C Network Assignment: KCL, KVL, Superposition & Theveni
15 Standard Problems with Circuit Diagrams and Fully Worked Solutions
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Problem 1: KCL-1
KCL-1 (Single Node): At node N, two currents enter: I1 = 2.0 A and I2 = 1.5 A. One current
I1=2 A (in) I2=1.5 A (in)
I3 leaves the node through a branch to ground. Determine I3 and state the node equation.
N
I3=? (out)
Solution:
At node N, by KCL (sum of currents entering = sum leaving): I1 + I2 = I3. Therefore I3 = 2.0 + 1.5 =
3.5 A.
Problem 2: KCL-2
KCL-2 (Resistive Node to Ground): A current source of 5 A injects current into node N.
Is=5 A
From N, three resistors connect to ground: R1=10 , R2=20 , R3=40 . Find the node
N
R1=10 R2=20 R3=40
voltage VN and the branch currents through each resistor.
Solution:
By KCL at N: Is = VN(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3). Conductance G = 1/10 + 1/20 + 1/40 = 0.17500 S. VN = Is/G
5.00/0.17500 = 28.57 V. Currents: I_R1 = VN/10 = 2.86 A, I_R2 = VN/20 = 1.43 A, I_R3 = VN/40 = 0.7
Problem 3: KCL-3
KCL-3 (Two-Node with Bridge): Left node is held at 12 V by an ideal source. The right node
Is=?
is connected to ground through R=12 and to the left node through a 3 resistor. A
Left (12 V) 3 Right
Ideal 12 V node
12
current source Is injects current into the right node. What Is is required to maintain the
Solution:
At right node (Vr = 6 V): Current to ground = Vr/12 = 0.50 A. Current to left node (12 V) through 3
right-node voltage at 6 V?
= (12 6)/3 = 2.00 A leaving right node. By KCL, Is must supply both: Is = 0.50 + 2.00 = 2.50 A.
Problem 4: KCL-4
KCL-4 (Node between Two Sources): Node N connects to a 15 V node via R=10 , to a 5 V node
via R=20 , and 15toVground
node via10R=30
to 15 V. Find the Nnode voltage
20 to VN
5 V and each branch current
5 V node
30
(take currents leaving N as positive).
Solution:
Equation: (VN 15)/10 + (VN 5)/20 + VN/30 = 0 VN(1/10+1/20+1/30)=15/10+5/20. VN = 9.55 V. C
(leaving N): Ia=-0.55 A, Ib=0.23 A, Ig=0.32 A. Check sum -0.00 A 0 A (KCL).
Problem 5: KVL-1
KVL-1 (Single Loop): In a series loop with Vs=24 V and resistors R1=4 , R2=6 , R3=2 ,
find the loop current+and the voltage across each
R1=4 resistor.
Vs=24 V R2=6
R3=2
-
Solution:
Total resistance = 12.0 , current I=Vs/Req=24.0/12.0=2.00 A. Voltages: V1=8.00 V, V2=12.00 V,
V3=4.00 V. KVL check: sum=24.00 V 24 V.
Problem 6: KVL-2
KVL-2 (Opposing Sources): A loop has two sources Vs1=18 V and Vs2=6 V in opposing
orientation, and R1=3
+ , R2=9 inR1=3
series. Find the loop current and the drop across each
-
Vs1=18 V Vs2=6 V
R2=9 +
-
resistor (assume current flows in the direction of the larger source).
Solution:
Net source = 18 6=12 V. Total R=3+9=12 I=12/12=1.00 A. Drops: V_R1=1×3=3.00 V, V_R2=1×
Problem 7: KVL-3
KVL-3 (Loop with Device Drop): In a loop with Vs=20 V, R1=5 , R2=10 , and a device with
a fixed 4 V drop opposing
+ the source, find theR1=5
loop current and the drop across each
Vs=20 V R2=10
Device Vx=4 V
resistor.
Solution:
Effective driving voltage = 20 4=16 V. Total R=15 I=16/15=1.067 A. Drops: V_R1=I×5=5.33 V,
V_R2=I×10=10.67 V. Sum + device 20.00 V 20 V.
Problem 8: KVL-4
KVL-4 (Four-Series Resistors): Vs=30 V feeds R1=2 , R2=8 , R3=5 , R4=5 in series.
Compute the loop current
+ and drop across R3.
R1=2
R2=8
Vs=30 V
R3=5
R4=5
Solution:
Req=20.0 I=30/20.0=1.500 A. Drop on R3 = I×5 = 7.500 V.
Problem 9: SUP-1
SUP-1 (Node with Two Sources): Node N is connected to two ideal voltage sources via series
resistors: Vs1=12Vs1=12
V through
V R1=6
R1=6 , and Vs2=6NV through R2=3 . A load RL=9Vs2=6goes
R2=3 V from N
+ RL=9 +
12 V 6V
- -
to ground. Using superposition, find the load current IL and the contribution from each
Solution:
Total conductance G=1/6+1/3+1/9=0.61111 S. VN=[Vs1/6 + Vs2/3]/G = 4.00000/0.61111 = 6.55 V.
source.
IL=VN/RL=6.55/9=0.727 A. Contributions: from Vs1 VN1=3.27 V IL1=0.364 A; from Vs2 VN2=3
Problem 10: SUP-2
SUP-2 (Two Current Sources): Node N has three resistors to ground: R1=8 , R2=4 , RL=8 .
I1=2 A I2=1 A
Two current sources inject I1=2 A and I2=1 A intoN N. Using superposition, find the node
R1=8 R2=4 RL=8
GND GND
voltage VN (which equals the voltage across RL) and each source s contribution.
Solution:
G=1/8+1/4+1/8=0.50000 S. VN=(I1+I2)/G=3.00/0.50000=6.00 V. Contrib: with only I1 on VN1=4.0
with only I2 on VN2=2.00 V; VN VN1+VN2.
Problem 11: SUP-3
SUP-3 (Mixed Sources at a Node): Node N connects to Vs=10 V through R1=5 ; also a current
Is=1.5 A
source Is=1.5 A injects into N. AV resistor
Vs=10 R1=5 R2=10 N connects N to ground. Using
R2=10
+
10 V
superposition, compute the node voltage VN and the current through R2.
Solution:
G=1/5+1/10=0.30000 S. VN (from Vs only)=6.67 V; VN (from Is only)=5.00 V; total VN=11.67 V. R2
current I_R2=VN/10=1.17 A.
Problem 12: TH-1
TH-1 (Divider Source): Vs=18 V feeds R1=6 in series with R2=12 ; the load RL is
connected in parallel+with R2 at the output
R1=6node. Find the Thevenin equivalent seen by RL
R2=12
Vth,Rth seen here
Vs=18 V
RL
and then compute the load voltage and current for RL=12 .
Solution:
Open-circuit Vth = 12.00 V (divider). Rth = R1 || R2 = 4.00 . For RL=12 : IL=Vth/(Rth+RL)=0.750 A
VL=IL×RL=9.00 V.
Problem 13: TH-2
TH-2 (Series Parallel Source Network): Vs=24 V with series Rs=4 feeds a parallel branch
that will be replaced+by load RL. TheRs=4
original parallel was R3=6 Terminals
and R4=12 . Find the
Vs=24 V (Original R3||R4 here) RL
Thevenin equivalent seen by RL and the current for RL=6 .
Solution:
Rpar=R3||R4=4.00 . Vth at terminals = Vs·Rpar/(Rs+Rpar)=12.00 V. With source killed (Vs 0), looki
in: Rth=Rs=4.00 . For RL=6 IL=Vth/(Rth+RL)=1.200 A.
Problem 14: TH-3
TH-3 (Output Across R2): Source Vs=12 V feeds series R1=8 and R2=4 . Load RL will
connect in parallel with
+ R2 at the outputR1=8
node. Find Vth, Rth and the loadRLcurrent for
Vs=12 V R2=4
RL=8 .
Solution:
Vth=Vs·R2/(R1+R2)=4.00 V. Rth=R1||R2=2.67 . For RL=8 : IL=Vth/(Rth+RL)=0.375 A.
Problem 15: TH-4
TH-4 (Series Shunt Divider): Vs=10 V feeds Rs=2 in series to a node; the node has a
shunt to ground Rsh=8
+ . A load RLRs=2
connects from the node to ground.
RL Find the Thevenin
Vs=10 V Rsh=8
seen by RL and IL for RL=8 .
Solution:
Vth=Vs·Rsh/(Rs+Rsh)=8.00 V. Rth=Rs||Rsh=1.60 . With RL=8 : IL=Vth/(Rth+RL)=0.833 A.
