MATERIAL AND DESIGN DATA

Code of Practice fcu (N/mm²) Ec, (N/mm²) fy (N/mm²) fyv (N/mm²) γc γs

BS8110 : 1997 25 22454 460 250 1.5 1.05

Cover (mm) Side Cover (mm) Conc. Unit Weight (kN/m³) Steel Unit Weight (kg/m³)
25 25 24 7860

Beam Design Detail Report

DETAIL CALCULATION FOR BEAM (125x450)
Beam Located along grid 8/A-O
Number of Span within beam = 9
Number of Section defined by user = 10
Number of Supports = 8
Beam Cantilever End = Both

Section Dimension Data

Length Width Begin Depth End Depth
Span Section
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 1 1750 125 450 450
2 2 2050 125 450 450
3 3 350 125 450 450
4 4 3725 125 450 450
5 1200 125 450 450
5
6 1200 125 450 450
6 7 3725 125 450 450
7 8 350 125 450 450
8 9 2050 125 450 450
9 10 1750 125 450 450

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Maximum Concrete Strain, Ecc = 0.0035
Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis, k1 = 10.20 N/mm²
Concrete Lever Arm Factor, k2 = 0.4557
Limiting Effective Depth Factor, cb = 0.50
k2 / k1 Factor, kkk = 0.0447
Limiting Concrete Moment Capacity Factor, kk1 = cb × k1 × (1 - cb * k2) = 0.50 × 10.20 × (1 - 0.50 × 0.4557) =
3.9379 N/mm²

BEAM 1b1(125x450) SPAN NO. 1

FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 1.0 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 409.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 1.0 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 409.0²) = 0.047 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.047 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 1.890 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 1.890 / 1000 = 2.41 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 2.41 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 6 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 2.41 × (409.0 - 0.4557 × 1.890) / 1000 = 1.0 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 0.0 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 0 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 3 mm²

Final Top Compression Steel Area Required (2D) = 74 mm²

Final Bottom Tension Steel Area Required (2D) = 77 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Due to auto deflection control or detailing requirement, the top steel bar provided has been changed to
Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)
Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 24.5 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 24.5 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 1.183 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 1.183 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 50.024 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 50.024 / 1000 = 63.78 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 63.78 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 146 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 63.78 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 50.024) / 1000 = 24.5 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 146 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 13.0 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 13.0 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 0.630 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.630 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.879 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 25.879 / 1000 = 33.00 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 33.00 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 76 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 33.00 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 25.879) / 1000 = 13.0 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 76 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 1.5 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 3 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 3 mm²
Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (3D) = 77 mm²
Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (3D) = 77 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Due to auto deflection control or detailing requirement, the top steel bar provided has been changed to
Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)
Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 5.7 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 5.7 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 0.276 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.276 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 11.163 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 11.163 / 1000 = 14.23 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 14.23 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 33 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 14.23 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 11.163) / 1000 = 5.7 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 0.0 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 0 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 3 mm²

Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (2D) = 74 mm²

Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (2D) = 77 mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.2 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.2 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 0.012 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.012 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 0.470 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 0.470 / 1000 = 0.60 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 0.60 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 2 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 0.60 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 0.470) / 1000 = 0.2 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 1.5 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 3 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 3 mm²

Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (3D) = 74 mm²

Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (3D) = 77 mm²
Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)
Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Due to auto deflection control or detailing requirement, the top steel bar provided has been changed to
Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)
Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SECTION 1 (B:0 mm E:1750 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 29.8 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 125 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 61 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 450 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 386 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 61 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 386 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 125.0 mm, Dmax = 450.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.01 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 407.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 29.8 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.59 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.00 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.59 + 0.01 = 0.60 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 386.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.00 × 386.0 / 550 = 2.81 N/mm²
νst = 0.01 N/mm² ≤ 2.81 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.34 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.01 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.34 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 28.7 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √25, 5) = 4.00 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 28.7 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.56 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 402 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.79 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 407.0 = 0.983
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.996 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 25 / 25 = 1.000
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.79}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.000)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.58 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 28722 × 450.0 / 24505164 = 0.53
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.584 + 0.60 × (-1496.1 / 56250.0) × 0.53 = 0.576
N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × SQRT[(1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.584 × SQRT[(1 + -1496.1 / (56250.0) × 0.58] =
0.571 N/mm²
Select νc2' as νc' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.565 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 125) / (0.95 × 220) = 0.239 mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : R6-225 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.251 mm²/mm > 0.239 mm²/mm

DEFLECTION CHECKING FOR SPAN

Left Side Moment Value = 0.0kNm
Right Side Moment Value = -24.5kNm
Maximum Sagging Moment Value = 0.9kNm
Percentage Difference (%) = (0.9 / 25.4) × 100% = 3.61 %
Modified Basic Span Depth Ratio = 7 + 16 × (3.61 / 10) = 12.8
Basic Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Br = 12.8
Span Length, l = 1750.0 mm, Effective Depth, d = 409.0 mm
Actual Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Ar = 4.3
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu = 1.0 kNm
Design Steel Strength, fy = 460.0 N/mm²
Tension Steel Area Required, AsReq = 77 mm²
Tension Steel Area Provided, AsProv = 226 mm²
Compression Steel Area Provided, AsProv (Comp.) = 402 mm²

- Checking for deflection is based on BS8110: 1997

- Table 3.9: Basic span / effective depth ratio for rectangular or flange beams
- Table 3.10: Modification factor for tension reinforcement
- Table 3.11: Modification factor for compression reinforcement

Design Service Stress in Tension Reinforcement, Equation 8

fs = {(2 × fy × AsReq) / (3 × AsProv)} × (1 / ßb)
= {(2 × 460.0 × 77) / (3 × 226)} × (1 / 1.00) = 103.8 N/mm²

Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement, Equation 7

MFt = 0.55 + {(477 - fs) / (120 × (0.9 + (M/bd²)))}
= 0.55 + {(477 - 103.8) / (120 × (0.9 + (1.0 × 1000000 / (125 × 409.0²)))}
= 3.83 > 2.0
MFt taken as 2.0

New Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement, Equation 9

MFc = 1 + {(100 × AsProv / (b × d)) / (3 + (100 × AsProv / (b × d)))}
= 1 + {(100 × 402 / (125.0 × 409.0)) / (3 + (100 × 402 / (125.0 × 409.0)))}
= 1.21 <= 1.5

New Deflection Ratio = (Br × MFt × MFc) / Ar = (12.8 × 2.00 × 1.21) / 4.3 = 7.21
Ratio >= 1.0 : Deflection Checked PASSED

BEAM 1b1(125x450) SPAN NO. 2

FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 23.6 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 23.6 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 1.141 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 1.141 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 48.126 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 48.126 / 1000 = 61.36 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 61.36 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 141 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 61.36 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 48.126) / 1000 = 23.6 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 141 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 11.4 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 11.4 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 0.548 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.548 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 22.436 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 22.436 / 1000 = 28.61 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 28.61 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 66 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 28.61 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 22.436) / 1000 = 11.4 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 1.8 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 4 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 4 mm²

Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (3D) = 75 mm²

Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (3D) = 78 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Due to auto deflection control or detailing requirement, the top steel bar provided has been changed to
Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)
Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 16.0 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 16.0 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 0.772 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.772 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 31.952 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 31.952 / 1000 = 40.74 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 40.74 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 93 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 40.74 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 31.952) / 1000 = 16.0 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 93 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 45.9 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 45.9 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 2.217 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 2.217 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 99.549 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 99.549 / 1000 = 126.93 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 126.93 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 290 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 126.93 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 99.549) / 1000 = 45.9 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 290 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 1.8 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 4 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 4 mm²

Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (3D) = 291 mm²

Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (3D) = 78 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)
Warning, Top spacing between steel bars is insufficient, minimum clear spacing required by user is 30 mm

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 13.5 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 13.5 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 0.650 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.650 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 26.750 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 26.750 / 1000 = 34.11 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 34.11 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 78 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 34.11 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 26.750) / 1000 = 13.5 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 78 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 0.0 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 0 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 4 mm²
Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (2D) = 79 mm²
Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (2D) = 78 mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 24.6 kNm Width, b = 125.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 407.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 24.6 × 1000000 / (125.0 × 407.0²) = 1.187 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 1.187 <= 3.938

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 50.199 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 10.20 × 125 × 50.199 / 1000 = 64.00 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 64.00 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 147 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 64.00 × (407.0 - 0.4557 × 50.199) / 1000 = 24.6 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 450.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 125.0 × 450.0 = 74 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 147 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 74 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required along span, Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 1.8 × 10³ / (0.9524 × 460) = 4 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Top Reinforcement, AstTop = Ast / 4 = 1 mm²
Additional Tension Steel Required by Bottom Reinforcement, AstBot = Ast = 4 mm²

Final Top Tension Steel Area Required (3D) = 148 mm²

Final Bottom Compression Steel Area Required (3D) = 78 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

Due to auto deflection control or detailing requirement, the top steel bar provided has been changed to
Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)
Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SECTION 1 LEFT SUPPORT
(B:0 mm E:513 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 25.5 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 125 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 61 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 450 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 386 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 61 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 386 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 125.0 mm, Dmax = 450.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 407.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 25.5 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.50 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.00 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.50 + 0.00 = 0.50 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass
Part 2: Clause 2.4.5
Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 386.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.00 × 386.0 / 550 = 2.81 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 2.81 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.34 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.34 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 24.3 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √25, 5) = 4.00 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 24.3 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.48 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 402 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.79 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 407.0 = 0.983
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.996 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 25 / 25 = 1.000
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.79}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.000)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.58 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 24271 × 450.0 / 23628301 = 0.46
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.584 + 0.60 × (-1846.8 / 56250.0) × 0.46 = 0.575
N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × SQRT[(1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.584 × SQRT[(1 + -1846.8 / (56250.0) × 0.58] =
0.568 N/mm²
Select νc2' as νc' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.477 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 125) / (0.95 × 220) = 0.239 mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : R6-225 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.251 mm²/mm > 0.239 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 MIDDLE ZONE

(B:513 mm E:1538 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 17.7 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 125 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 61 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 450 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 386 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 61 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 386 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 125.0 mm, Dmax = 450.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 407.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 17.7 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.35 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.00 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.35 + 0.00 = 0.35 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 386.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.00 × 386.0 / 550 = 2.81 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 2.81 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.34 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.34 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 23.1 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √25, 5) = 4.00 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 23.1 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.45 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 402 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.79 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 407.0 = 0.983
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.996 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 25 / 25 = 1.000
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.79}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.000)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.58 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 23145 × 450.0 / 24585559 = 0.42
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.584 + 0.60 × (-1846.8 / 56250.0) × 0.42 = 0.576
N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × SQRT[(1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.584 × SQRT[(1 + -1846.8 / (56250.0) × 0.58] =
0.568 N/mm²
Select νc2' as νc' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.455 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 125) / (0.95 × 220) = 0.239 mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : R6-225 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.251 mm²/mm > 0.239 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 RIGHT SUPPORT

(B:1538 mm E:2050 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 32.6 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 125 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 61 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 450 - 2 × 29 - 6 = 386 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 61 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 386 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 125.0 mm, Dmax = 450.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 407.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 32.6 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.64 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.00 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.64 + 0.00 = 0.64 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 386.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.00 × 386.0 / 550 = 2.81 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 2.81 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.34 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.34 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 31.9 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √25, 5) = 4.00 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 31.9 × 1000 / (125.0 × 407.0) = 0.63 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.00 N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 402 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.79 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 407.0 = 0.983
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.996 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 25 / 25 = 1.000
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.79}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.000)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.58 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 31878 × 450.0 / 45901123 = 0.31
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.584 + 0.60 × (-1846.8 / 56250.0) × 0.31 = 0.578
N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × SQRT[(1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.584 × SQRT[(1 + -1846.8 / (56250.0) × 0.58] =
0.568 N/mm²
Select νc2' as νc' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.627 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 125) / (0.95 × 220) = 0.239 mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : R6-225 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.251 mm²/mm > 0.239 mm²/mm

DEFLECTION CHECKING FOR SPAN

No Sagging Moment on Span, No Deflection Check is Proceeded.
Deflection check is not required for this span due to reverse behaviour which may be caused by uplift effect or
short span.