Grammar

Review
Lesson 9
 Parts of Speech
​Every word in English can be classified as one of
eight parts of speech. The term part of
speech refers to the role a word plays in a
sentence.
Parts of Speech
Noun Adverb
Pronoun Preposition
Adjective Conjunction
Verb Interjection
 Noun
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Nouns are often used with an article (the, a, an), but

not always. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete
or abstract. Nouns show possession by
adding 's. Nouns can function in different roles within a
sentence; for example, a noun can be a subject, direct
object, indirect object, subject complement, or object
of a preposition.
 Noun
Example sentences

-The young girl brought me a very long letter from

the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
-Maria played the piece beautifully.
-Mary uses pen and paper to write letters.
 Noun
Proper Noun – used to name specific (or individual) person, place, or
thing. Begins with a capital letter.
e,g. John, Philippines, Bulacan, Earth
Common Noun -used to name people, places or things in general.
e.g. girl, city, animal, food
Countable Nouns- have a singular and a plural form and can be used
with a number or a/an before it. Also called as Count Nouns. e.g. car,
desk, cup, bike
Uncountable Nouns- cannot be counted. They often refer to
substances, liquids, and abstract ideas. Also called as Mass Nouns.
e.g. wood, milk, air, happiness
 Noun
Concrete Nouns- refer to people or things that exist physically and
that at least one of
the senses can detect. e.g. dog, tree, apple
Abstract Nouns- have no physical existence. They refer to ideas,
emotions, and concepts you cannot see, touch, hear, smell or taste.
e.g. love, time, fear, freedom
Compound Noun- two or more words that create a noun. They can
be written as one word, joined by a hyphen or as separate words.
e.g. rainfall, son-in-law, credit card
Collective Nouns- refer to a set or group of people, animals, or
things. e.g team, bunch, faculty
 Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is

called its antecedent. Pronouns are further defined by type:
personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things;
possessive pronouns indicate ownership; reflexive pronouns
are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun; relative
pronouns introduce a subordinate clause; and demonstrative
pronouns identify, point to, or refer to nouns.
Pronoun
 Pronoun
Concrete Nouns- refer to people or things that exist physically and
that at least one of
the senses can detect. e.g. dog, tree, apple
Abstract Nouns- have no physical existence. They refer to ideas,
emotions, and concepts you cannot see, touch, hear, smell or taste.
e.g. love, time, fear, freedom
Compound Noun- two or more words that create a noun. They can
be written as one word, joined by a hyphen or as separate words.
e.g. rainfall, son-in-law, credit card
Collective Nouns- refer to a set or group of people, animals, or
things. e.g team, bunch, faculty
 Pronoun
-The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared. Oh my!
-I want her to dance with me.
There are several types of pronouns, each serving a specific function:
Personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) are used to represent people or things. They
can be subjective (performing the action) or objective (receiving the action).
Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) identify and specify particular persons or
things.
Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, which, what) introduce questions.
Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) introduce relative clauses, linking them to
the main clause.
Indefinite pronouns (all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either,
everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one,
other, several, some, somebody, someone) refer to nonspecific persons or things.
Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves) indicate that a person or thing is performing an action on or toward itself.
Intensive pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns but are used for emphasis.
 Verb
expresses action or being.

There is a main verb and sometimes one or more

helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main
verb; can is the helping verb.) A verb must agree with
its subject in number (both are singular or both are
plural). Verbs also take different forms to express
tense.
 Verb
The young girl brought me a very long letter from
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh
my!

I study their charts and play their games.

 Verb
Helping Verb (auxiliary verb) – helps the main verb to express an
action or state of being
Can help
Will climb
Should have been swept
The main verb and its helping verbs are called a verb phrase
Ashley skated on the pond. (no helping verb)
Ashley has skated on the pond. (one helping verb)
Ashley has been skating on the pond. (two helping verbs)
Ashley should have been skating already. (three helping verbs
 Verb
Action Verb
An action verb expresses some action. They can be physical actions
(to tag, to speak, to touch) or mental actions (to think, to hope, to
wonder).
Verbs that express existence are called linking verbs. These connect
(or link) the subject of the sentence with a word in the other half of
the sentence that describes or identifies it. If you can replace the
verb with a form of the verb “to be” such as is, was, were, or if you
can place an equal sign there, it is a linking verb. For example:
Andrew appeared tan. Does it make sense to say “Andrew was tan”
or Andrew = tan? Yes, so appeared is a linking verb
 Verb
Linking Verbs formed from the verb be Other Linking Verbs
am has been may be appear feel look
is have been might be
seem sound taste
are had been can be
was will be should be become grow remain
were shall be would have
smell stay turn
been

Can you smell the cake? (action)

The cake smells good. (linking)
 Verb
can you smell the cake? (action)
The cake smells good. (linking)

The gardener smells the flower. (Action verb)

The gardener is the flower. (X)

The flower smells fragrant. (linking verb)

The flower is fragrant. (/)
 Adjective
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or
pronoun.

It usually answers the question of which one, what

kind, or how many. (Articles [a, an, the] are usually
classified as adjectives.)
 Adjective
-The young girl brought me a very long letter from
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh
my!
-A white horse galloped across the lush,
green grass.
-Have you met our three handsome boys?
-Ours is the last house on the street
 Adjective
In the sentences, white, lush, green, three, handsome, and last are
all adjectives; they give us a more detailed description of the nouns
they modify. An adjective might answer the mental questions, “What
kind is it?” (as with an old clock, a white horse, the lush grass, the
green grass, or the handsome boys), “How many are there?” (as with
the three boys), or “Which one is it?” (as with the last house).
Adjectives that answer the first question are descriptive adjectives.
Those that answer the other two questions are limiting adjectives—
they restrict or quantify a noun rather than describing it.
 Adverb
An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (“he sings

loudly”), an adjective (“very tall”), another adverb (“ended too
quickly”), or even a whole sentence (“Fortunately, I had
brought an umbrella.”). Adverbs often end in -ly, but some
(such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective
counterparts. It usually answers the questions of when, where,
how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs
often end in -ly.
 Adverb
-The young girl brought me a very long letter from
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh
my!
-Tom Longboat did not run badly.
-Tom is very tall.
-The race finished too quickly.
-Fortunately, Lucy recorded Tom’s win.
Adverbs of manner
An adverb of manner describes how an action is performed or how
something happens. In most cases, adverbs of manner occur after the
main verb.
Examples: Adverbs of manner in a sentenceJessie read quietly.
Tom laughed loudly.
Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree are used to qualify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs by
expressing extent or degree. Some common adverbs of degree
include: “extremely,” “absolutely,” “slightly,” “quite,” and “enough.”
Examples: Adverbs of degree in a sentenceThe medication had
a very positive effect.
I’ll be ready soon; I’m almost finished.
Adverbs of place
An adverb of place provides information about the location of an
action (e.g., position, distance, and direction). Adverbs of place
typically occur after the main verb of a sentence.
Examples: “Adverbs of place” in a sentenceGo downstairs and open
the door.
Confetti was thrown everywhere.
Come here!
Note
Some words can be used as both an adverb of place and
a preposition. When the sentence has no object, it’s considered an
adverb (e.g., “go inside”). If the sentence has an object, it’s
considered a preposition (e.g., “go inside the house”)
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time (e.g., “yesterday,” “today,” “tomorrow”)
describe when something happens. They are typically placed at the
end of a sentence.
Examples: Adverbs of time in a sentenceI have to run, but I’ll see
you tomorrow.
Dylan has a dentist appointment, so he will be late for school today.

Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. They
can be divided into two categories based on how specific they are.
Adverbs of indefinite frequency (e.g., “always,” “sometimes,”
“never”) give an idea of how often something occurs, but they don’t
give an exact timeframe. Adverbs of indefinite frequency are usually
placed before the main verb.
Examples: Adverbs of indefinite frequency in a sentence
Anna always works on Saturdays.
Jessica never washes the dishes.
Adverbs of definite frequency (e.g., “hourly,” “daily,” “weekly”) give
a more precise description of how often something happens. They
typically occur at the end of a sentence.
Examples: Adverbs of definite frequency
I check my email hourly.
We visit France yearly.
Adverbs of purpose
Adverbs of purpose (also called adverbs of reason) help to
explain why something is the case. Many adverbs of
purpose function as conjunctive adverbs. Other adverbs of
purpose usually take the form of adverbial phrases instead
of individual words.
Examples: Adverbs of purpose in a sentenceThe company
made a huge profit; therefore, the employees were given
raises.
Since you’re busy, I’ll call back later.
 Preposition
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to
form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence.

(by the tree, with our friends, about the book, until tomorrow)

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to

form a phrase modifying another word in the
sentence. Therefore a preposition is always part of a
prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase almost always
functions as an adjective or as an adverb.
Preposition
Types of prepositions
Prepositions indicate direction, time, location, and spatial
relationships, as well as other abstract types of
relationships.

Direction: Look to the left and you’ll see our destination.

Time: We’ve been working since this morning.
Location: We saw a movie at the theater.
Space: The dog hid under the table.
Preposition
-The young girl brought me a very long
letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared. Oh my!
-I should rewrite the introduction of my essay.
-Sam left his jacket in the car.
-Did you send that letter to your mother?
 Conjunction

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses.

 Conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so (FANBOYS).

Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal:

because, although, while, since, as, though, etc. Correlative
conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work

together. Some examples are either/or, neither/nor, and not
only/but also.
 Conjunction
-The young girl brought me a very long letter from
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh
my!
-I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing
dishes afterward.
-Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she insists on
dancing till dawn.
 Interjection
An interjection is a word used to express emotion.
Oh!... Wow!... Oops!

An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often

followed by an exclamation point.
 Interjection
-The young girl brought me a very long letter from
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh
my!
-Wow! That bird is huge.
-Uh-oh. I forgot to get gas.
-We’re not lost. We just need to go, um, this way.
-Psst, what’s the answer to number four?
LET’S TRY!
Identify what part of speech is the underlined word/words
1. Our dog, a poodle, turned seven last week.
2. Has everyone completed the work that was assigned for
today?
3. Are you wearing my yellow jumper?
4. John answered the question correctly.
5. Did you see the acrobats? Amazing! They were incredible!
6. I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.
7. She eats chocolate cake on Sundays.
8. The movie we watched last night was boring.
9. Josh and Derrick visited Disneyland last month.
10. I am going home today evening.
 Answer Key
1. Poodle - Noun
2. Everyone- Pronoun
3. Yellow -Adjective
4. Correctly - Adverb
5. Amazing!- Interjection
6. But - Conjunction
7. Eats - Verb
8. Boring -Adjective
9. Disneyland - Noun
10. I - Pronoun
Subject Verb
Agreement
 Rule no. 1
1. A verb must agree with its subject in
person and in number. SS = SV ,PS =
PV

-Joey asks many questions about life.

-Joey and Ana ask too many questions.
 Rule no. 2
2. Indefinite pronouns like each, everyone,
everybody, someone, somebody, anyone,
anybody, nobody, no one, either, neither are
singular. They always take singular verb.

-Everyone in the class is present today.

-No one in this world is invincible.
 Rule no. 3
3. Subjects joined by and usually take plural
verbs. Those joined by and and mean a single
idea take a singular verb.

-John’s book and videotape are in my locker.

-Grilled ham and cheese is what I often eat.
-My sister and confidante is very supportive.
 Rule no. 4
4. Compound subjects joined by either-or and
neither-nor take verbs that agree with the
nearer subject.

-Either the teacher or the students prepare

for the mass action.
-Neither the Senators nor the Chief Justice
agrees to proceed with the trial.
 Rule no. 5
5. In cases when a compound subject
includes one affirmative part and one
negative part, the verb must agree with the
affirmative part.

-You, not she, are allowed to leave.

-I, not you, am responsible for the error.
 Rule no. 6

6. The pronouns you and I always require the

plural form of the verb even in cases where
they refer to only one person.

-Leslie, you have to listen attentively.

-I need more time for this task.
 Rule no. 7
7. Some, all, half, none may take either a
singular or plural verb depending on how
they are used in the context.

-Some of the apple pie was already eaten.

-Some of the apple pies were already eaten.
 Rule no. 8
8. The number –singular verb
A number- plural verb

-The number of people in the trial court

represents the vigilant citizenry.
-A number of media men now begin to set.
 Rule no. 9
9. A subject indicating fraction takes a
singular verb if it denotes a part of a unit. If
the fraction denotes a part of many, it takes a
plural verb.

-Three fourths is the correct answer.

-Three fourths of the participants are here.
 Rule no. 10
10. If the subject and verb in a sentence are
interrupted with an intervening phrase
introduced by including, along with, with, as
well as, etc., the verb must still agree with
the simple subject.
-Mary, together with her children, prays the
rosary.
-I, as well as my brothers, am willing to do it.
 Rule no. 11
11. The expression there is must be followed
by a singular noun; the expression there are
must be followed by a plural noun.

-There is a new house near our school.

-There are new houses near our school.
 Rule no. 12
12. Nouns plural in form but singular in
meaning such as mathematics, economics,
news, politics, etc. require singular verbs.

-The latest news states about the economy.

-Our politics needs sensible leaders.
 Rule no. 13
13. A collective noun takes a singular verb if it
is regarded as one unit. However, it takes a
plural verb if it refers to the individuals in the
group.

The school makes its stand regarding the

issue.
-The jury have disagreed on the matter.
 Rule no. 14
14. Units such as amounts, size, time,
quantities, or distances, when used as a
subject of the sentence require the singular
form of the verb.

-Five million pesos is the total money.

-The first two months was very crucial.
 Rule no. 15
15. For titles of books, movies, songs, etc.,
use the singular form of the verb.

-Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has really

made a history.
-The Little Women inspires the youth.
LET’S TRY!
Answer the following:
1. The movie (remind, reminds) one of my parents’ love story.
2. Celine and Mariah (sing, sings) soulfully.
3. The school (celebrate, celebrates) its 45th Foundation Day.
4. The notice (state, states) that no one leave earlier than the president.
5. Either my cousin or my aunt(is, are) coming.
6. There (is, are) several officials who came.
7. Economics (deal, deals) with the study of production and
consumption of wealth.
8. John, along with his parents, (attend, attends) the Bible sharing.
9. The school’s choir (perform, performs).
10. In the beginning of the story, there (is, are) a melancholic boy
walking alone.
Answer Key
1. The movie (remind, reminds) one of my parents’ love story.
2. Celine and Mariah (sing, sings) soulfully.
3. The school (celebrate, celebrates) its 45th Foundation Day.
4. The notice (state, states) that no one leave earlier than the president.
5. Either my cousin or my aunt(is, are) coming.
6. There (is, are) several officials who came.
7. Economics (deal, deals) with the study of production and
consumption of wealth.
8. John, along with his parents, (attend, attends) the Bible sharing.
9. The school’s choir (perform, performs).
10. In the beginning of the story, there (is, are) a melancholic boy
walking alone.
 Thanks!
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