República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación universitaria, ciencia y tecnología

Universidad Territorial Deltaica "Francisco Tamayo"

Tucupita, Estado Delta Amacuro

 PARTS OF THE SPEECH

Profesor: Integrantes : Bravo Argenis

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Mayo 2025

Parts of the speech.

The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as
grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one
part of speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding parts of speech
is essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the dictionary.

Nouns / Sustantivos.
A noun names something: a person, place, or thing. Most other parts of our
language either describe nouns, tell what a noun is doing, or take the place of a
noun.

In English, nouns are often preceded by noun markers, the articles a, an, the; or
possessive words like my or your. A noun always follows a noun marker. Nouns
have these characteristics:

● They are abstract or concrete: Nouns like enthusiasm, willingness and angst
are abstract nouns. Abstract nouns name things we cannot see, touch, or
detect readily through our senses. Abstract nouns name ideas (existentialism,
democracy), measurements (weight, percent), emotions (love, angst), or
qualities (responsibility). Concrete nouns, on the other hand, name persons,
including animals (cousins, Roger Rabbit), places (beach, Chico), or things
we can see, touch, or otherwise detect through our senses (smoke, beer).
 ● They are proper or common: A proper noun identifies a particular person,
animal, place, thing, or idea--Roger Rabbit, for example. The first letter of
each word of a proper noun is capitalized. A common noun does not name a
particular person or thing; rather, it refers to a whole class or type. Common
nouns do not require capitalization; beer, parks.
● Most are singular or plural: Most nouns are made plural with the addition of s
or es. Thus, instructor becomes instructors, and class becomes classes.
Some nouns have irregular plural forms: man becomes men, and woman
becomes women. Child becomes children, and person becomes people.

Some nouns have the same form in both singular and plural.

● Some are collective: collective noun names a collection or group of things.

Although a collective noun refers to a group of many things, it is usually
singular in form. We think of a collective noun as singular because its
members act in one accord.

Examples:

"A moose is crossing the river. No, wait… three moose are crossing the river."

"Many people, both men and women, believe that having children will be a remedy
for their existential angst."

"The army is withdrawing from those Asian countries that are in negotiations."

Verbs / Verbos.
The verb expresses what the subject does (She hopes for the job) or what the
subject is (She is confident). All verbs are one of three types:

● Action verbs: In a sentence, an action verb tells what the subject does. Action
verbs express physical or mental actions: think, eat, collide, realize, dance.
● Linking verbs: Linking verbs are the couch potatoes of verbs, that is, not very
active at all. In a sentence, a linking verb tells what the subject is rather than
what it does; linking verbs express a state of being. For example, all the forms
of the verb to be are linking verbs.

Another set of linking verbs are those pertaining to our five senses: seeing, tasting,
touching, hearing, and smelling, and how we perceive the world: the verbs appear,
seem, look, feel, smell, taste, and sound, for example. When used as linking verbs,
they connect the subject with a word offering more information about that subject.

● Helping verbs: Verbs often appear with helping verbs that fine-tune their
meaning, usually expressing when something occurred. The complete verb is
the main verb plus all its helping verbs.
Verb tense is the name for the characteristic verbs have of expressing time. Simple
present tense verbs express present or habitual action, and simple past tense verbs
express actions that were completed in the past; neither simple present nor simple
past tense verbs require helping verbs. However, most other verb tenses require one
or more helping verbs. Moreover, some helping verbs express more than just time-
possibility, obligation, or permission.

Examples:

“I finally realized my mistake.”

“You will soon become tired of the monotony.”

“ Phanat was studying all night.”

Adjetives / Adjetivos
An adjective is a word used to describe, or modify, noun or a pronoun. Adjectives
usually answer questions like which one, what kind, or how many.

In English adjectives usually precede nouns or pronouns. However, in sentences

with linking verbs, such as the to be verbs or the "sense" verbs, adjectives can follow
the verb.

● Descriptive adjectives: Many descriptive adjectives come from verbs. The

verb had broken, without the helper had, is an adjective: a broken keyboard.
Likewise, the -ing verb form, such as is running, used without its helper is, can
be an adjective: running shoes.

Nouns can be used as adjectives, too. For instance, the noun student can be made
to modify, or describe, the noun bookstore: the student bookstore. Nouns often
combine to produce compound adjectives that modify a noun as a unit, usually
joined by hyphens when they precede the noun. When they follow the noun, the
hyphens are omitted.

● Demonstrative adjectives: Demonstrative adjectives answer the question

which one(s)? They are the only adjectives that have both a singular and
plural form--this and that are singular; these and those are plural.
Demonstrative adjectives point to particular or previously named things. This
and these indicate things nearby (in time or space), while that and those
suggest distance (in time or space).
 ● Possessive adjectives: Possessive adjectives answer the question whose?
They include my, our, your, his, her, its, and their.

● Indefinite adjectives: Indefinite adjectives include some, many, any, few,

several, and all.

Note that these words can also be used as pronouns: Some were in bad taste; few
could carpool.

● Questioning adjectives: Which and what are adjectives when they modify
nouns or pronouns.

Which joke did you like better, and what reason can you give for your preference?

Like indefinite adjectives, the questioning (or interrogative) adjectives can also
function as pronouns

Examples :

“He was an 18-year-old boy, but the girl was only 16 years old.”

“This novel is the worst I've ever read; these biographies are much better.”

“They live in a beautiful house”

Adverbs/ Adverbios
An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. An adverb
usually modifies by telling how, when, where, why, under what conditions, or to what
degree. An adverb is often formed by adding -ly to an adjective.

● Adverbs of frequency: We use adverbs of frequency in English to express the

periodicity with which an action is performed: Always, usually, often…

● Adverbs of mode: The mode adverbs indicate the way in which the action is
performed. Most of these adverbs are formed from an adjective, thus
conditioning the way in which the verb is executed: slowly, simply, quickly.

● Adverbs of time: In English, we use time adverbs to express the relative time
in which the action is performed: Before, early, already.

● Adverbs of place: The adverbs of place serve us to express the position,

relative or figurative, of the objects in relation to the speaker, or the place
where the action is carried out: over, under, near.
 ● Adverbs of degree: We use grade adverbs to express the intensity of a
situation, or the degree to which an event takes place: mostly, completely,
very.

● Adverbs of duration: They tell us the duration of an event, or the passage of

the time related to an event: until, forever, daily.

● Adverbs of order: The adverbs of order are useful to us to list events or

events, and to indicate the order in which actions are performed: first,
eventually, lastly.

● Adverbs of certainty: These adverbs serve to indicate the probability of an

action occurring: maybe, possibly, really

Examples:

“I left my keys here on the table”

“I went to the gym yesterday”

“She danced happily at the party”

Pronouns /pronombres
Pronouns replace nouns. Without them, language would be repetitious, lengthy, and
awkward. With pronouns taking the place of some nouns, that sentence reads more
naturally

● Personal pronouns: Since nouns refer to specific persons, places, or things,

personal pronouns also refer to specific persons, places, or things. Pronouns
have characteristics called number, person, and case. Number refers to
whether a pronoun is singular (him) or plural (them). Person is a little more
abstract. The first person is the person speaking. Case refers to what job a
pronoun can legally perform in a sentence. Some pronouns can be subjects
and others cannot.

● Object pronouns: are a class of words that are used to replace an object that
has already been mentioned or that is known by the interlocutor. These words
serve to avoid repetition and speed up speech.
 ● Reflexive pronouns:Reflexive pronouns add emphasis. They always follow a
noun or personal pronoun and do not appear alone in a sentence.

Examples:

“The book is on the table, give it to me, please”

“Mrs. Khan asked that the package be delivered to herat the office”
“She herself changed the tire”

Preposition/ preposiciones
Prepositions are common; they are not flashy. They are sometimes very little words,
like on, in, and unlike; sometimes they are two words, like according to. A
preposition combined with a noun (or pronoun), in that order, makes a prepositional
phrase.

Prepositional phrases usually tell where or when. Or, as most instructors are fond of
saying, they show relationship, for example, of location (in Duffy's Tavern) or of
time (in February).

Types of prepositions

● Prepositions of place: The prepositions of place are words that serve as

connectors within the sentence, and indicate the place where the action is
carried out or the situation referred to by the speaker takes place.

● Prepositions of time: Time prepositions in English are connectors that allow us

to establish the time at which an action is performed or an event takes place.

● Movement prepositions: Movement prepositions are words that we use to

accompany movement verbs in English, and that help us define the direction
in which the action is executed or the event occurs. They are also known as
direction prepositions.

● Prepositions in, on, at.

Preposition In: It means "In, within". We use this preposition when we refer to
indeterminate times of the day and to refer to months or seasons of the year. We
also use this preposition when we want to give an ambiguous date.

Preposition On: It Means "In". We use this preposition to refer to days of the week,
holidays or special dates and when we refer to specific dates.
Preposition At: It Means "In". We use this preposition when we want to refer to
specific hours or moments of the day, and to refer to the night, in particular. We also
use this preposition to mention parties and festivities that do not carry the word day.

Examples:

“Daniel was sitting next to me on the bus”

“Don’t look directly at the sun during the eclipse”

“The dogs sleep on the bed”

Articles / artículos
In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or
noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before
a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite
article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known.
There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article.

● Definite article

“the (before a singular or plural noun)”

● Indefinite article

“a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)”

“an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)”

Examples:

“I saw a bird sitting on the tree in front of my house”

“Not many know how to use an oven properly”

“Tom has a cat”