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3

1 1 1
= cos 𝑡 ⟹ − 𝑑𝑡 = 3 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥
1 1
= cos 2
2 𝑥
𝑦 1 1
Therefore, The solution is, 𝑥2
= ln 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 2 + 𝑐.

𝒅𝒚
Example 10: Solve 𝒅𝒙
− 𝟐𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
Solution: The equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦
∴ − 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑑𝑥

This is now expressed in the linear form.

𝑝 = −2 cos 𝑥 , 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 ∫ −2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥

Multiply both sides of (1) by 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥 ,

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −2 sin 𝑥
⟹ [𝑒 𝑦] = −4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Integrating both sides, 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥 𝑦 = ∫ −2 sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑡 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑡
= − ∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ = −2 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= −𝑡𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = −2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑒 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Bernoulli Differential Equation

Definition:
𝑑𝑦
An equation of the form 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 ⋯ ⋯ (1) is called a Bernoulli differential equation.

Statement: Suppose 𝑛 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 1, then the transformation 𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛 reduces the Bernoulli equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 ⋯ ⋯ (1) to a linear equation in 𝑣.

Proof: We first multiply equation (1) by 𝑦 −𝑛 , thereby expressing it in the equivalent form

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥) ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
If we let 𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛, then 𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑛) 𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑣
And equation (2) transforms into 1−𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)
 𝑑𝑣
Or, equivalently, 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃(𝑥)𝑣 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑥).

Letting 𝑃1 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑛)𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄1 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑥),

𝑑𝑦
This may be written 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃1 (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄1 (𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 , which is linear in 𝑣.

𝒅𝒚
Example 1: Solve 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑 ⋯ ⋯ (𝟏)

Solution: This is a Bernoulli differential equation, where 𝑛 = 3. We first multiply the equation through
by 𝑦 −3 , thereby expressing it in the equivalent form

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −3 + 𝑦 −2 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
If we let 𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑦 −2 , then 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑦 −3 (𝑑𝑥 ) and the preceding differential equation transforms
1 𝑑𝑣
into the linear equation − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 = 𝑥.

Writing this linear equation in the standard form

𝑑𝑣
− 2𝑣 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

We see that an integrating factor for this equation is

𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ (2)

We see that an integrating factor for this equation is

𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥

Multiplying (2) by 𝑒 −2𝑥 , we find

𝑑𝑣
𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑣 = −2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Or, (𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑣) = −2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Integrating, we get

1
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐,
2
1 1
𝑣 = (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 , where 𝑐 is an arbitrary constant. But 𝑣 = 𝑦2

1 1
Thus we obtain the solutions of (1) in the form 𝑦2
= (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 .