Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
Tutorial - 1 [CO: 1]
Basics of Calculus
1. Definition: Limit
Let f (x) be defined on an open interval about c, except possibly at c itself. We
say that limit of f (x) as x approaches c is the number L, and write
lim f (x) = L,
x→c
if, for every > 0, there exists a corresponding number δ > 0 such that for all
x,
0 < |x − c| < δ =⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
2. Limit Laws
If L, M , c and k are real numbers and
lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M, then
x→c x→c
(i) Sum Rule: lim (f (x) + g(x)) = L + M
x→c
(ii) Difference Rule: lim (f (x) − g(x)) = L − M
x→c
(iii) Constant Multiple Rule: lim (k · f (x)) = k · L
x→c
(iv) Product Rule: lim (f (x) · g(x)) = L · M
x→c
f (x) L
(v) Quotient Rule: lim = , M 6= 0
x→c g(x) M
(vi) Power Rule: lim [f (x)]n = Ln , n is a positive integer
x→c
p
n
√
n
(vii) Root Rule: lim f (x) = L, n is a positive integer
x→c
3. The Sandwich Theorem
Suppose that g(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval containing c,
except possibly at c itself. Suppose also that
lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L.
x→c x→c
Then lim f (x) = L.
x→c
(Tutorial 1 is Prepared by Dr R.B. Gandhi)
AY2024-25 ODD SEMESTER Dr R.B. Gandhi
Course Coordinator
1
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2024 − 25 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
sin x tan x
4. Some limits: lim k = k, lim x = c, lim = 1, lim = 1.
x→c x→c x→0 x x→0 x
5. Result: If f (x) ≤ g(x) for all x in some open interval containing c, except
possibly at c itself, and the limits of f and g both exist as x approaches c, then
lim f (x) ≤ lim g(x).
x→c x→c
6. Right-hand and Left-hand limits
We say that f (x) has right-hand limit L at c, and write
lim f (x) = L
x→c+
if for every > 0 there exists a corresponding number δ > 0 such that for all x
c<x<c+δ =⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
We say that f (x) has left-hand limit L at c, and write
lim f (x) = L
x→c−
if for every > 0 there exists a corresponding number δ > 0 such that for all x
c−δ <x<c =⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
7. Result: A function f (x) has a limit as x approaches c if and only if it has left-hand
and right-hand limts there and these one-sided limits are equal:
lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L
x→c x→c+ x→c−
8. Definition - Continuous function: Let c be real number on x−axis.
The function f is continuous at c if
lim f (x) = f (c).
x→c
The function f is right-continuous at c if
lim f (x) = f (c).
x→c+
The function f is left-continuous at c if
lim f (x) = f (c).
x→c−
AY2024-25 ODD SEMESTER Dr R.B. Gandhi
Course Coordinator
2
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2024 − 25 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
9. Continuity Test:
A function f (x) is continuous at a point x = c if and only if it meets the following
three conditions.
(a) f (c) exists. (c lies in the domain of f .)
(b) lim f (x) exists. (f has a limit as x → c)
x→c
(c) lim f (x) = f (c). (the limit equals the function value)
x→c
10. Properties of Continuous Functions:
If functinos f and g are continuous at x = c, then the following algebraic com-
binations are continuous at x = c.
(i) Sum: f +g
(ii) Differencez: f −g
(iii) Constant Multiples: k·f
(iv) Products: f ·g
(v) Quotients: f /g, g(c) 6= 0
(vi) Powers: f n, n is a positive integer
√
n
(vii) Roots: f, n is a positive integer
11. Limits of Continuous Functions:
If g is continuous function at b and lim f (x) = b, then
x→c
lim g(f (x)) = g(b) = g lim f (x)
x→c x→c
12. The Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous Functions:
If f is continuous function on a closed interval [a, b], and if y0 is any value between
f (a) and f (b), then y0 = f (c) for some c ∈ [a, b].
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
3
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
13. Limits involving Infinity:
We say that f (x) has the limit L as x approaches infinity and write lim f (x) =
x→−;∞
L, if for every > 0, there exists a corresponding number M such that for all x,
x>M =⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
We say that f (x) has the limit L as x approaches minus infinity and write
lim f (x) = L, if for every > 0, there exists a corresponding number N such
x→ −∞
that for all x,
x<N =⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
14. Definition-Derivative of a function at a point
The derivative of a function f at a point x0 denoted f 0 (x0 ) is
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
h→0 h
provided this limit exists.
15. Interpretations for
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
lim
h→0 h
(a) The slope of the graph of y = f (x) at x = x0
(b) The slope of the tangent of the curve y = f (x) at x = x0
(c) The rate of change of f (x) with respect to x at x = x0
(d) The derivative f 0 (x0 ) at a point
(e) The instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to x at x0
16. Definition-Derivative
The derivative of a function f (x) with respect to variable x is the function f 0
whose value at x is
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
provided this limit exists.
17. Some notations for the derivative of the function y = f (x) are
dy df d
f 0 (x) = y 0 = = = f (x)
dx dx dx
18. Notations to indicate value of a derivative of the function y = f (x) at a specific
number x = a are
dy df d
f 0 (a) = = = f (x)
dx x = a dx x = a dx x=a
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
4
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
19. Differentiation Rules:
(a) If u is a differentiable function of x, and c is a constant, then
d d
(cu) = c (u)
dx dx
(b) If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then their sum u + v is differen-
tiable at every point where u and v are differentiasble. At such points
d du dv
(u + v) = +
dx dx dx
(c) If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then their product uv is differ-
entiable at every point where u and v are differentiasble. At such points
d dv du
(uv) = u +v
dx dx dx
(d) If u and v are differentiable functions of x and if v(x) 6= 0, then u/v is
differentiable at every point where u and v are differentiasble. At such
points
du dv
d u
v − u
= dx 2 dx .
dx v v
20. The Chain Rule
If f (u) is differentiable at the point u = g(x) and g(x) is differentiable at x, then
the composite function (f og)(x) = f (g(x)) is differentiable at x, and
(f og)0 (x) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x)
21. Linearization
If f is differentiable at x = a, then the approximating function
L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a)
is the linearization of f at a. The approximation
f (x) ≈ L(x)
of f by L is the standard linear approximation of f at a. The point x = a is
called the center of the approximation.
22. Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function. The differential dx is an independent
variable. The differential dy is
dy = f 0 (x) dx
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
5
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
23. Local Extreme Values
A function f has a local maximum value at a point c within its domain D if
f (x) ≤ f (c) for all x ∈ D lying in some open interval containing c.
A function f has a local minimum value at a point c within its domain D if
f (x) ≥ f (c) for all x ∈ D lying in some open interval containing c.
24. The First Derivative Theorem for Local Extreme Values
If f has a local maximum or minimum value at an interior point c of its domain,
and if f 0 is defined at c, then f 0 (c) = 0.
25. Critical Point
An interior point of the domain of a function f where f 0 is zero or undefined is
a critical point of f .
26. Rolle’s Theorem
Suppose that y = f (x) is continuous over the closed interval [a, b] and differen-
tiable at every point of its interior (a, b). If f (a) = f (b), then there exists at
least one number c in (a, b) at which f 0 (c) = 0.
27. The Mean Value Theorem
Suppose that y = f (x) is continuous over the closed interval [a, b] and differen-
tiable at every point of its interior (a, b). then there exists at least one number
c in (a, b) at which
f (b) − f (a)
= f 0 (c).
b−a
28. Monotonic Functions
Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).
If f 0 (x) > 0 at each point x ∈ (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
If f 0 (x) < 0 at each point x ∈ (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
29. Concavity
The graph of a differentiable function y = f (x) is
(a) concage up on an open interval I if f 0 is increading on I
(b) concage down on an open interval I if f 0 is decreading on I
30. Points of Inflection
A point (c, f (c)) where the graph of a function has a tangent line and where the
concavity changes is a point of inflection.
Note: At a point of inflection (c, f (c)), either f 00 (c) = 0 or f 00 (c) fails to exist.
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
6
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
31. Definition of Definite Integral
Let function f (x) be a function defined on [a, b]. We say that a number J is
the definite integral of f over [a, b] and that J is the limuit of the Riemann sum
Σnk=1 f (ck )∆xk if the following condition is satisfied:
Given any > 0 there is a corresponding number δ > 0 such that for every
partition P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } of [a, b] with kP k < δ and kP k = maxfor all k ∆xk
and for any choice of ck in [xk−1 , xk ], we have
Σn
k=1 f (ck )∆xk − J < .
The symbol for the number J in the definition of the definite integral is
Z b
f (x) dx.
a
32. Integrability of Continuous Functions
If a function f is continuous over the interval [a, b], or if f has at most finitely
Rb
many jump discontinuities there, then the definite integral a f (x) dx exists and
f is integrable over [a, b].
33. Rules satisfied by definite integrals
When f and g are integrable over the interval [a, b] , the definite integral satisfies
the rules:
Ra Rb Ra
(a) b f (x) dx = − a f (x) dx and a f (x) dx = 0
Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb
(b) a kf (x) dx = k a f (x) dx and a [f (x)±g(x)] dx = a f (x) dx± a g(x) dx
Rb Rc Rc
(c) a f (x) dx + b f (x) dx = a f (x) dx
(d) If f has maximum value max f and minimum value min f on [a, b], then
Z b
min f · (b − a) ≤ f (x) dx ≤ max f · (b − a)
a
Rb Rb
(e) f (x) ≥ g(x) on [a, b] =⇒ a f (x) dx ≥ a g(x) dx.
Rb
In particular, f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] =⇒ a f (x) dx ≥ 0.
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
7
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
34. Average Value
If f is integrable on [a, b], then its average value on [a, b], also called its mean, is
b
1
Z
av(f ) = f (x) dx.
b−a a
35. The Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integrals
If f is continuous on [a, b], then at some point c in [a, b],
b
1
Z
f (c) = f (x) dx.
b−a a
36. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Part I
If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Z x
F (x) = f (t) dt
a
is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is f (x):
Z x
0
d
F (x) = f (t) dt = f (x),
dx a
36. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Part II
If f is continuous on [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f on [a, b], then
Z b
f (t) dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
8
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
9
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
10
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
(An Autonomous Engineering Institution)
AY: 2025 − 26 (Odd Semester)
101BS: Mathematics - I
AY2025-26 ODD SEMESTER Prof. Shailesh D. Bhagat
Course Coordinator
11
