LISTENING - act of paying attention to sounds Critical Thinking Skills - involves actively

- intentional process of receiving and analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting

interpreting sounds, words, and messages information to form judgments and make
- focused on the speaker and what they are decisions, encompassing skills like observation,
saying, rather than on our own thoughts analysis, inference, and problem-solving
• Hearing is not the same as listening Questions a Critical Thinker Asks
LISTENING vs HEARING • What’s happening? - gather informations
Listening - active process of paying attention to • Why is it important? - why it’s significant and
a sound, assigning meaning to it, and responding whether or not you agree
to it • What don’t I see? - is there anything important
- intentional / done by choice missing?
Hearing - passive process that occurs when • How do I know? - where the information came
sound waves cause the bones in your inner ear to from
vibrate and send signals to your brain • Who is saying it? - what’s the position of
- process of listening speaker and what is influencing them
- natural • What else? What if? - what other ideas exist
LISTENING STYLES and are there other possibilities?
1. Relational/People-oriented - emphasizes PROCESS OF LISTENING
concern for other people’s emotions and interest • Receiving (Hearing) - first stage of listening
2. Analytic/Action-oriented - emphasized process
organization and precision of information Hearing: physically perceive the sounds,
3. Critical/Content-oriented - emphasized whether verbal or nonverbal, being directed
intellectual challenges towards you
4. Task/Time-oriented - emphasized efficiency Attending: accurately identifying and
(completing tasks and achieving goals) interpreting particular sounds we hear as words
TYPES OF LISTENING • Understanding (Learning) - both the speaker
1. Appreciative Listening - listening for and listener share experience of meaning, and
pleasure and enjoyment (listening to music) constitutes the first step
- giving time to let anyone speak on their own - listener determine the context and meaning of
and listen to their thoughts and perspectives words
2. Empathic Listening - establishing an • Remembering (Recalling) - listener
emotional bond with the other person and categorizes and retains the information he
looking for parallels between their experiences gathered from the speaker
and you own - this happens both during and after the
- provide emotional support to the speaker speaker’s delivery
- attempt to understand one’s feelings • Evaluating (Judging) - listener assesses the
3. Comprehensive/Active Listening - information they received, both qualitatively and
understanding the message of speaker while quantitatively
interpreting non-verbal cues (facial expressions, - form an opinion and begin to develop a
gestures, posture) response
- requires the listener to fully concentrate, - listener determines whether the information
understand, respond, and remember what is they heard is well constructed or disorganized
being said • Responding (Answering) - also called as
Three Main Degrees of Active Listening feedbacking
• Repeating - involves restating what the - listener provides verbal or non-verbal reactions
speaker has said (exact same words) to based on long-term or short-term memory
demonstrate that you are paying attention Intensive Listening - approach to listening that
• Paraphrasing - rephrasing the message in involves closely analyzing and understanding
your own words to ensure you understand the specific elements of a spoken message
meaning accurately (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary) rather
• Reflecting - involves acknowledging the than just grasping the general meaning
speaker’s feelings and perspective, showing Extensive Listening - involves passively
empathy and validation absorbing large quantities of audio content for
4. Critical/Analytical Listening - listening to enjoyment and general comprehension, focusing
evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or on fluency and broad understanding rather than
rejecting, and whether the message is logical or detailed analysis of language
reasonable
- separating facts from opinion
- judging speaker’s credibility
WRITING 3. Explanatory - explains a topic, concept, or
- non-verbal form of communication process to the reader, often without taking a
- medium of human communication that specific stance or arguing a particular point
involves the representation of a language with (A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole
written symbols with a clear goal in mind grains, and lean proteins is crucial for
- to entertain, to convince, to inform, or to maintaining overall health and preventing
educate chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.)
RULES OF WRITING 2. Body - provides supporting evidence and
1. Capitalization - first letter must be elaborates main ideas
capitalized • Topic Sentence - introduces the main idea of
2. Spelling - correct letters must be derived in the paragraph
words - string the paragraphs together in a way that
3. Punctuation Marks - punctuations placed progresses nicely and facilitates reading
correctly on sentences (New research indicates a link between a
4. Indentation - indent the first sentence of each person’s cognitive style and the type of content
paragraph they post on Facebook.)
5. Avoid using bullet - avoid using bullet or • Supporting Sentences - provides evidence,
points examples, or explanations to support the topic
6. Contractions - do not use contractions in sentence
academic writing • Concluding Sentence - summarizes the main
7. Passive Voice – Active Voice - active voice = idea and transitions to the next paragraph
the subject performs the action (The dog chased 3. Conclusion - final paragraph
the ball), passive voice = the subject receives the - summarizes the main points
action (The ball was chased by the dog) - restate the thesis statement but do not repeat it
8. Transitioning - new ideas and new - leave the reader a final thought or impression
paragraphs were indicated using devices ELEMENTS OF A PARAGRAPH
WRITING ELEMENTS 1. Unity - all sentences and details relate to and
1. Letters - fundamental unit (alphabets) support the main idea, or topic sentence,
2. Words - group of letters ensuring a focused and cohesive message
3. Phrases - group of words, doesn’t contain - to avoid readers getting strayed and frustrated
subject and verb 2. Coherence - sentences flow logically and
4. Sentences - group of words that expresses smoothly, creating a unified and understandable
complete thought whole
5. Paragraph - section of writing that deals with - use of transitional devices to link sentences
a single topic, consists a series of sentences TYPES OF BRIDGES
PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH Logical Bridges
1. Introduction - initial section • Chronical Order - ideas based on procedural
- introduces a topic, provides context, and process or timeline as a summary of the
outlining the main argument information (first, second, third)
• Thesis Statement - concise, declarative • Spatial Order - refers to spaces, dimension,
sentence (or two) that summarizes the central and directions of information (below, next to)
point of the whole paper - provides visual details or maps
TYPES OF THESIS STATEMENT • Inductive Order - from specific to general
1. Argumentative - asserts a claim or opinion • Deductive Order - from general to specific to
on a debatable topic and aims to persuade the locale
reader, supported by evidence and reasoning Verbal Bridges
(While social media offers numerous benefits for • Transitional Words - hints or indicators that
connecting with others, its pervasive influence provides transition or change in information
can also lead to increased anxiety and isolation, - use of subordinating and coordinating
particularly among young people.) conjunctions
2. Analytical - breaks down a complex topic • Reference of Pronouns - used to avoid
into its components and presents an analysis of redundancy or unnecessary repetition of names
the relationship between them • Repetition of Words - to establish emphasis
(Shakespeare's Hamlet explores the themes of on the idea
revenge, mortality, and the human condition • Parallelism Structure - entails the consistency
through the character's internal struggles and of ideas or sentences
interactions with other characters.) - relatedness of the sentences
3. Emphasis - mainly to repeat relevant word to 4. Editing - focused on correcting grammar,
make information or idea stand out to highlight punctuation, spelling, and other mechanical
the main evidence of the paragraph aspects of the writing
Technical Writing - also called as Report - addresses issues at the sentence and word level,
Writing ensuring that the language is clear, precise, and
- giving an account or description of an aspect of error-free
a particular art, science, trade, or profession, - enhances the readability and professionalism of
learned by experiences or observation the written piece
- aims to convey a piece of information for a 5. Publishing - final step involves preparing the
purpose to a reader written work for its intended audience
- based on facts and evidences - include formatting, proofreading, and making
- memorandums, essays, thesis any final adjustments
CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNICAL - presenting the polished and refined piece to the
WRITING world, whether it's through traditional print,
• Technical writing is based from science and online platforms, or other means
technology WRITING STYLES
• Technical writing uses technical vocabularies 1. Informal Writing (Creative Writing) -
depending on the field consists of short sentences and is used in more
• Technical writing uses virtual aids to provide personal settings, such as writing a letter to a
clarity to the readers (charts, graphs) friend or writing a diary entry
• Technical writing uses complex writing - not strict in considering the rules of grammar,
techniques (definition, classification, causal more relaxed and independent freestyle
analysis) - uses figures of speech (simile, metaphor,
• Technical writing has practicality and is personification, hyperbole, and understatement)
straightforward 2. Formal Writing (Technical Writing) -
• Technical writing observes partiality written for an audience you do not know on a
(unbiased information) and objectivity personal level
PURPOSES OF TECHNICAL WRITING - characterized by a serious, objective tone,
• easy to understand (uses common words) proper grammar, standard punctuation, and the
• gives information that leads to accomplishment avoidance of slang or colloquialisms
of specific task (research paper) - typically used in professional, academic, or
• analyzes events and their implications (failure official contexts
of justice system) - evidence based
• persuades and influences decisions based on - follows conventional rules of writing in
technical reports grammar, punctuation, vocabulary, etc
STAGES/PROCESS OF WRITING FORMS OF WRITING
1. Prewriting - initial phase where the writer 1. Expository Writing - common type of
generates ideas and plans the structure of the writing
piece - introduces a topic and lays out in a logical
- involves brainstorming, outlining, and order without reference to the author’s personal
organizing thoughts opinions
- foundation for the writing process, helping 2. Descriptive Writing - creates a vivid image
writers clarify their purpose, audience, and main of what the author is describing in the mind of
ideas the reader
2. Drafting - the process of creating a - relies on the author using detailed descriptions
preliminary version or representation of the that convey the sensory details of what he is
paper, including the main content, structure, describing, often with the use of specific
style techniques
- the goal is to create a rough version of the - describing a person, place, and event
content, building upon the ideas developed - academic essays, textbook, instructional guides
during the prewriting stage 3. Persuasive Writing - aims to convince or
3. Revising - reexamining and rethinking the persuade the reader to adopt a specific viewpoint
first draft, adding and deleting ideas extensively; or take action by presenting logical arguments,
rearranging any of the ideas, sentences, or evidence, and compelling reasoning
paragraphs in the first draft - uses logic and reason to show that one idea is
- rewriting sentences and paragraphs for more more legitimate than another
variety, better flow, and more precise word - essays, advertisements, speeches
choices 4. Narrative Writing - allows writer to tell a
story
- can include actual events told in chronological
order or it may include imagined events told in a
timeline that the author creates
- novels, short stories, comics, musicals, and
plays