The document provides an overview of key calculus concepts including definitions of integrals, the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration techniques like trig substitutions and partial fractions, and applications of integrals such as area under a curve and volumes of revolution. It also covers limits, approximations of integrals, and improper integrals.
The document provides an overview of key calculus concepts including definitions of integrals, the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration techniques like trig substitutions and partial fractions, and applications of integrals such as area under a curve and volumes of revolution. It also covers limits, approximations of integrals, and improper integrals.
The document provides an overview of key calculus concepts including definitions of integrals, the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration techniques like trig substitutions and partial fractions, and applications of integrals such as area under a curve and volumes of revolution. It also covers limits, approximations of integrals, and improper integrals.
The document provides an overview of key calculus concepts including definitions of integrals, the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration techniques like trig substitutions and partial fractions, and applications of integrals such as area under a curve and volumes of revolution. It also covers limits, approximations of integrals, and improper integrals.
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Calculus Cheat Sheet
Integrals Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x ) on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b] into n subintervals of width D x and choose xi* from each interval. Then lim a f ( x ) dx = n f ( x ) D x . i b =1 * i
is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ( x ) = f ( x ) . where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) . Indefinite Integral : f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Variants of Part I : Part I : If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b] then d u ( x) x f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f u ( x ) g ( x ) = f (t ) dt is also continuous on [ a, b] dx a x x a d x and g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) . dx a Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b] , F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx ) then f ( x ) dx = F ( b) - F ( a ) . a b
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. a 2 - b 2 x 2 x = a sin q b cos2 q = 1- sin2 q Ex. b2 x2 - a 2 x = a secq b tan 2 q = sec2 q - 1 2
Applications of Integrals Net Area :
a 2 + b2 x2 x = a tanq b sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q
12 ( 2 cosq ) dq = sin 2 q dq 3
a f ( x ) dx represents the net area between f ( x ) and the
x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
16 2
4 -9 x 2
dx
16 4 sin 2 q ( 2cos q ) 9
Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are, y = f ( x) A = b a upper function
x = 2 sin q dx = 2 cosq dq 3 3 4 - 9x = 4 - 4sin q = 4 cos q = 2 cosq
2 2
= 12 csc dq = -12 cot q + c
2
- lower function dx & x = f ( y ) A =
d c
right function
- left function dy
Recall x = x . Because we have an indefinite integral well assume positive and drop absolute value bars. If we had a definite integral wed need to compute q s and remove absolute value bars based on that and, x if x 0 x = - x if x < 0 2
Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to xs. From substitution we have sin q = 32x so,
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.
From this we see that cot q =
4 -9 x 2 3x
. So, A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx a b
In this case we have
4 - 9x 2 = 2 cos q . P( x)
16 2
4 - 9 x2
dx = -
4 4 -9 x 2 x
+c
A = f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy c
A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx a c
Partial Fractions : If integrating
Q( x) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q ( x ) ax + b
Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = A ( x ) dx and V = A ( y ) dy . Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples. Rings Cylinders A = 2p ( radius ) ( width / height ) A = p ( outer radius) 2 - ( inner radius) 2
Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) A ax + b Ax + B ax 2 + bx + c
( ax + b )
ax 2 + bx + c
( ax
+ bx + c )
Term in P.F.D A1 A2 Ak + +L+ k ax + b ( ax + b )2 ( ax + b ) Ak x + Bk A1 x + B1 +L + k ax2 + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c ) =
x -1 + x2 + 4
Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring Vert. Axis use f ( y ) , Horz. Axis use f ( x ) , g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. Ex. Axis : y = a 0
Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl. Horz. Axis use f ( y ) , Vert. Axis use f ( x ) , g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. Ex. Axis : y = a 0
Ex.
7 x2 +13 x ( x -1)( x2 + 4)
dx 3 x +16 4 x-1 + x2 + 4
( x -1)( x2 + 4 )
7 x2 +13 x
Bx + C
A( x2 + 4) +( Bx+ C) ( x -1) ( x -1)( x 2 + 4 )
( x -1)( x2 + 4 )
7 x2 +13 x
dx =
dx dx
= 4 ln x - 1 + 3 ln ( x2 + 4) + 8 tan-1 ( x ) 2 2 Here is partial fraction form and recombined.
4 3x x -1 + x2 + 4
16 x2 + 4
Set numerators equal and collect like terms. 7 x 2 + 13x = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( C - B ) x + 4 A - C Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve to get constants. A+ B = 7 C - B = 13 4A- C = 0 A=4 B=3 C = 16
outer radius : a - f ( x ) inner radius : a - g ( x )
outer radius: a + g ( x ) inner radius: a + f ( x )
radius : a - y width : f ( y ) - g ( y )
radius : a + y width : f ( y ) - g ( y )
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in. For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily. Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and y to get appropriate formulas. Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
2005 Paul Dawkins
2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object in a x b , the work done is W = F ( x ) dx
a b
Average Function Value : The average value of f ( x ) on a x b is f avg =
1 b- a
a f ( x ) dx
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are, L = ds a b
SA = 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis)
a
SA = 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)
a
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows. ds = 1 + ds =
( ) 1+ ( ) dx dy
dy 2 dx 2
dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b
ds =
( dx ) dt
( ) 2
dy 2 dt
dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b
dr ds = r 2 + ( dq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a q b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute. Improper Integral An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands. Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic. Infinite Limit 1. 3.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx t c a
2.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx t - t
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + b a
f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
b
Discontinuous Integrand 1. Discont. at a: f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx +
ta t
2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx a t b a c b a c
3. Discontinuity at a < c < b :
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.
a
Comparison Test for Improper Integrals : If f ( x ) g ( x ) 0 on [ a, ) then, 1. If
a
f ( x ) dx conv. then g ( x ) dx conv.
a
2. If g ( x ) dx divg. then a
f ( x ) dx divg.
Useful fact : If a > 0 then
xp
dx converges if p > 1 and diverges for p 1 . Approximating Definite Integrals
For given integral
divide [ a, b] into n subintervals [ x0 , x1 ] , [ x1 , x2 ] , , [ xn-1, xn ] with x0 = a and xn = b then, Midpoint Rule : Trapezoid Rule : Simpsons Rule :
n a f ( x ) dx and a n (must be even for Simpsons Rule) define Dx = b-a
and
f ( x ) dx D x f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) , b a * 1 * 2 * n b a 0 1 2 b
xi* is midpoint [ xi -1, xi ]
n -1 n
Dx f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x ) a 0 1 2 n-2 n-1
Dx f ( x ) dx 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x ) n
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
