2.

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2.1 Design of Column

Figure 24: Design Result of Beam no. 24 by STAAD.Pro

Given Data:
• Axial Load (Pu): 4077.12 kN

• Moment about Z-axis (Mz): 23.23 kN·m

• Moment about Y-axis (My): 125.94 kN·m

• Concrete Grade: M30 (fck = 30 MPa)

• Steel Grade: Fe 415 (fy = 415 MPa)

• Bar Diameter: 20 mm

• Effective Length (Le): 3.3 m

• Column Size (b × D): 500 mm × 500 mm

1
Step 1: Assume Percentage of Steel
IS 456:2000 recommends minimum steel = 0.8% and maximum = 6% of gross cross-sectional area
𝐴𝑔.
Assume 2.5% steel for this design.

2.5
𝐴𝑠 = × 𝐴𝑔
100
𝐴𝑔 = 500 × 500 = 250000 mm2
𝐴𝑠 = 0.025 × 250000 = 6250 mm2

Step 2: Check Depth Requirement using Axial Load Equation

The column design equation as per IS 456:2000:
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠
where:
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠

𝐴𝑐 = 250000 − 6250 = 243750 mm2

Now, solving for Pu:
𝑃𝑢 = (0.4 × 30 × 243750) + (0.67 × 415 × 6250)
𝑃𝑢 = (2,925,000) + (1,738,437.5)
𝑃𝑢 = 4,663,437.5 N = 4663.44 kN
Since Pu (design capacity) > Pu (applied load 4077.12 kN), the assumed percentage of steel is safe.

Step 3: Check for Eccentricity and Slenderness Ratio

Minimum Eccentricity Check
𝐿𝑒 𝐷
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = +
500 30
3300 500
= +
500 30
= 6.6 + 16.67 = 23.27 mm
Since 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛> 20, moment effects must be considered.
𝐷 500
= = 6.6
𝐿𝑒 3300
Since 6.6 < 12, it is a short column.
Step 4: Compute Required Area of Steel (𝑨𝒔)
Rearrange the axial load equation to solve for 𝑨𝒔:
𝑃𝑢 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠 =
0.67𝑓𝑦

2
 4077120 − (0.4 × 30 × 243750)
𝐴𝑠 =
0.67 × 415
4077120 − 2925000
𝐴𝑠 =
278.05
1152120
𝐴𝑠 = = 4144.4 mm2
278.05
Required Steel Area (𝐴𝑠) = 4144.4 mm²
Since 𝐴𝑠(4144.4𝑚𝑚2) < 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠(6250𝑚𝑚2), the assumed 2.5% steel is safe.

Step 5: Provide Steel Reinforcement

Number of Bars Calculation
Using 20 mm diameter bars:
π 3.1416
Area of one 20 mm bar = × 202 = × 144 = 314.16 mm2
4 4
𝐴𝑠
No. of bars =
Area of one bar
4144.4
No. of bars = = 13.2 ≈ 14 bars
314.16
Provide 14 bars of 20 mm diameter.

Step 6: Design of Lateral Ties (Shear Reinforcement)

1. Shear Force from Analysis:

Vu = 198.37 kN = 198370 N

2. Shear Stress (𝝉𝒗):

𝜏 = 𝑉𝑢 = 198370 = 0.853 N/mm2
𝑣 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑 500 ⋅ 465

3. Percentage of Steel (𝒑):

100 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠 100 ⋅ 4144.4
𝑝= = = 1.78%
𝑏⋅𝑑 500 ⋅ 465

From IS 456:2000, Table 19 → For M30 & 𝑝 = 1.78% :

τ𝑐 = 0.805 N/mm2
Since τ𝑣 > τ𝑐, shear reinforcement is required.

4. Shear to be resisted by steel:

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − (τ𝑐 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑) = 198370 − (0.805 ⋅ 500 ⋅ 465) = 11207.5 N

3
5. Area of 2-legged stirrup (8 mm dia):
π
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ 82 = 100.53 mm2
4
6. Spacing of Lateral Ties:

As per IS 456:2000, spacing should be the minimum of:

1. Least lateral dimension: 500 mm

2. 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 × 465 = 348.75 mm

3. 300 mm

Sv = min(1505.03, 348.75, 300) = 300 mm

Provide 8 mm diameter ties at 300 mm spacing.

Figure 25: SFD, BMD and Displacement Diagram of Beam no. 24

The above-shown Shear Force Diagram (SFD), Bending Moment Diagram (BMD), and Displacement
Diagram correspond to Beam Number 24, which represents a column in the structure. These diagrams
have been analyzed for Load Combination: 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2 Live Load + 1.2 Wind (1) Load as
part of the structural analysis.

4
Design Output Images of Columns at Various Levels

1. Bottom-Level Column

Figure 26: Design Result of Bottom-Level Column

2. Mid-Level Column

Figure 27: Design Result of Middle-Level Column

5
 3. Top-Level Column

Figure 28: Design Result of Top-Level Column

2.2 Design of Beam

Figure 29: Design Result of Beam no. 942 by STAAD.Pro

6
Given Data:
Material Properties:
• Concrete Grade (𝑓𝑐𝑘) = 30 MPa (M30)

• Steel Grade (𝑓𝑦) = 415 MPa (Fe 415)

Beam Dimensions:
• Beam Width (b) = 300 mm

• Beam Depth (D) = 350 mm, {400 mm (increased for deflection control)}

• Clear Span = 8.0 m

Structural Analysis Results (Moments at Key Points):

• 𝑀𝑧 at 0 m = -229.32 kNm

• 𝑀𝑧 at 4 m = +122.46 kNm

• 𝑀𝑧 at 8 m = -236.77 kNm

1. Calculation of Factored Load (𝒘𝒖) and Factored Shear Force (𝑽𝒖)

• Calculation of Dead Load (𝒘𝒅)
Self-weight of the beam:
𝑤𝑑 = Density of concrete × Cross-sectional Area
𝑤𝑑 = 25 × (0.3 × 0.35) = 2.625 kN/m
Additional dead load (floor finishes):
𝑤𝑑′ = (1.5 × 3) = 4.5 kN/m
Live load:
𝑤𝑙 = (3.0 × 3) = 9.0 kN/m
• Total Load Calculation
𝑤𝑡 = 𝑤𝑑 + 𝑤𝑑′ + 𝑤𝑙 = 2.625 + 4.5 + 9 = 16.125 kN/m
Applying the factored load:
𝑤𝑢 = 1.5 × 16.125 = 24.75 kN/m
Factored Load (𝒘𝒖) = 26.44 kN/m

2. Calculation of Factored Shear Force (𝑽𝒖)

For a simply supported beam, the shear force at the supports is:
1
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 × 𝐿
2

7
 1
𝑉𝑢 = × 24.75 × 8 = 99.4 kN
2
Factored Shear Force (𝑽𝒖) = 110.08 kN
3. Effective Depth Calculation
bar diameter
Effective depth is given by: 𝑑 = 𝐷 − cover −
2

Assumptions:
• Clear Cover = 30 mm

• Bar Diameter = 20 mm

20
d = 400 − 30 − = 360 mm
2
Effective Depth, 𝒅 = 360 mm
4. Ultimate Moment Check
𝑀ulim = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2
𝑀ulim = 0.138 × 30 × 300 × (360)2
= 160.78 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Since 𝑴ulim < 𝑴𝒛 the beam should be Doubly Reinforced Section.
5. Calculation of Area of Steel (𝑨𝒔)
Tension Steel for Singly Reinforced Capacity (As₁):
𝑀𝑢1 = 160.78 kNm = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠1𝑑
160.78 × 106
160.78 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠t1 × 360 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠t1 = = 1236.98 mm2
0.87 × 415 × 360
Extra Tension Steel for Remaining Moment (As₂):
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢1 = 236.77 − 160.78 = 75.99 kNm
𝑀𝑢2 = 0.87. 𝐴𝑠t2 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦 ⋅ (𝑑 − 𝑑′) ⇒ 𝑑′ = 30 + 10 = 40 mm
75.99 × 106 75.99 × 106
𝐴𝑠t2 = = = 584.64 mm2
0.87 × 415 × (400 − 40) 0.87 × 415 × 360
Total Tension Steel:
𝐴𝑠t = 𝐴𝑠t1 + 𝐴𝑠t2 = 1236.98 + 584.64 = 1821.62 mm2
To find 𝑨𝒔𝒄:
𝑥𝑢,lim − 𝑑′
-3
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = ( ) × 0.0035 = 2.6898 × 10
𝑥𝑢,lim
From the stress–strain curve for Fe 415 steel, the corresponding stress in compression steel:
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 352 N/mm2
Equating the horizontal compressive force in concrete to the horizontal tensile force resisted by the
primary tensile reinforcement (𝐴𝑠t2), we get:
𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 0.87 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

8
 352 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 0.87 ⋅ 415 ⋅ 584.64
211084.272
𝐴 = = 599.67 mm2
𝑠𝑐
352
Provide 6 bars of 20 mm in tension zone (𝑨𝒔𝒕 provided = 1885 mm²) and 2 bars of 20 mm
diameter (𝑨𝒔𝒄 provided = 628 mm²) in compression zone.
6. Shear Reinforcement Design
• Nominal Shear Stress Calculation
𝑉𝑢 99.4 × 103
τ𝑣 = =
𝑏𝑑 300 × 360
= 0.92 N/mm2
From IS 456:2000, for M30 concrete, and 1.74% steel: τ𝑐 = 0.80 N/mm2
Since 𝛕𝒗 > 𝛕𝒄, shear reinforcement is required
➢ Design Shear to be resisted by stirrups:
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − (τ𝑐 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑) = 99,400 − (0.80 ⋅ 300 ⋅ 360) = 99,400 − 86,400 = 13,000 N
• Calculation of Stirrup Spacing
Using 8 mm diameter, 2-legged stirrups:
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 13,000 = 100.8 mm
𝑣 0.87 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ⋅ 𝑑 0.87 ⋅ 415 ⋅ 100.53 ⋅ 360
= 186.2 𝑚𝑚
Provide 8 mm dia 2-legged stirrups @ 100 mm c/c
7. Deflection Check
Deflection check is based on span-to-effective-depth ratio:
𝐿 8000
= = 22.22
𝑑 360
From IS 456:2000, the limiting value for a simply supported beam is 20.
Since this is doubly reinforced, a higher value is acceptable. Also:
• Modification factor (from IS 456 Figure 4) for 1.74% steel ≈ 1.15
𝐿
( ) = 20 × 1.15 = 23.0
𝑑 allowable
Since 22.22 < 23.0 → Deflection satisfies the criteria
8. Development Length Check
The development length (𝐿𝑑) is given by:
0.87𝑓𝑦𝛟
𝐿𝑑 = 4τ
𝑏𝑑

For M30 concrete, τ𝑏𝑑 = 1.4 N/mm2.

0.87 × 415 × 20
𝐿𝑑 = = 1289 𝑚𝑚 = 1.29 𝑚
4 × 1.4
Development Length Required = 1.29 m

9
 Figure 30: SFD, BMD and Displacement Diagram of Beam no. 942

The above-shown Shear Force Diagram (SFD), Bending Moment Diagram (BMD), and Displacement
Diagram correspond to Beam Number 942, which represents a Beam in the structure. These diagrams
have been analyzed for Load Combination: 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2 Live Load + 1.2 Wind (1) Load as
part of the structural analysis.

10
Design Output Images of Beams at Various Levels

1. Bottom-Level Beam

Figure 31: Design Result of Bottom-Level Beam

2. Mid-Level Beam

Figure 32: Design Result of Middle-Level Beam

53
3. Top-Level Beam

Figure 33: Design Result of Top-Level Beam

Table 9: Beam End Force Summary

54
 Table 10: Plate Center Stress Summary

2.3 Design of Slab

1. Design of Slab

Figure 34: Design Result of Plate no.1854 by STAAD.Pro

55
Given Data
• Slab Dimensions:

Short span (𝑳𝒙) = 4m

Long span (𝑳𝒚) = 2m

• Thickness of slab: D=150mm

• Concrete Grade: 𝑓𝑐𝑘= 30 MPa

• Steel Grade: 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa

• Cover to Reinforcement: 20mm

• Assumed Bar Diameter: 10mm

Step 1: Check for One-Way or Two-Way Slab

Aspect ratio:
𝐿𝑦 4
= =2
𝐿𝑥 2
𝑳𝒚
Since ≤ 𝟐, the slab behaves as a Two -way slab.
𝑳𝒙

Step 2: Effective Length

Effective span for simply supported slab:
𝐿eff = 𝐿clear + 𝑑
𝐿eff,𝑥 = 4 + 0.15 = 4.15 m
𝐿eff,𝑦 = 2 + 0.15 = 2.15 m
Step 3: Calculation of Loads
• Self-weight of the slab:
Self-weight = 𝐷 × 25 = 0.15 × 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
• Floor finish: 1 kN/m²
• Live load: 2 kN/m²
Total Factored Load (As per IS 456, 1.5 × 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × (3.75 + 1 + 2)
𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × 6.75 = 10.13 kN/m2

Step 4: Calculation of Ultimate Moment

For one-way slabs, moment is considered in the shorter span direction (𝐿𝑥).
𝑊𝑢𝐿2
eff,𝑥
𝑀𝑢 =
8

56
 10.13 × (4.15)2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
10.13 × 17.22
𝑀𝑢 = = 21.81 kN.m
8
Step 5: Check for Depth
Minimum depth required for flexural strength:
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑2
Taking 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 = 21.81 kN ⋅ m
21.81 × 106 = 0.138 × 30 × 1000 × 𝑑2
0.138 × 30 × 1000
𝑑2 = = 52.68 × 103
21.81 × 106
𝑑 = √52.68 × 103 = 72.6 mm
Since effective depth provided = Overall depth - Cover - Bar diameter/2
2 × 10
𝑑prov = 150 − 20 − = 125 mm
2
Since 𝑑prov > 𝑑req (125mm > 72.6mm), the depth is safe.

Step 6: Calculation of Reinforcement

Using IS 456 formulae:
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑢 𝑦 𝑠
𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠
Solving for 𝐴𝑠:
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑑 (1 − 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑)
𝑐𝑘

Approximating:
21.81 × 106
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87 × 415 × 125
21.81 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = 481.6 mm2
45.3 × 103
Using 10mm bars:
π×102 1000
×
Spacing =
4 As
78.5 × 1000
Spacing = = 163 mm
481.6
Provide 10mm @ 160mm c/c as main reinforcement.

57
Step 7: Distribution Reinforcement
As per IS 456:
0.12
𝐴𝑠,min = ×𝑏×𝐷
100
0.12
𝐴s,min = × 1000 × 150 = 180 mm2
100
Using 8mm bars:
π × 82 1000
Spacing = ×
4 180
50.3 × 1000
Spacing = = 280 mm
180
Provide 8mm @ 250mm c/c as distribution reinforcement.

Step 8: Check for Shear

Shear force:
1
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 × 𝐿eff,𝑥
2
1
𝑉𝑢 = × 10.13 × 4.15 = 21 kN
2
Shear stress:
𝑉𝑢 21 × 103
τ𝑣 = = = 0.168 N/mm2
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 125
From IS 456, for M30 concrete,
𝜏𝑐(shear stress from table) = 0.36N/mm²
Since τ𝑣 < τ𝑐, shear check is satisfied

Step 9: Check for Deflection

We need to compare the provided slenderness ratio (𝐿/𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣) with the permissible slenderness ratio
(𝐿/𝑑𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑).

• Calculate (L/d) Provided

𝐿 𝐿
( ) = eff,x
𝑑 prov 𝑑prov
From previous calculations:
𝐿eff,x = 4.15 m = 4150 mm
𝑑prov = 125 mm
𝐿 4150
( ) = = 33.2
𝑑 prov 125

58
 • Calculate (L/d) Permitted
𝐿 𝐿
( ) =( ) × 𝐾𝑡
𝑑 permitted 𝑑 basic
From IS 456:2000 Table 5,

For simply supported slabs, (𝐿 ) = 20

𝑑 basic

• Calculate Modification Factor 𝑲𝒕:

𝑓𝑠
𝐾 = = 0.58𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠,req
𝑡 0.58𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠,prov

From previous reinforcement calculations:

Required steel: 𝐴𝑠,req = 481.6 mm2
Provided steel: 𝐴𝑠,prov = 491 mm2 (adjusted for spacing)
481.6
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × ( )
491
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × 0.981 = 236.4 N/mm2
From IS 456 Fig. 4, corresponding 𝐾𝑡 for 𝑓𝑠 = 236.4 N/mm² is approximately 1.9.
𝐿
( ) = 20 × 1.9 = 38
𝑑 permitted

• Compare (L/d) Prov & Permitted

𝐿 𝐿
( ) = 38 > ( ) = 33.2
𝑑 permitted 𝑑 prov
Since 𝑳/𝒅 permitted is greater than 𝑳/𝒅 provided, deflection is safe as per IS 456:2000

Step 10: Edge Strip Reinforcement

0.12
𝐴s,edge = × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 180 mm2
100
Using 6mm bars:
𝜋 × 62 1000
Spacing = ×
4 180
Spacing = 157𝑚𝑚
Provide 6mm @ 150mm c/c in the edge strip.

Step 11: Torsion Steel at Corners

Torsion reinforcement = 3/4 of main reinforcement
3
𝐴𝑠,torsion = × 481.6 = 361 mm
2

59
Using 6mm bars:
𝜋 × 82 1000
Spacing = ×
4 361
Spacing = 139𝑚𝑚
Provide 8 mm @ 100mm c/c in both directions for 800mm at the corners.

Figure 35: Displacement Diagram of Plate no. 1854

The above-shown Displacement Diagram corresponds to Plate Number 1854, which is designed as a
slab in this structure. This diagram has been analyzed for Load Combination: 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2
Live Load + 1.2 Wind Load (1) as part of the structural analysis.

60
Max Absolute
N/mm2
<= 0.490
0.537
0.584
0.632
0.679
0.726
0.773
0.821
0.868
0.915
0.962 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

1.01
1.06
1.1
1.15 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
1.2
>= 1.25

1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934

Figure 36: Plate Stresses for Floor slab

2. Design of Slab 2
Given Data
• Slab Dimensions:

Short span (𝑳𝒙) = 4m

Long span (𝑳𝒚) = 8m

• Thickness of slab: D=150mm

• Concrete Grade: 𝑓𝑐𝑘= 30 MPa

• Steel Grade: 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa

• Cover to Reinforcement: 20mm

• Assumed Bar Diameter: 10mm

Step 1: Check for One-Way or Two-Way Slab

Aspect ratio:
𝐿𝑦 8
= =2
𝐿𝑥 4
𝑳𝒚
Since ≤ 𝟐, the slab behaves as a Two-way slab.
𝑳𝒙

Step 2: Effective Length

61
Effective span for simply supported slab:
𝐿eff = 𝐿clear + 𝑑
𝐿eff,𝑥 = 4 + 0.15 = 4.15 m
𝐿eff,𝑦 = 8 + 0.15 = 8.15 m
Step 3: Calculation of Loads
• Self-weight of the slab:
Self-weight = 𝐷 × 25 = 0.15 × 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
• Floor finish: 1 kN/m²
• Live load: 2 kN/m²

Total Factored Load (As per IS 456, 1.5 × 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × (3.75 + 1 + 2)
𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × 6.75 = 10.13 kN/m2

Step 4: Moments using IS 456:2000 Table 27

For Two-way slabs, Slab with all four edges simply supported.
From Table 27 (IS 456:2000):
• 𝛼𝑥 = 0.062
• 𝛼𝑦 = 0.026
𝑀𝑥 = α𝑥 ⋅ 𝑤𝑢 ⋅ 𝐿𝑥2 = 0.062 × 10.13 × 42 = 10.05 kNm/m

𝑀𝑦 = α𝑦 ⋅ 𝑤𝑢 ⋅ 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.026 × 10.13 × 42 = 4.21 kNm/m

Step 5: Check for Depth
Minimum depth required for flexural strength:
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑2
Taking 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 = 21.81 kN ⋅ m
21.81 × 106 = 0.138 × 30 × 1000 × 𝑑2
0.138 × 30 × 1000
𝑑2 = = 52.68 × 103
21.81 × 106
𝑑 = √52.68 × 103 = 72.6 mm
Since effective depth provided = Overall depth - Cover - Bar diameter/2
2 × 10
𝑑prov = 150 − 20 − = 125 mm
2
Since 𝑑prov > 𝑑req (125mm > 72.6mm), the depth is safe.

62
Step 6: Calculation of Reinforcement

• For Shorter Span (Main) Direction:

Using IS 456 formulae:
𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠 )
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑑 (1 −
𝑓 ⋅𝑏⋅𝑑
𝑐𝑘

Solving for 𝐴𝑠:

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑑 (1 − 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑)
𝑐𝑘

Approximating:
𝑀𝑢 10.05 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 224.1 mm2/m
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.87 × 415 × 125
Using 10mm bars:
π×102 1000
Spacing = ×
4 As
78.5 × 1000
Spacing = = 350 mm
224.2
(Max Spacing from IS 456 is : 300 mm)
Provide 10mm @ 300 mm c/c in shorter span (x-direction) as main reinforcement.

• For Longer Span (Secondary) Direction

0.87 × 415 × 125
Mu = 4.21 × 106 Nmm ⇒ As = = 93.9 mm2/m
4.21 × 106
Using 10mm bars:
π×102 1000
Spacing = ×
4 As
78.5 × 1000
Spacing = = 836 mm
93.9
Provide 10 mm @ 300 mm c/c in long span (y-direction) for practical spacing and minimum
steel.

Step 7: Distribution Reinforcement

As per IS 456:
0.12
𝐴𝑠,min = ×𝑏×𝐷
100

63
 0.12
𝐴s,min = × 1000 × 150 = 180 mm2
100
Both directions exceed minimum:
• Short span = 261.8 mm² (10 mm @ 300 mm)
• Long span = 261.8 mm² (10 mm @ 300 mm)

Very safe and satisfies minimum reinforcement requirement.

Step 8: Check for Shear

Shear force:
1
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 × 𝐿eff,𝑥
2
1
𝑉𝑢 = × 10.13 × 4.15 = 21 kN
2
Shear stress:
𝑉𝑢 21 × 103
τ𝑣 = = = 0.168 N/mm2
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 125
From IS 456, for M30 concrete,
𝜏𝑐(shear stress from table) = 0.36N/mm²
Since τ𝑣 < τ𝑐, shear check is satisfied

Step 9: Check for Deflection

We need to compare the provided slenderness ratio (𝐿/𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣) with the permissible slenderness ratio
(𝐿/𝑑𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑).

• Calculate (L/d) Provided

𝐿 𝐿
( ) = eff,x
𝑑 prov 𝑑prov
From previous calculations:
𝐿eff,x = 4.15 m = 4150 mm
𝑑prov = 125 mm
𝐿 4150
( ) = = 33.2
𝑑 prov 125

• Calculate (L/d) Permitted

𝐿 𝐿
( ) =( ) × 𝐾𝑡
𝑑 permitted 𝑑 basic

64
From IS 456:2000 Table 5,
For simply supported slabs, (𝐿 ) = 20
𝑑 basic

• Calculate Modification Factor 𝑲𝒕:

𝑓𝑠
𝐾 = = 0.58𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠,req
𝑡 0.58𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠,prov

From previous reinforcement calculations (short span):

Required steel: 𝐴𝑠,req = 167.7 mm2
Provided steel: 𝐴𝑠,prov = 174.5 mm2 (adjusted for spacing)
167,7
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × ( )
174.5
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × 0.981 = 236.4 N/mm2

From IS 456 Fig. 4, corresponding 𝐾𝑡 for 𝑓𝑠 = 236.4 N/mm² is approximately 1.8.

𝐿
( ) = 20 × 1.8 = 36
𝑑 permitted

• Compare (L/d) Prov & Permitted

𝐿 𝐿
( ) = 36 > ( ) = 33.2
𝑑 permitted 𝑑 prov

Since 𝑳/𝒅 permitted is greater than 𝑳/𝒅 provided, deflection is safe as per IS 456:2000

Step 10: Edge Strip Reinforcement

0.12
𝐴s,edge = × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 180 mm2
100
Using 8mm bars:
𝜋 × 82 1000
Spacing = ×
4 180
Spacing = 279 mm
Provide 8mm @ 250 mm c/c in the edge strip.

Step 11: Torsion Steel at Corners

Only provided when corners are free to lift (i.e., simply supported on all edges).
Required area = 75% of main reinforcement in each layer

65
 𝐴𝑠,torsion = 0.75 × 224.1 = 168.1 mm2
Using 8 mm bars:
𝜋 × 82 1000
Spacing = ×
4 168.1
Spacing = 299 mm
Provide 8 mm @ 250 mm c/c in both directions in 800 mm × 800 mm corner regions

Figure 37: Reinforcement Detail66

of Two-way Restrained slab
2.4 Design of Raft Foundation

Load 11

Figure 38: Stress Contour in Raft Foundation by STAAD.Pro

Given Data
• Foundation Type: Reinforced Concrete Raft Foundation
• Plan Dimensions: 40 m × 18 m
• Thickness of Raft Slab: 1000 mm
• Effective Depth (d): 895 mm
• Grade of Concrete: M30 (fck = 30 MPa)
• Grade of Steel: Fe415 (fy = 415MPa)
• Column Base Dimensions: 500 mm × 500 mm

1. LOAD DATA FROM STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

• Axial Load (Fx)
Maximum Axial Load: 4430 kN

Minimum Axial Load: -465.388 kN

• Shear Forces
Maximum Shear Force in Y-direction (𝐹𝑦): 178.37 kN

Maximum Shear Force in Z-direction (𝐹𝑧): 185.526 kN

67
 • Bending Moments
Maximum Moment in Longitudinal Direction (𝑀𝑦): 260.69 kNm

Maximum Moment in Transverse Direction (𝑀𝑧): 235.29 kNm

2. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
• Depth of Raft Foundation
Depth is calculated as:
𝑑 = Development Length in Compression + Clear Cover + Bar Diameter
𝑑 = 725 + 75 + (20 × 2) = 840 mm
Effective Depth, 𝑑 = 1000 − 75 − 20 − 10 = 895 mm
Since the required depth (500 mm) < provided depth (895 mm), the raft is safe.

• One-Way Shear Check

Shear force:
𝑉𝑢 = 178.37 kN
𝑉𝑢 178.37 × 103
τ𝑣 =
𝑏 × 𝑑 = 1000 × 895 = 0.20 N/mm
2

From IS 456:2000 (Table 19), permissible shear stress τ𝑐 = 0.44 N/mm2for M30 concrete.
No shear reinforcement is required.

• Punching Shear Check

Critical Section Perimeter:
𝑢𝑝 = 4 × (500 + 895) = 5580 mm
Axial Load 4430 × 103
τ𝑝 = = = 0.89 N/mm2
𝑢𝑝 × 𝑑 5580 × 895
From IS 456:2000 Clause 31.6.3.1, permissible punching shear stress:
τ𝑐,max = 1.37 N/mm2
Since τ𝑝 < τ𝑐,max, punching shear is safe.

• Bending Moment Capacity

Maximum Bending Moments from STAAD:
• 𝑀𝑦 = 260.69 kNm

• 𝑀𝑧 = 235.29 kNm

68
Moment Capacity using IS 456 Formula:
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑢 𝑦 𝑠
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠
Approximating reinforcement:
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑑
For 𝑀𝑦:
260.69 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = 803.5 mm2
0.87 × 415 × 895
For 𝑀𝑧:
235.29 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = 726.3 mm2
0.87 × 415 × 895

3. REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
• Side Face Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠 = 0.1\% of cross-section
0.1 × 1000 × 895
𝐴𝑠 = = 1345 mm2
100
Provide 8 numbers of 16 mm Ø bars in both faces.

• Raft Slab Reinforcement Details

Location Required 𝑨𝒔 Bar Diameter Spacing Provided 𝑨𝒔

(mm²) (mm) (mm²)

Longitudinal (+ve Moment) 803.5 mm² 16 mm Ø 120 mm 1345 mm² (Safe)

Longitudinal (-ve Moment) 1976 mm² 16 mm Ø (1st 120 mm 3350 mm² (Safe)
Layer)

Transverse (+ve Moment) 726.3 mm² 16 mm Ø 120 mm 1345 mm² (Safe)

Transverse (-ve Moment) 2350 mm² 16 mm Ø (1st 120 mm 3350 mm² (Safe)
Layer)

Table 10: Raft Slab Reinforcement Details

69
70