BS EN 12697‑10:2017

BSI Standards Publication

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods

Part 10: Compactability

BS EN 12697‑10:2017 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12697‑10:2017. It
supersedes BS EN 12697‑10:2001, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee B/510/1, Asphalt products.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 93162 8
ICS 93.080.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2018.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697‑10
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2017

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697‑10:2001

English Version

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 10:

Compactability
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt
d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné à - Teil 10: Verdichtbarkeit
chaud - Partie 10 : Compactabilité

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 August 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697‑[Link] E
worldwide for CEN national Members
BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN 12697‑10:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 12697‑10:2001.
The following is a list of significant technical changes since the previous edition:
— the series title no longer makes the method exclusively for hot mix asphalt;
— Terms and definitions deleted, [3.1] to [3.10];
— definition of compactability and compaction resistance have been added, [3.1]and [3.2];
— [6.2] 2nd paragraph. "At least three tests shall be carried out on each mixture"; amended to: "At
least three specimens shall be compacted on each mixture";
— more detailed explanation of regression analysis for impact compaction method [7.1.2];
— change of regression procedure for impact compaction procedure by considering only thickness
measurements between impact 30 and 200 in reduce effect of manual mould filling [Figure 2];
— “force” added in Clause 8, List Entry e).
The applicability of this European Standard is described in the product standards for
bituminous materials.
A list of all parts in the EN 12697 series can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.

2
 BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
European foreword............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Apparatus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Impact compaction............................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Gyratory compaction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Vibratory compaction........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6 Test procedure......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 Impact compaction............................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1.1 Different specimens for each level of compaction energy, recording
increases in density........................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.1.2 One specimen for all levels of compaction energy, recording decreases in
thickness.................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
6.2 Gyratory compaction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3 Vibratory compaction........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7 Calculation and expression of results.............................................................................................................................................. 8
7.1 Impact compaction............................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.1.1 Different specimens for each level of compaction energy, recording
increases in density........................................................................................................................................................ 8
7.1.2 Same specimen for all levels of compaction energy, recording decreases in
thickness.................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
7.2 Gyratory compaction....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
7.3 Vibratory compaction..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
8 Test report................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
9 Precision..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
9.1 Impact compaction............................................................................................................................................................................ 12
9.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
9.1.2 One specimen for all levels of compaction energy, recording decreases in
thickness............................................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.2 Gyratory compaction....................................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.3 Vibratory compaction..................................................................................................................................................................... 13

  3
BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN 12697‑10:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 12697‑10:2001.
The following is a list of significant technical changes since the previous edition:
— the series title no longer makes the method exclusively for hot mix asphalt;
— Terms and definitions deleted, [3.1] to [3.10];
— definition of compactability and compaction resistance have been added, [3.1]and [3.2];
— [6.2] 2nd paragraph. "At least three tests shall be carried out on each mixture"; amended to: "At
least three specimens shall be compacted on each mixture";
— more detailed explanation of regression analysis for impact compaction method [7.1.2];
— change of regression procedure for impact compaction procedure by considering only thickness
measurements between impact 30 and 200 in reduce effect of manual mould filling [Figure 2];
— “force” added in Clause 8, List Entry e).
The applicability of this European Standard is described in the product standards for
bituminous materials.
A list of all parts in the EN 12697 series can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.

4
 BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard describes three test methods for characterizing the compactability of a
bituminous mix, by the relation between its density or void content and the compaction energy applied
to it, using an impact (Marshall) compactor, gyratory compactor, or a vibratory compactor.
This European Standard applies to bituminous mixtures, both those prepared in laboratory and those
resulting sampled from plant produced mixtures. The results of the test method serve to supplement
the results of mixture design.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12697‑5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density
EN 12697‑6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens
EN 12697‑8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens
EN 12697‑30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation
by impact compactor
EN 12697‑31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation
by gyratory compactor
EN 12697‑32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction
of bituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
compactability
K, k
ability of an asphalt mixture to be compacted (K when evaluated by gyratory compaction and k when
evaluated by vibratory compaction)
NOTE High values of K and k will indicate a mixture for which less compaction energy is required to obtain a
given void content decrease.

3.2
compaction resistance
C, T
resistance of an asphalt mixture to being compacted (C when evaluated by impact compaction of
several specimens with varied compaction energy and T when evaluated by impact compaction of one
specimen while measuring its thickness)
NOTE High values of C and T will indicate a mixture for which high compaction energy is required to obtain a
given void content decrease.

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BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

4 Principle
The bituminous mixture is compacted at a prescribed temperature with varying compaction energies
using one of three optional types of compaction methods:
a) impact compaction
b) gyratory compaction
c) vibratory compaction.
Two methods of monitoring the compactability can be applied:
— Method 1: two or more specimen are compacted with different amounts of compaction energy and
their densities are measured.
— Method 2: one specimen is used and its increase in density during the compaction process is
determined from its decrease in thickness.
The following Table 1 defines the compaction type to use depending of the compactness of tracking
method and gives the clause of test procedure.

Table 1 — Compaction type

Procedure clause according to compac‑
tion method
impact gyratory vibratory
Compaction of specimens with varied compaction energy 6.1.1 n. a. 6.3
Measurement of specimen thickness during compaction 6.1.2 6.2 n. a.

A graph is drawn of density (or voids content) against compaction energy. When the impact compaction
is used, the compaction energy is characterized by the number of blows, when the gyratory compaction is
used, by the number of gyrations and when the vibratory compactor is used, by the duration in seconds.
A mathematical formula is derived from the experimental results, the parameters of which formula
characterize the compactability of the bituminous mixture.

5 Apparatus

5.1 Impact compaction

5.1.1 Marshall compactor in accordance with EN 12697‑30.

5.1.2 Measuring device for automatically recording the thickness of the specimen after each blow of
compaction with an accuracy of at least 0,1 mm.

5.1.3 Slide calliper rule with accuracy 0,1 mm.

5.2 Gyratory compaction

5.2.1 Gyratory compactor in accordance with EN 12697‑31.

5.3 Vibratory compaction

5.3.1 Vibratory compactor in accordance with EN 12697‑32.

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 BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

6 Test procedure

6.1 Impact compaction

6.1.1 Different specimens for each level of compaction energy, recording increases in density

For the determination of a single value of the compactability, prepare and compact Marshall specimen
in accordance with EN 12697‑30 for each number of blows of compaction. The numbers of blows shall
be 5, 15, 25, 35, 50 and 100 to each side of the specimen.
If required, determine the mass of bituminous mixture to be used in the specimen in order to achieve
the specimen thickness in accordance with EN 12697‑30 by a preliminary compaction test.
Determine the bulk density of the compacted specimens in accordance with EN 12697‑6.

6.1.2 One specimen for all levels of compaction energy, recording decreases in thickness

For the determination of a single value of compactability prepare and compact a Marshall specimen in
accordance with EN 12697‑30 using 100 blows of compaction to each side.
If required, determine the mass of bituminous mixture to be used in the specimen in order to achieve
the specimen thickness in accordance with EN 12697‑30 by a preliminary compaction test after
100 blows to each side by a preliminary compaction test.
Measure the change in thickness of the specimen after each blow using the specified device
according to 5.1.2.
Once the specimen has cooled to room temperature, take four measurements of its final thickness from
evenly spaced around the perimeter of the specimen by using the calliper as specified in 5.1.3. The
position of these measurements shall be clearly marked along each specimen. All measurements shall
have a limit deviation of ± 0,1 mm. Calculate the mean final thickness of the specimen from these four
singles measurements.
Calculate the thickness of the specimen for each number of blows from the specimen thicknesses
measured during the compaction process and the mean final thickness measured on the
cooled specimen .

6.2 Gyratory compaction

Determine the variation of the density of the bituminous mixture with the number of gyrations in
accordance with EN 12697‑31. The number of gyrations shall be at least 200.
At least three specimens shall be compacted on each mixture. Use the arithmetic mean of the three or
more densities for the calculation of the compactability.
Determine the maximum density of the mixture in accordance with EN 12697‑5 and calculate the void
content of the specimens for the various numbers of gyrations in accordance with EN 12697‑8.

6.3 Vibratory compaction

Prepare the compacted specimens of bituminous mixture in accordance with EN 12697‑32, except
that initial compaction shall be achieved for a few seconds of vibration, use the large 146 mm diameter
tamping foot.
Prepare duplicate specimens at different levels of compaction with a total compaction time for each
side of the specimens of 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 30 s, 60 s and 120 s. If no density increase occurs after 60 s, limit
the total compaction time to 60 s but the number of compacted specimens remain as six.

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EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

Determine the bulk density of each specimen in accordance with EN 12697‑6 and record the test result
as the average of two determinations for each condition.
Determine the maximum density of mixture in accordance with EN 12697‑5 and the air void content of
each compaction levels in accordance with EN 12697‑8.

7 Calculation and expression of results

7.1 Impact compaction

7.1.1 Different specimens for each level of compaction energy, recording increases in density

The variation of the bulk density of the compacted specimens as a function of the compaction energy
can be expressed by Formula (1) using the regression parameters ρ∞, ρ0 and C. The regression
parameters shall be evaluated by using optimization strategies in order to minimize the sum over the
squared difference between measured and modelled values of ρ(E1). An example for test results is
shown in Figure 1.

(1)

where
ρ(E1) is the bulk density of specimens compacted at compaction energy, E1, using an impact compactor,
expressed in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);
ρ∞ is the regression parameter; theoretical maximum achievable bulk density (impact compaction),
expressed in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);
ρ0 is the regression parameter; theoretical initial specimen bulk density (impact compaction), expressed in
megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);
E1 is the compaction energy (impact compactor), expressed with 42 Nm as unit, its numerical value is equal
to the number of blows to each side of the specimen;
C is the regression parameter; compaction resistance (impact compaction, method with different specimens
for each level of compaction energy), expressed with 42 Nm as unit.

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 BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

Key
X compaction energy (42 Nm)/number of impact blows on each specimen side
Y specimen bulk density (Mg/m3)
test values
fitting curve according to Formula (1)
regression parameter ρ0: 1,882 (Mg/m3)
regression parameter ρ∞: 2,386 (Mg/m3)
regression parameter C: 24,7 (42 Nm)

Figure 1 — Example for determination of regression coefficients for evaluation of

compactability on specimens compacted by varied impact compaction energies

NOTE The relative compaction potential, R, can be defined, as a derived value as follows:

R = (ρ∞ − ρ0)/ρ∞

Calculate the three parameters of the formula, ρ0, ρ∞ and C using the least square method applied to the
calculated and experimental densities to obtain the best approximation of the experimental data. For a
single test, express the compaction resistance, C, to two decimal places.
The compaction resistance, C, of a mixture is the arithmetic mean of three single values, expressed to
one decimal place. The three single values shall not differ by more than the permissible variation as
shown in Table 2:

Table 2 — Compaction resistance

Compaction resistance, Compaction resistance, Compaction resistance,
C ≤ 12 12 < C ≤ 25 C > 25
Per m i s s ible
Absolute value 3,18 26,5 % of numerical value Cannot be reliably stated
variation

7.1.2 Same specimen for all levels of compaction energy, recording decreases in thickness

The variation of the reciprocal of the thickness of the compacted specimen as a function of the
compaction energy is expressed by Formula (2) using the regression coefficients t∞, t0 and T. The

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BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

regression coefficients shall be evaluated by using optimization strategies in order to minimize the
sum over the squared difference between measured and modelled values of t(E2).
Even after least-square fitting of the regression parameters t0, t∞ and T, the calculated values may
vary from the measured thicknesses at the beginning and the end of the compaction process. The three
parameters obtained are physically explainable test results but still are of empiric nature and cannot
be applied for calculating the compaction process. A change in the procedure of test evaluation will
significantly affect the calculated parameters.
Alternative procedures (e.g. other forms of regression equations) may be additionally applied for test
evaluation in addition to Formula (2).
An example is shown in Figure 2.

(2)

where
t(E2) is the thickness of the specimen at a compaction energy E2 using an impact compactor, expressed in
millimetres (mm);
t∞ is the regression parameter; calculated minimum achievable specimen thickness (impact compaction),
expressed in millimetres (mm);
t0 is the regression parameter; calculated initial specimen thickness (impact compaction), expressed in
millimetres (mm);
E2 is the compaction energy (impact compactor), expressed with 21 Nm as unit; its numerical value is equal
to the number of blows to the specimen;
T is the regression parameter; compaction resistance (impact compaction, method with the same specimen
for all levels of compaction energy), expressed with 21 Nm as unit.

Calculate the three parameters of the formula t0, t∞, T using the least square method applied to the
calculated and experimental reciprocals of the thickness, to obtain the best approximation of the
experimental data. For a single test, express the compaction resistance, T, to two decimal places.
The compaction resistance, T, of a mixture is the arithmetic mean of three single values, expressed to
one decimal place. The three single values shall not differ by more than 20 % from the numerical value
of the result.

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EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

Key
X compaction energy (21 Nm)/number of impact blows
Y specimen thickness (mm)
test values
fitting curve according to Formula (2)
regression parameter t0: 83,7 (mm)
regression parameter t∞: 64,5 (mm)
regression parameter T: 38,7 (21 Nm)

Figure 2 — Example for determination of regression coefficients for evaluation of

compactability by thickness measurement during impact compaction

7.2 Gyratory compaction

The variation of the void content of the compacted specimen as a function of the compaction energy is
determined from the following formula:
υ (ng) = υ (1) − (K ⋅ ln ng) (3)

where
υ (ng) is the void content for a number of gyration ng, expressed in percent (%);
υ (1) is the calculated void content for one gyration;
K is the compactability (method using a gyratory compactor);
ng is the number of gyrations.

Calculate the two parameters of the formula, υ (1) and K, for the best possible approximation of the
experimental data for a number of gyrations equal or greater than 20, using a linear regression analysis
where ln ng and υ (ng) are the independent and dependent variables respectively. Express the void
content, υ (1), to one decimal place and the compactability, K, to two decimal places.

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BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

7.3 Vibratory compaction

The relationship between the void content and compaction energy is determined from the
following formula:
V(s) = Vs(1) − (k ⋅ log s) (4)

where
V(s) is the difference between air void content at s seconds of vibratory compaction on each side of the
specimen and air void content at refusal (vibratory compaction on each side for 120 s), expressed in
percent (%);
Vs(1) is the calculated difference between air void content at 1s of vibratory compaction on each side of the
specimen, and void content at refusal, expressed in percent (%);
k is the compactability (vibratory compactor);
s is the duration of vibratory compaction on each side, expressed in seconds (s).

8 Test report
The test report shall make reference to this European Standard and include the following:
a) the formula of the mixture;
b) the nature and origin of materials;
c) the method of manufacture of the mixture;
d) the compaction method used (impact with different specimens for each level of compaction energy,
impact with the same specimen for all levels of compaction energy, gyratory, vibratory);
e) the temperature of compaction, and for the gyratory compaction, the diameter of specimen,
effective angle of gyration, force and the speed of rotation;
f) the value of the two (gyratory compaction and vibratory compaction) or three (impact compaction)
parameters which characterize the compactability;
g) the plot of the experimental results on a graph;
h) any operational details not provided for in this European Standard, and anomalies, if any, which
might have affected the results.

9 Precision

9.1 Impact compaction

9.1.1 General

The repeatability and reproducibility of the compaction resistance, C, was determined by a cooperative
test using a bituminous mixture prepared in a mixing plant. The results obtained are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 — Repeatability and reproducibility

Repeatability Reproducibility
Mixture with a compaction resistance
Absolute value 1,4 Absolute value 3,6
C ≤ 12
Mixture with a compaction resistance
12 % of numerical value of results 30 % of numerical value of result
12 < C ≤ 25

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 BS EN 12697‑10:2017
EN 12697‑10:2017 (E)

Repeatability Reproducibility
Mixture with a compaction resistance
Cannot be reliably stated
C > 25

9.1.2 One specimen for all levels of compaction energy, recording decreases in thickness

The repeatability and reproducibility of the compaction resistance, T, was determined by a cooperative
test using a bituminous mixture prepared in a mixing plant. The results obtained, are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 — Repeatability and reproducibility

Repeatability Reproducibility
Precision r = 11 % of numerical value of T R = 22 % of numerical value of T
Standard dev. σr = 4 % of numerical value of T σr = 8 % of numerical value of T

9.2 Gyratory compaction

A study of the repeatability and reproducibility of K was conducted with 17 laboratories working with
the same type of test device, on a laboratory prepared mixture (asphalt concrete for wearing course
with D = 10 mm).
The average value of K was 3,47. The repeatability was 0,14 and the reproducibility 0,24.

9.3 Vibratory compaction

The determination of compactability of bituminous mixtures using vibratory compaction is a tentative
test procedure and its precision has yet to be established.

  13
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