1

REVIEW SHEET FOR CALCULUS 140

Some of the topics have sample problems from previous nals indicated next to the
headings.
0.1 Chapters 1: Limits and continuity
Theorem 0.1.1 Sandwich Theorem(F 96 # 20, F97 # 12)
If f(x) g(x) h(x) (or f(x) g(x) h(x)) on an interval containing c and
lim
xc
f(x) = lim
xc
h(x) = b, then lim
xc
g(x) = b.
Denition 0.1.2 A function f(x) is dened on an interval containing c is continuous at c
if and only if lim
xc
f(x) = f(c).
Theorem 0.1.3 If f(x) and g(x) are both continuous at c, then so are the functions
i) f(x) g(x), ii) f(x) g(x) and iii) f(x)/g(x), in case iii), provided that g(c) = 0.
If f(x) is continuous at b and g(x) is continuous at c, with g(c) = b, then f(g(x)) is
continuous at c.
Polynomials are continuous at every point, all trigonometric functions are continuous at
all points where the denition does not involve division by zero, and by the previous theorem,
so all sums products, dierences, quotients (excluding division by 0), and compositions of
these. Once we have dierentiation at our disposal, there is the following theorem about
continuity.
Theorem 0.1.4 If f(x) is dierentiable at c, then f is continuous at c.
Asymptotes(S 97 # 15)
Given polynomials, f(x) = a
n
x
n
+ + a
0
and g(x) = b
m
x
m
+ + b
0
, a
n
= 0 and
b
m
= 0.
lim
x
f(x)
g(x)
=
_

_
i) a
n
/b
n
if m = n,
ii) 0 if n < m,
iii) if n > m
iv) lim
x
f(x)
g(x)
(
a
n
b
n1
x) = c < if m = n 1.
When the function
f(x)
g(x)
is graphed, cases i) and ii) correspond to horizontal asymptotes y =
an
bn
and y = 0, respectively, and case iv) corresponds to an oblique asymptote y =
an
b
n1
x +c.
Theorem 0.1.5 Intermediate Value Theorem If f(x) is continuous on the interval
[a, b] and d is some number between f(a) and f(b), then there exist number c in the interval
such that f(c) = d.
Theorem 0.1.6 Extreme Value Theorem If f(x) is continuous on the interval [a, b],
then there exist numbers c, d in the interval such that f(c) f(x) f(d) for all x in the
interval.
2
0.2 Chapters 2-3 and parts of Chapter 6:Dierentia-
tion
Rules for derivatives(F96 #14, F 97 #3, S 98 #20)
1. Product rule: [f(x)g(x)]

= f

(x)g(x) + f(x)g

(x).
2. Quotient rule:
_
f(x)
g(x)
_

=
f

(x)g(x)f(x)g

(x)
(g(x))
2
.
3. Chain rule: [f(g(x))]

= f

(g(x))g

(x). Used in related rates problems.

4. Some derivatives: (x
a
)

= ax
a1
, (e
ax
)

= ae
ax
, for all real a = 0, and (a
x
)

= ln(a)a
x
,
[ln(x)]

=
1
x
, [log
a
(x)]

=
1
ln(a)x
for a > 0.
Tangent line and linear approximation (F 98 # 5, F 98 #20, F99 #6, S 2000
#16)
If the function f(x) is dierentiable at x = a, the tangent line to the graph y = f(x) at
the point (a, f(a)) is y = f(a) + f

(a) (x a). The function (x) = f(a) + f

(a) (x a)
is called the linear approximation to f(x) at x = a. The expression df = f

(a)dx is called
the dierential. Substituting dx = x a, the dierential is the linear approximation to
f = f(x) f(a).
Implicit dierentiation(F 96 #6, S 97 #19, F97 #13, S98 #15, S99 #4)
The curve described by f(x, y) = 0 has tangent line at the point (a, b) given by the
equation y = b + y

(a) (x a), where y

(a) solves the equation given by dierentiating the

original equation with respect to x, treating y as a function of x and using the standard
rules, and nally substituting x = a, y = b.
For example, the curve x
2
+ xy + y
3
= 7 has tangent line at the point (2, 1) given by
the equation y = 1 (x 2) = 3 x, as we see from dierentiating the equation to get
2x + y + xy

+ 3y
2
y

= 0, substituting x = 2, y = 1 and solving for y

(2), which gives

y

(2) = 1.
Theorem 0.2.1 Mean Value Theorem If f(x) is dierentiable on the open interval (a, b)
and continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then there is a number c in the interval such that
f

(c) = [f(b) f(a)]/(b a).

Some useful consequences of the Mean Value Theorem
Let f(x) be a dierentiable function dened on the interval I
1. If f

(x) = 0 on I, then f(x) is constant.

2. If f

(x) > 0 on I, then f(x) is increasing.

3. If f

(x) < 0 on I, then f(x) is decreasing.( S 97 #14)

4. If f

(x) > 0 on I, then the graph of f(x) is concave up.(F96 #18)

5. If f

(x) < 0 on I, then the graph of f(x) is concave down.(S98 #7. F99 #7)
0.2. CHAPTERS 2-3 AND PARTS OF CHAPTER 6:DIFFERENTIATION 3
6. If f

(c) = 0 and f

(c) > 0, then c is a local minimum. (F98 #14, F96 #4, Remember
to check endpoints when looking for max-min on [a,b])
7. If f

(c) = 0 and f

(c) < 0, then c is a local maximum. (S98 #18)

8. If f

(c) = 0, and f

(x) is of opposite sign for x < c and x > c, then c is a point of

inection.(S98 #19)
Theorem 0.2.2 lH opitals rule (Chapter 6) (S98 #2, F98 # 1,2,4, F99 #16)
If lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
g(x) = 0 or both limits equal , and g(x) = 0 on an interval
containing a, then
lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
= lim
xa
f

(x)
g

(x)
Some examples:
1. lim
x0
sin(x)/x = lim
x0
cos(x)/1 = 1.
2.
lim
x0
x
a
ln(x) = lim
x0
ln(x)/x
a
= lim
x0
[1/x]/[(a)x
a1
] = lim
x0
1
(a)
x
a
= 0 for all a > 0.
3.
lim
x
x
n
e
x
= dierentiating n-times lim
x
n!
e
x
0 for all positive integers n.
4. lim
x0
(1 + ax)
1
x
= lim
x
(1 +
a
x
)
x
= e
a
, for all a.
The third example is proved using the following useful fact If lim
xa
ln(f(x)) = L, then
lim
xa
f(x) = e
L
.
Exponential growth and decay: ( F 97 # 19, S 98 # 3 (growth), F 99 #14)
A(t) = A
0
e
kt
, where A
0
is the initial amount.
For radioactive decay, k =
ln(2)
T
where T is the half-life.
Derivative of the inverse function(F96 #23, F 97 #16, S97 #6, S 99 #15)
If f(x) is one-to-one on the interval I, then there is an inverse function on the image of
the interval, f(I). If f(x) is dierentiable at the point a in I and f

(a) = 0, then the inverse

function f
1
(x) is dierentiable and
[f
1
(x)]

|
x=f(a)
= 1/[f

(a)].
4
0.3 Chapters 4-7 : Integration
Riemann sums: (F96 #11)
If f(x) is continuous on the interval [0, 1], then
lim
n
n

i=1
1
n
f(
i
n
) =
_
1
0
f(x)dx.
Initial value problems (S98 #16)
The initial value problem y

= f(x), y(a) = b is solved by rst nding the indenite

integral (set of antiderivatives) of f(x) and then choosing the free constant so that the
value of the antiderivative at x = a is b.
Example: y

= 2x
3
+ x, y(1) = 2. The indenite integral of 2x
3
+ x is
1
2
(x
4
+ x
2
) + c.
Setting x = 1, we see that 1 + c = 2, so c = 1. The solution is y =
1
2
(x
4
+ x
2
) + 1.
Integration by substitution or reading the chain rule backwards(Many examples,
S 97 #3, F97 #10, S98 #6, F98 #19, S99, #11, F99 #10, 11)
_
f(u(x))u

(x)dx =
_
f(u)du, or as a denite integral
_
b
a
f(u(x))u

(x)dx =
_
u(b)
u(a)
f(u)du.
Integration by parts or reading the product rule backwards (F96 #13, S97 #1)
_
udv = uv
_
vdu, as a denite integral
_
b
a
u(x)v

(x)dx = u(b)v(b)u(a)v(a)
_
b
a
v(x)u

(x)dx.
Average value of f(x)
min
a<x<b
f(x)
1
b a
_
b
a
f(x)dx max
a<x<b
f(x).
Theorem 0.3.1 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (F97 #6,S97 #11)
d
dx
__
x
a
f(t)dt)
_
= f(x).
Note: To dierentiate
_
u(x)
a
f(t)dt with respect to x, when the upper limit is a function u(x),
use the chain rule.
Area between curves(F97#15, F99 #9)
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous on [a, b] and f(x) g(x) on that interval, then the area
of the region bounded by the graphs y = f(x), y = g(x) and the vertical lines x = a, x = b
is given by the denite integral
_
b
a
[f(x) g(x)]dx.
If the region is between curves x = h(y) and x = k(y) which are graphs over the x-axis
with h(y) k(y) on the interval c y d then the area of the region bounded by the
graphs and the horizontal lines y = c and y = d is
_
d
c
[k(y) h(y)]dy.
A region may satisfy both conditions. For example the region between the curves y = 2x
and y = x
2
lies over the interval 0 x 2, but it is also the region between x =
y
2
and
x =

y over the interval 0 y 4. The area is calculated either by

_
2
0
[2x x
2
]dx =
4
3
or
_
4
0
[

y
y
2
]dy =
4
3
.
0.3. CHAPTERS 4-7 : INTEGRATION 5
Volumes by slicing( F96 #16,19, F97 B2, F98 #9)
The volume of known cross-sectional area A(x) from x = a to x = b is given by the
integral
_
b
a
A(x)dx. This gives the Washer formula for the volume of a solid of revolution
given by rotating the region between the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) over the interval
[a, b] around the x-axis, (where f(x) g(x) on [a, b]) :
V =
_
b
a
[f(x)
2
g(x)
2
]dx.
If the region is also described as being between the curves x = k(y) and x = h(y) over
the interval c y d, but we still rotate it around the x-axis, then the volume is given by
the method of Cylindrical shells:
V =
_
d
c
2y[k(y) h(y)]dy.
Note that the formula in the book on page 389 uses f(y) instead of k(y) h(y). These both
mean the height of the cylindrical shell. In the washer formula the generating segment is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation, whereas, in the cylindrical shell formula the generating
segment is parallel to the axis. See page 391 in the book.
Partial fractions (S 97 #4, F97#9,10 F98 #6)
To integrate a rational function f(x)/g(x), rst make sure the expression is in reduced
form with deg(f) < deg(g) (dividing if necessary). Then factor the denominator g(x) into a
product of linear factors x r corresponding to real roots and quadratic factors x
2
+ bx +c
corresponding to compex roots. Then expand the expression in partial fractions as a sum of
terms
C
(xr)
m
, where m runs from 1 to the highest power of x r in the factorization of g(x)
and terms
Ax+B
(x
2
+bx+c)
k
, where k is the highest power of x
2
+bx +c in the factorization of g(x).
In most of the examples, the highest power for both cases is 1.
Remember that when xr occurs just once as a factor in g(x), then the coecient C in
C
(xr)
is easily calculated by cancelling the term x r in g(x) and substituting x = r in the
remaining terms of f(x) and g(x).
For example: 1/[(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)] =
a
(x1)
+
b
(x2)
+
c
(x3)
. So a = 1/[(1)(2)],
b = 1/[(1)(1)] and c = 1/[(2)(1)].
_
dx/[(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)] =
_
1/2
(x 1)
dx +
_
1
(x 2)
dx +
_
1/2
(x 3)
dx
=
1
2
ln |x 1| ln|x 2| +
1
2
ln|x 3|
= ln(
_
|(x 1)(x 3)/|x 2|).
Improper integrals (S97 #9, F 98 # 8, S 98 # 5, S99 #24)
If f(x) is continuous on the half open interval (a, b] and lim
xa
+ f(x) = then the
_
b
a
f(x)dx is called an improper integral and it is dened as a limit:
_
b
a
f(x)dx = lim
ca
+
_
b
c
f(x)dx
6
Similarly, if f(x) is continuous on the half open interval [a, b) and lim
xb
f(x) =
_
b
a
f(x)dx = lim
cb

_
c
a
f(x)dx
Integrals over an innite interval are also improper integrals, and are dened as limits
_

a
f(x)dx = lim
b
_
b
a
f(x)dx,
_
b

f(x)dx = lim
a
_
b
a
f(x)dx.
Examples:
_

a
dx
x
k
= lim
b
_
b
a
dx
x
k
=
_
lim
b
1
1k
x
1k
|
b
a
= lim
b
1
1k
b
1k

1
1k
a
1k
for k = 1
lim
b
lnb lna for k = 1.
=
_
a
1k
/(k 1) for k > 1
for k 1.
_
b
0
dx
x
k
= lim
a0
+
_
b
a
dx
x
k
=
_
lim
a0
+
1
1k
b
1k

1
1k
a
1k
for k = 1
lim
a0
+ lnb lna for k = 1.
=
_
b
1k
/(1 k) for k < 1
for k 1
Another example (using the calculation from the partial fractions example given above)
_

4
dx/[(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)] =
lim
b
ln(
_
|(b 1)(b 3)/|b 2|) ln(
_
|(4 1)(4 3)/|4 2|) = ln(

3/2),
because lim
b
(
_
|(b 1)(b 3)/|b 2|) = 1 and ln(1) = 0.
However, if we consider the improper integral
_

3
dx/[(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)], then we
need to pick some midpoint where there is no discontinuity, for example, x = 4 and consider
limits at both endpoints
_

3
dx/[(x1)(x2)(x3)] = lim
a3
+
_
4
a
dx/[(x1)(x2)(x3)]+lim
b
_
b
4
dx/[(x1)(x2)(x3)].
We just calculated he second limit and it is nite, but the rst limit
lim
a3
+
_
4
a
dx/[(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)] = lim
a3
+
[ln(

3/2) ln(
_
|(a 1)(a 3)/|a 2|)]
is innite, so the improper integral
_

3
dx/[(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)] diverges.