I

ntroducti
onto
SocialEngi
neer
ing

“
Engi
neer
ingt
hemi
ndst
owar
dsSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y”
 Soci
alChange

“
Insi
mpl
ewor
ds
soci
alengi
neer
ing Whati
sSoci
alEngi
neer
ing?
meanst
heuseof Soci
alengi
neer
ingi
sadi
sci
pli
nei
nsoci
alsci
encet
hatr
efer
sto
cent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng ef
for
tst
oinf
luencepar
ti
cul
arat
ti
tudesandsoci
albehav
ior
sona
t
omanagesoci
al l
argescal
e,whet
herbygov
ernment
s,medi
aorpr
ivat
egr
oupsi
n
changeandr
egul
ate or
dert
o pr
oducedesi
red char
act
eri
sti
csi
n at
argetpopul
ati
on.
t
hef
utur
e Soci
alengi
neer
ingcanal
sobeunder
stoodphi
l
osophi
cal
l
yasa
dev
elopmentand det
ermi
nist
icphenomenonwher
ethei
ntent
ionsandgoal
sof
behav
iourofa t
hear
chi
tect
soft
henewsoci
alconst
ructar
ereal
i
zed.
soci
ety
.”
I
n si
mpl
e wor
ds soci
alengi
neer
ing means t
he use of
cent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ngt
omanagesoci
alchangeandr
egul
atet
he
f
utur
edev
elopmentandbehav
iourofasoci
ety
.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingt
ri
gger
spl
annedsoci
alchangeandsoci
al
dev
elopment
;the i
dea t
hatgov
ernment
s can shape and
managekeyf
eat
uresofsoci
ety
,inmucht
hesamewayast
he
economyi
smanaged,assumi
ngt
hatadequat
einf
ormat
ionon
spont
aneous t
rends i
s av
ail
abl
e t
hroughsoci
al
i
ndi
cat
orsandsoci
alt
rends.

Kar
lPopperi
nhi
scl
assi
cpol
i
ticalsci TheOpen
encebook,
Soci
ety and I
ts Enemi
es, v
olume I
,The Spel
l of
Pl
ato(
1945)
,Kar
lPopperexami
ned t
he appl
i
cat
ion of t
he
cr
it
icalandr
ati
onalmet
hodsofsci
encet
othepr
obl
emsoft
he
opensoci
ety
.Int
hisr
espect
,hemadeacr
uci
aldi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weent
hepr
inci
plesofdemocr
ati
csoci
alengi
neer
ing(
what
hecal
l
ed "
piecemealsoci
alengi
neer
i )andUt
ng" opi
ansoci
al
engi
neer
ing.

Popperwr
ote:
 Soci
alChange

The pi
ecemealengi
neerwi
l
l,accor
dingl
y,adoptt
he met
hod of
sear
chi
ngf
or,
andf
ight
ingagai
nst
,thegr
eat
estandmostur
gentev
il
s
ofsoci
ety
,rat
hert
hansear
chi
ngf
or,andf
ight
ingf
or,i
tsgr
eat
est
ul
ti
mat
egood.

Accor
ding t
o Popper
,the di
ff
erence bet
ween "
piecemealsoci
al
engi
neer
ing"and"
Utopi
ansoci
alengi
neer
ing"i
s:

"
Iti
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenar
easonabl
emet
hodofi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hel
ot
ofman,andamet
hodwhi
ch,i
freal
l
ytr
ied,mayeasi
l
yleadt
oan
i
ntol
erabl
eincr
easei
nhumansuf
fer
ing.I
tist
hedi
ff
erencebet
weena
met
hodwhi
chcanbeappl
i
edatanymoment
,andamet
hodwhose
adv
ocacymayeasi
l
ybecomea meansofcont
inual
l
ypost
poni
ng
act
ionunt
ilal
aterdat
e,whencondi
ti
onsar
emor
efav
orabl
e.Andi
tis
al
sot
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heonl
ymet
hodofi
mpr
ovi
ngmat
ter
s
whi
chhassof
arbeenr
eal
l
ysuccessf
ul,
atanyt
ime,
andi
nanypl
ace,
andamet
hodwhi
ch,wher
everi
thasbeent
ri
ed,hasl
edonl
ytot
he
useofv
iol
encei
npl
aceofr
eason,
andi
fnott
oit
sownabandonment
,
atanyr
atet
othatofi
tsor
igi
nal
bluepr
int
.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingPl
annedsoci
alchangeandsoci
aldev
elopment
;
t
hei
deat
hatgov
ernment
scanshapeandmanagekeyf
eat
uresof
soci
ety
,in much t
he same way as t
he economy i
s managed,
assumi
ng t
hatadequat
einf
ormat
ion on spont
aneous t
rends i
s
av
ail
abl
ethr
oughsoci
ali
ndi
cat
orsandsoci
alt
rends r
epor
ts.For
exampl
e,t
heex
tentofwomen'
sempl
oymenti
scl
ear
lydet
ermi
nedi
n
par
tbygov
ernmentpol
i
cyt
opr
omot
eori
mpedewomen'
spai
dwor
k.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingoccur
sint
wof
orms:l
argescal
eandsmal
lscal
e.
Thedebat
esur
roundi
ngt
heset
woappr
oachest
othedesi
gnofsoci
al
 Soci
alChange

i
nst
it
uti
onsconst
it
utesaf
undament
ali
ssuei
ntheet
hicsofsci
ence
and t
echnol
ogy
.To whatext
enti
sitpossi
ble and l
egi
ti
mat
efor
sci
ent
if
icexper
ti
set
oser
veast
hebasi
sforsoci
alpol
i
cyandact
ion?
Can humans use sci
ence t
orat
ional
l
y desi
gn and successf
ull
y
i
mpl
ementan endur
ing soci
ety
? Di
ff
erentconcept
s ofsci
ent
if
ic
knowl
edgeandt
echnol
ogi
cal
act
ionsuppl
ydi
ff
erentanswer
stot
hese
quest
ions and v
ari
ousl
y suppor
tlar
ge scal
ever
sus smal
lscal
e
engi
neer
ingef
for
ts.

Lar
geScal
eSoci
alEngi
neer
ing

Lar
gescal
eef
for
tst
oimpr
ovet
hehumancondi
ti
onar
eamoder
n
phenomenon.Suchendeav
our
srequi
ret
echni
calknowl
edge,pol
i
tical
muscl
e,andeconomi
cresour
ces.I
nsuppor
ti
ngt
hesecl
aims,James
Scot
t(1998)char
act
eri
zest
her
iseofhi
gh moder
nism i
n soci
al-
pol
i
tical
,agr
icul
tur
al,i
ndust
ri
al,andar
chi
tect
uralcont
ext
sdur
ingt
he
l
astt
wo cent
uri
es.Hi
gh moder
nism encompasses a questf
or
aut
hor
it
ari
ancont
rolofbot
hhumanandnonhumannat
ure,abel
i
ef
t
hatcar
eful
l
ycr
aft
edsoci
alor
dersur
passeshappenst
ance,and a
conf
idence i
n sci
ence as a means t
o soci
alpr
ogr
ess.Once t
he
i
mpr
ovementofhumani
ty becomes a pl
ausi
ble st
ate goal
,the
conv
ergenceofr
isi
ngsoci
alsci
ence,st
atebur
eaucr
acy
,andmass
medi
aunder
gir
dsf
ive-
yearcol
l
ect
ivi
stpl
ans,col
oni
aldev
elopment
schemes,r
evol
uti
onar
y agr
icul
tur
alpr
ogr
ams,and t
he l
i
ke,of
ten
undert
hecont
rol
ofasi
ngl
epl
anni
ngent
it
y.

I
nur
banpl
anni
ng,
forexampl
e,Scot
tdet
ail
sthedesi
gnsoft
heSwi
ss
ar
chi
tect
, Char
les-
Edouar
d Jeanner
et, (
1887–1965)
, known
pr
ofessi
onal
l
y asLe Cor
busi
er. ForLe Cor
busi
er,ur
ban desi
gn
expr
essesuni
ver
salsci
ent
if
ict
rut
hs.Hi
sgeomet
ri
csy
mmet
ri
esof
ten
 Soci
alChange

st
ruct
uredhumanact
ivi
ty,
asi
nhabi
tant
sconf
ormedt
othedesi
gnr
athert
hanv
icev
ersa.
Thi
sappr
oachappl
i
edt
oent
ir
eci
ti
esaswel
lasi
ndi
vi
dual
homes(
"machi
nesf
orl
i
ving"
).
Le Cor
busi
er'
sfor
mul
aic concat
enat
ion ofsi
ngl
efunct
ion component
s pr
oduced
si
mpl
i
cit
yvi
awi
del
ysepar
atedspacesf
orl
i
ving,wor
king,shoppi
ng,andr
ecr
eat
ing.
Def
ini
ngt
hegoodoft
hepeopl
e,of
tent
hewor
kingpoor
,int
ermsofdet
ached,
sci
ent
if
ic
pr
inci
plesandt
hei
raut
hor
it
ari
ani
mposi
ti
oni
s,accor
dingt
oScot
t,embl
emat
icofhi
gh
moder
nist
,lar
gescal
eat
tempt
satsoci
alengi
neer
ing.

Smal
lScal
eSoci
alEngi
neer
ing

I
nconcei
vi
ngt
heper
fect
,non-
decay
ingst
ate,Pl
atoenv
isi
onsar
adi
caldepar
tur
efr
om
exi
sti
ng soci
ety
.Mar
xist
s,t
oo,as sel
f-
descr
ibed soci
alengi
neer
s,use hi
stor
ical
i
nter
pret
ati
on i
n ai
ming f
or r
evol
uti
onar
y,hol
i
sti
c change. The Angl
o-Aust
ri
an
Phi
l
osopher
,Kar
l Popper(
1902–1994) cont
rast
sthese ut
opi
an endeav
our
s wi
th
"
piecemeal
soci
alengi
neer
ing.
"Whensoci
etyneedsr
efor
ming,
thepi
ecemeal
engi
neer

Doesnotbel
i
evei
nthemet
hodofr
e-desi
gni
ngi
tasawhol
e.What
everhi
sends,
het
ri
es
t
oachi
evet
hem bysmal
ladj
ust
ment
sandr
e-adj
ust
ment
swhi
chcanbecont
inual
l
y
i
mpr
ovedupon..
..Thepi
ecemealengi
neerknows,
li
keSocr
ates,
howl
i
ttl
eheknows.He
knowst
hatwecanl
ear
nonl
yfr
om ourmi
stakes.Accor
dingl
y,hewi
l
lmakehi
sway
,st
ep
byst
ep,car
eful
l
ycompar
ingt
her
esul
tsexpect
edwi
tht
her
esul
tsachi
eved,andal
way
s
ont
hel
ook-
outf
ort
heunav
oidabl
eunwant
edconsequencesofanyr
efor
m;andhewi
l
l
av
oidunder
taki
ngr
efor
msofacompl
exi
tyandscopewhi
chmakei
timpossi
blef
orhi
m
t
odi
sent
angl
ecausesandef
fect
s,andt
oknowwhathei
sreal
l
ydoi
ng.(
Popper1957,
pp.66–67)

Thesecl
aimsr
esonat
ewi
thCamus'
sdi
str
ustofi
deol
ogi
cal
l
ycal
cul
atedr
evol
uti
onand
hi
s pr
efer
ence f
orl
i
mit
ed buti
nspi
red r
ebel
l
ion.I
n Popper
'sv
iew,mi
stakes ar
e
i
nev
itabl
e,andmor
eradi
cali
nnov
ati
onspr
oducemor
emi
stakes.Becausef
oolpr
oof
 Soci
alChange

soci
alf
ormsar
eunat
tai
nabl
e,somemechani
sm f
ori
dent
if
yingneededi
mpr
ovement
s
mustbeani
ntegr
alpar
tofanecessar
il
ygr
aduali
mpl
ement
ati
onpr
ocess.Thi
svi
ew
cont
rast
s wi
tht
hatofl
arge scal
e soci
alengi
neer
ing on sev
eraldi
mensi
ons and
hi
ghl
i
ght
smul
ti
plepoi
ntsofcont
ent
ion.

Spont
aneousv
ersusConsci
ousl
yCont
rol
ledChange

Popper
's conceptofev
olut
ionar
y epi
stemol
ogy suppor
ts notonl
ythe i
dea t
hat
adv
ancesar
esl
owandpi
ecemeal
butal
sot
hoset
heyar
egui
dedbynoov
erar
chi
ngpl
an.
Thi
svi
ew r
esembl
est
hatoft
het
went
iet
h-cent
uryBr
it
isheconomi
stFr
iedr
ichHay
ek.
Hay
ekemphasi
zest
hev
iew t
hatsi
gni
fi
cantsoci
alphenomenaemer
gespont
aneousl
y
v
iat
heuni
ntendedef
fect
sofi
ndi
vi
dualact
ions,
andhef
indssuppor
tfort
hebenef
it
sof
t
hispr
ocessi
nthei
deasoft
heBr
it
ishpol
i
ticaleconomi
st,Josi
ahTucker(
1711–1799)
,
andespeci
all
ytheAust
ri
aneconomi
stKar
lMenger(
1840–1921)
,thatsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons
compet
ewi
thoneanot
heri
naki
ndofsur
viv
aloft
hef
it
test
.Becauseknowl
edge
r
equi
redf
orl
arge-
scal
epl
anni
ngi
swi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edamongmanymi
ndsandcannotbe
nar
rowl
yconcent
rat
ed,Hay
ekr
eject
scent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng.Popperadv
ocat
es"
negat
ive
ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm,
"the v
iew t
hatpr
oposal
sforr
efor
m shoul
d be j
udged byhow l
i
ttl
e
suf
fer
ingi
scaused.Gov
ernmentshoul
dther
ebyamel
i
orat
eendur
ingsoci
ali
l
ls(
suchas
pov
ert
yand unempl
oyment
)and l
eav
e ef
for
tst
oincr
ease happi
nesst
oindi
vi
dual
ent
erpr
ise.Thesev
iewsshapet
hemet
hod(
moni
tor
ed,i
ncr
ement
alchange)andt
he
goal
s(amel
i
orat
ion)ofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.

The nat
ure ofsoci
alr
efor
m i
s al
so exami
ned byt
he Amer
ican phi
l
osopherand
educat
orJohn Dewey(
1859–1952)
.Butwhen Deweyspeaks aboutt
he need f
or
l
i
ber
ali
sm t
oadv
ancebey
ondi
tsear
lygai
nsi
nsecur
ingi
ndi
vi
dualf
reedom,
hisv
isi
oni
s
i
ncongr
uentwi
tht
hatofHay
ekandPopper
.ForDewey
,li
ber
ali
sm shoul
dadv
ance
asoci
alor
dert
hat"
cannotbeest
abl
i
shedbyanunpl
annedandext
ernalconv
ergenceof
t
he act
ions ofsepar
atei
ndi
vi
dual
s,each ofwhom i
s benton per
sonalpr
ivat
e
adv
ant
age"
.Thi
ssoci
alr
efor
m mustbet
hor
oughgoi
ngi
nit
squestf
ori
nst
it
uti
onal
 Soci
alChange

change.

Fort
hegul
fbet
weenwhatt
heact
ualsi
tuat
ionmakespossi
bleandt
heact
ualst
atei
tsel
f
i
ssogr
eatt
hati
tcannotbebr
idgedbypi
ecemealpol
i
ciesunder
takenadhoc.The
pr
ocessofpr
oduci
ngt
hechangeswi
l
lbe,i
nanycase,agr
adualone.But"
ref
orms"t
hat
dealnowwi
tht
hisabuseandnowwi
tht
hatwi
thouthav
ingasoci
algoalbaseduponan
i
ncl
usi
ve pl
an,
dif
ferent
ir
elyf
rom ef
for
ts atr
efor
ming,i
nit
sli
ter
alsense,t
he
i
nst
it
uti
onalschemeoft
hings.

Deweyseest
henecessi
tyofear
lypl
anni
ngi
nhi
sthi
nki
ngaboutsoci
alr
efor
m,andwhi
l
e
i
tiscl
eart
hatPopperr
est
ri
ctsnotpl
anni
ngpersebutonl
yit
sscopeandmet
hod,
Deweypr
oject
sawi
der
,mor
evi
brantuseofpl
anni
ngi
nachi
evi
ngsoci
alr
enov
ati
on.
Educat
ion,sci
ence(
themet
hodofi
ntel
l
igence)
,andwel
l
-desi
gnedgov
ernmentpol
i
cy
ar
ekey
stosoci
ali
mpr
ovement
.

TheNat
ureofSci
ent
if
icKnowl
edge

Anycal
lforsoci
alengi
neer
ingr
equi
ressomecl
ari
fi
cat
ionoft
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
sci
enceandengi
neer
ing.Popperdi
ff
erent
iat
esnat
uralandsoci
alsci
encei
nway
sthat
Deweydoesnot
.Innat
uralsci
ence,Popper
'sr
eal
i
stper
spect
ivedi
ctat
est
hatt
heor
ies
makecl
aimsaboutunobser
vabl
ereal
i
tiesr
esponsi
blef
orobser
vedr
egul
ari
ti
es.These
cl
aimsar
etest
edbymeansofcont
rol
l
edexper
iment
s.I
ncont
rast
,Popperconst
rues
soci
alsci
enceaspr
oduci
ngl
ow-
lev
elempi
ri
call
awsofanegat
ivesor
t("
youcannot
hav
eful
lempl
oymentwi
thouti
nfl
ati
on"
),whi
char
etest
edt
hroughpr
act
icei
nsoci
al
engi
neer
ing.Thi
samount
stoanar
row v
iew ofsoci
alsci
enceandcont
ri
but
est
othe
cont
rastbet
weenhi
ssci
ent
if
icr
adi
cal
i
sm,whi
chf
ocusesonnat
uralsci
ence,andhi
s
engi
neer
ingconser
vat
ism,whi
chi
sli
nkedt
osoci
alsci
ence.Thecont
rastbet
ween
Dewey t
he pr
agmat
istand Poppert
he r
eal
i
sti
sinst
ruct
ive her
e.Fr
om Dewey
's
pr
agmat
ic per
spect
ive,"
the ul
ti
mat
e obj
ect
s ofsci
ence ar
e gui
ded pr
ocesses of
change"
.Bot
hnat
uralsci
enceandsoci
alsci
encepr
ovi
deani
l
lust
rat
ionoft
hisconcept
.
 Soci
alChange

Popper
'sgener
alav
ersi
ont
oabst
ractt
heor
iesi
nsoci
alsci
encemaybel
i
nkedt
ohi
s
desi
ret
orej
ectcer
tai
ntheor
ies,
suchast
hatoft
heAust
ri
anpsy
chi
atr
istSi
gmundFr
eud,
ont
hebasi
sofunf
alsi
fi
abi
l
ty.Dewey
'saccept
anceofawi
derr
angeoft
heor
ypl
us
empi
ri
call
aw i
n soci
alsci
ence al
l
owsf
ort
est
ing t
o occuri
n a gr
eat
err
ange of
ci
rcumst
ances,
notonl
yinpr
act
ice(
whi
chi
sof
tenpr
obl
emat
ic:ev
enpi
ecemealchange
si
mul
taneousl
yint
roduces mul
ti
ple causalf
act
ors)butal
so i
n cont
rol
l
ed,ev
en
l
abor
ator
y,set
ti
ngs.Cont
empor
aryst
udi
esi
nsoci
alsci
enceembr
acesuchmet
hods,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hoseofsi
mul
ati
on.Mor
eov
er,
whengui
dedbyt
heor
yandexper
iment
alt
est
s,
changesi
ntr
oducedi
ntopr
act
iceneednotbesmal
lscal
e.Lar
ge-
scal
echangesmaybe
i
ntr
oducedf
orl
argerscal
epr
obl
ems(
sucht
heGr
eatDepr
essi
onordi
seaseepi
demi
cs)
.
Li
nki
ngSci
encet
oPr
act
icePopperandDeweydi
ff
erwhenr
elat
ingsci
encet
osoci
al
engi
neer
ing.I
ndi
sput
eswi
tht
heAmer
icanphi
l
osopherThomasKuhn(
1922–1996)
,
Popperemphasi
zest
hev
alueofcr
it
icalandr
evol
uti
onar
yact
ion(
bol
dconj
ect
uresand
sev
eret
est
s)ov
erandabov
etheuncr
it
icalpl
oddi
ngofnor
malsci
ence.Thi
scont
rast
s
wi
thhi
srecommendat
ionsf
orsoci
alengi
neer
ingwher
eact
ionshoul
dbepi
ecemeal
.
Thi
scont
rast
,acknowl
edgedbyPopper(
1976)hi
msel
f,mayar
isef
rom t
heuseoft
he
sci
ent
if
iccommuni
tyasamodelf
orsoci
etyatl
arge.Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
hedegr
eeof
opennessandf
rui
tf
ulnessofcr
it
ici
sm di
ff
erssi
gni
fi
cant
lywi
thi
ntheset
wor
eal
ms.
Rober
tAcker
mannpr
oposest
hatanexpl
anat
ion"
oft
her
elat
ivei
sol
ati
onoft
heor
eti
cal
sci
ent
if
icknowl
edgef
rom pr
act
icalconcer
nsi
srequi
redt
oexpl
ainhowaf
orm ofsoci
al
conser
vat
ism canbehel
dconsi
stent
lywi
thaf
orm oft
heor
eti
cal
radi
cal
i
sm"
.

Suchconcer
nsar
erel
atedt
oScot
t'
sanal
ysi
sofwhyl
argescal
eschemeshav
eof
ten
f
ail
ed t
oimpr
ovet
he human condi
ti
on.Scot
tsees knowl
edge ofhow t
o at
tai
n
wor
thwhi
l
e,sust
ainabl
esol
uti
onsasbei
ngder
ivednotf
rom sci
ent
if
ict
heor
y,norf
rom
t
hel
owl
evel
empi
ri
cal
lawsci
tedbyPopper
,butbyaf
or met
m ofknowhow( is,
from t
he
anci
entGr
eek)r
oot
edi
nlocal
i
zed,cul
ti
vat
edpr
act
ice.Li
keDewey
'sconcept
ion,whi
ch
bui
l
dsani
nher
entnor
mat
iveel
ement(
"gui
dedpr
ocesses"
)int
oknowl
edgei
tsel
f,t
her
e
i
snoneedt
osear
chf
ormeansofef
fect
ive"
appl
i
cat
ion.
"Thei
mpl
i
cat
ioni
sthatusef
ul
 Soci
alChange

knowl
edgespr
ingsf
rom cont
ext
ual
i
zedact
ivi
ti
es,notf
rom usi
ngl
ocalcondi
ti
onst
ofi
l
l
i
nthev
ari
abl
esofgener
alpr
inci
ples.Thi
svi
ewr
aisesser
iousdoubt
saboutt
hepr
act
ical
r
elev
ance ofsci
ent
if
ic exper
ti
se,i
nthe moder
n sense,and i
ts abi
l
ityt
o pr
oduce
sust
ainabl
esol
uti
onst
o soci
alpr
obl
ems.I
ndeed,somehav
esuggest
ed t
hatsuch
l
i
mit
ati
onsexi
stnotonl
yinl
argescal
eent
erpr
isesbutal
soi
nsmal
lscal
eef
for
ts
i
nvol
vi
ngmor
enar
rowl
yfocusedpr
obl
ems.Anar
rowf
ocuscanunder
minet
heneedt
o
addr
essl
argeri
ssuesandl
ongr
unconcer
nsandcanmi
ret
hepol
i
ticalpr
ocessi
n
gr
idl
ock.Fr
om t
heseconsi
der
ati
ons,i
tshoul
dbecl
eart
hatsmal
lscal
eengi
neer
ing
of
fer
snopanaceaandt
hatdi
ff
erentconcept
sofsmal
lscal
eent
erpr
isepoi
ntt
hewayi
n
somewhatdi
ff
erentdi
rect
ions.

I
mpactoft
heSoci
alEngi
neer
ingI
ssues

Quest
ionsconcer
ningappr
opr
iat
escal
eandt
hei
nter
act
ionofsoci
alsci
enceandsoci
al
engi
neer
inghav
ewi
dei
mpact
.Anent
ir
eschoolofsoci
alsci
ent
ist
susePopperasa
gui
dei
ntr
yingt
odesi
gnef
fect
ivesoci
alpol
i
cy.Thewor
ksoft
hei
ncr
ement
ali
stChar
les
Li
ndbl TheI
om ( ntel
l
igenceofDemocr
acy
;Usabl
eKnowl
edge:Soci
alSci
enceandSoci
al
Pr
obl
em Sol
vi
ng;
Inqui
ryandChange:TheTr
oubl
edAt
temptt
oUnder
standandShape
Soci
ety
;et
c.)pr
ovi
de,byt
it
leal
one,somemeasur
eoft
hei
mpactofPopperandDewey
andofsoci
alsci
ent
ist
s'pur
sui
tofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.Mor
eov
er,di
ff
erencesbet
ween
pl
anned, r
ule-
gov
erned (
top-
down) v
ersus unpl
anned, ev
olut
ionar
y (
bot
tom-
up)
appr
oachesi
nfor
m met
hodol
ogi
cal
l
ydi
ver
seex
plor
ati
onswi
thi
nsoci
alsci
encei
tsel
f.
Whet
herornothumanscanef
fect
ivel
ydesi
gnsoci
alsy
stemsi
sessent
ial
l
yaquest
ion
concer
ning human i
ntel
l
igence,and ef
for
tst
o bui
l
d aut
omat
ed i
ntel
l
igentsy
stems
conf
rontt
he same met
hodol
ogi
calcont
rov
ersy concer
ning r
ule-
gov
erned v
ersus
connect
ioni
st,
evol
uti
onar
ydesi
gns.Fi
nal
l
y,cont
rov
ersi
esov
ert
hepr
omi
sesofpl
anned
soci
eti
escont
inuet
oechot
hedi
sput
ebet
weenPopperandMar
xist
sov
ert
het
rue
nat
ureofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.
 Soci
alChange

Per
sonalAwar
eness

Per
sonalawar
enessandr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
ncl
udet
heski
l
ls,st
rat
egi
es,anddi
sposi
ti
ons
t
hathel
pust
ost
ayheal
thyandact
ive,setgoal
s,moni
torpr
ogr
ess,r
egul
ateemot
ions,
r
espectourownr
ight
sandt
her
ight
sofot
her
s,managest
ress,
andper
sev
erei
ndi
ff
icul
t
si
tuat
ions. Peopl
e who demonst
rat
e per
sonal awar
eness and r
esponsi
bil
i
ty
demonst
rat
esel
f-
respectandexpr
essasenseofper
sonal
wel
l
-bei
ng.

Personal awar
eness and r
esponsi
bil
i
ty ar
e one of thr
ee inter
rel
ated
competenciest
hatrel
atet
othebroadareaofSoci
alandEmoti
onalLear
ning
(SEL):

1.Posi
ti
veper
sonal
andcul
tur
ali
dent
it
y(PPCI
)
2.Per
sonal
awar
enessandr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
3.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Per
sonalawar enessandr esponsi
bil
it
yi ncl
udespersonaleffi
cacyandsel
f-
adv ocacy
—theabi l
it
iest hatweuset ounderst andandtaker esponsibi
l
ityf
orouract i
ons,
i
ncl
udingourlear ning;t
omakeconst r
uct i
veandethi
caldecisi
onsaboutourpersonal
andsocialbehav iour;andt orecognizeandacceptconsequences,under standing
howouractionsaf fectourownwel l
-beingandthatofothers.

Developmentofper sonalawar enessandr esponsibil

i
tybeginswi thinfami l
i
esand
communi ti
es,beforeweent erf ormalschooling,andexpandsatev erylev elof
schooli
ng.Ateachst age,wemai nt
ainandenhancecompet enciesfrom pr evious
stages,while developing new ski ll
s.We mov ef rom demonst rati
ng per sonal
responsi
bil
it
y i n r elati
vely si mple and hi ghly suppor t
ed si t
uations, t o
demonst r
ati
ngi ncreasingi ndependencei nmor ecompl exandv ar
iedcont exts.
Thedev el
opmentofcompet encyi npersonalawar enessandr esponsibil
it
ydoes
notendwi t
hschoolgr aduation,butcont i
nuest odev elopi nper sonal,soci al,
educati
onal,andwor kplacecont exts.
 Soci
alChange

1.Sel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion
People who are personal
lyaware and responsi
ble have a sense ofpersonal
effi
cacyandgr owingconfi
denceinav ari
etyofsit
uati
ons.Theyv aluethemsel
ves,
thei
rideas,andt hei
raccomplishments.Theycanexpr esstheirneedsandseek
helpwhent heyneedi t,t
of i
ndpurposeandmot i
vati
onandactoni t
,andto
advocatetothemselves.

1.Theycanshowasenseofaccompl
i
shmentandj
oy.
2.Theycancel
ebr
atet
hei
ref
for
tsandaccompl
i
shment
s.
3.Theycanadv
ocat
efort
hemsel
vesandt
hei
rideas.
4.Theycani
magi
neandwor
ktowar
dchangei
nthemsel
vesandt
hewor
ld.
5.Theyt
aket
hei
nit
iat
ivet
oinf
ormt
hemsel
vesaboutcont
rov
ersi
ali
ssues.

2.Sel
f-
regul
ati
on

Peoplewhoar eper sonal

l
yawar eandr esponsibletaker esponsi
bil
it
yforthei
rown
choicesandacti
ons.Theysetgoal s,monit
orpr ogress,andunderstandandregul
ate
thei
remot i
ons.Theyar eawaret hatl
earni
ngi nvolvespat i
enceandt i
me.Theycan
persever
ei n di
ffi
cultsituat
ions,and t o understand how t hei
r acti
ons aff
ect
themselvesandothers.

1.Theycansomet
imesr
ecogni
zeemot
ions.
2.Theycanusest
rat
egi
est
hathel
pthem managet
hei
rfeel
i
ngsandemot
ions.
3.Theycanper
sev
erewi
thchal
l
engi
ngt
asks.
4.Theycani
mpl
ement
,moni
tor
,andadj
ustapl
anandassesst
her
esul
ts.
5.Theycant
akeowner
shi
poft
hei
rgoal
s,l
ear
ning,
andbehav
iour
.

3.Wel
l-
bei
ng

Peopl
ewhoar
eper
sonal
l
yawar
eandr
esponsi
bler
ecogni
zehow t
hei
rdeci
sions
 Soci
alChange

andact i
onsaf fecttheirment al
,physical,emot i
onal
,soci al
,cognit
ive,andspir
itual
wellness,andt akei ncreasi
ngresponsi bil
i
tyf orcar
ingf orthemselves.Theykeep
themselvesheal thyandphy si
cal
lyact iv
e,managest ress,andexpressasenseof
personalwel l
-being.Theymakechoi cest hatcontributetot hei
rsaf et
yint heir
communi t
ies,including onli
ne int
eract i
ons.Theyr ecognize the import
ance of
happinessandhav est r
ategi
esthathelpt hem f i
ndpeacei nchall
engingsit
uati
ons.

1.Theycanparti
ci
patei
nact
ivi
ti
est
hatsuppor
tthei
rwel
l
-bei
ngandt
ell
/showhow
theyhel
pthemsel
ves.
2.Theycant
akesomer
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hei
rphy
sical
andemot
ional
wel
l
-bei
ng.
3.Theycanmakechoi
cesthatbenefi
tthei
rwell
-bei
ngandkeept
hem saf
eint
hei
r
communit
y,i
ncl
udi
ngthei
ronli
neinter
acti
ons.
4.Theycanusest
rat
egi
est
ofi
ndpeacei
nst
ressf
ult
imes.
5.Theycansust
ainaheal
thyandbal
ancedl
i
fest
yle.
 Soci
alChange

Prof
ile1:Wit
hsuppor t
,Icanshow asenseofaccompli
shmentandj
oy,andexpr
ess
somewant s,needs,and pr
eferences.Icansomet
imesrecogni
zeemoti
ons.Ican
part
ici
pat
einacti
vit
iest
hatsupportmywell-
bei
ng.

Profi
le2:Inasafe,suppor
ti
veenvi
ronment ,Icansharemyi deasandaccompl i
shments,
andacceptresponsibi
li
tyf
ormyactions.Icanusest r
ategi
est hati
ncreasemyfeeli
ngof
well-
beingandhelpmemanagemyf eeli
ngsandemot i
ons.Icanconnectmyact i
ons
withbothposi
tiv
eandnegat i
veconsequences.Imakedeci sionsaboutmyactivi
ti
esand,
withsupport
,takesomer esponsi
bil
it
yf ormyphy si
calandemot i
onalwell
-bei
ng.Ican
expressmywant sandneedsandcelebratemyef for
tsandaccompl ishment
s.
 Soci
alChange

Profi
le3:Icanrecognizemyst r
engthsandusest r
ategiestof ocus,managest ress,and
accomplishmygoal s.Icanbef ocusedanddet ermined.Icansetr eali
sti
cgoal s,use
str
ategi
est oaccomplishthem,andper sev
erewi
thchal l
engingt asks.IcantellwhenI
am becomi ngangry,upset,orfr
ustrated,andIhavest r
ategiest ocalm my self.Ican
makechoi cesthatbenefi
tmywel l
-beingandkeepmesaf einmycommuni t
y,includi
ng
myonl i
neinter
acti
ons.Iadvocat
ef ormy sel
fandmyideas; Iacceptmy self
.

Profile4:Icanr ecognizemyv alueandadv ocatef ormyrights.Itakeresponsi bi

li
tyfor
mychoi ces,myact i
ons,andmyachi evement s.Icansetpr i
orit
ies;i
mpl ement ,monit
or,
andadj ustaplan;andassesst heresults.It aker esponsi
bil
it
yf ormyl earning,seeki
ng
helpasIneedi t.Iusest rategiesf orwor kingt owardahealthyandbal ancedl if
estyl
e,for
dealingwithemot ionalchal l
enges, andf orf indi
ngpeacei nstressfulti
mes.Iknowhow
tofindthesocialsuppor tIneed.Ihav ev aluableideastoshar e;Icanimagi neandwor k
towar dchangeinmy selfandint hewor l
d.

Profil
e5:Icani denti
fymyst rengt hsandl imits,findinternalmot i
vati
on,andacton
opportuni
ti
esf orself-
growth.It aker esponsibili
t yformaki nget hicaldecisi
ons.Ican
takeownershipofmygoal s,learni ng,andbehav iour;Iactonwhati sbest ,ov
ertime,in
termsofmygoal sandaspi rations. Ir ecognizet hei mpli
cationsofmychoi cesand
consultwithot herswhomaybeaf fectedbymydeci sions.Isust ai
naheal thyand
balancedli
festyl
e.Iam awar eofmyper sonaljour neyandr efl
ectonmyexper i
encesas
awayofenhanci ngmywel l-bei nganddeal i
ngwi thchallenges.Icanadv ocat
ef or
my sel
finstressfulsi
tuati
ons.It aket hei ni
ti
ativet oinfor
m my selfaboutcont r
oversi
al
i
ssuesandt akeet hi
calposit
ions.
 Soci
alChange

Ty
pesofResponsi
bil
it
ies

Maj
orl
yresponsi
bil
i
tiescanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes:

1.Per
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty

2.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanbedef
inedas“
thei
deat
hathumanbei
ngschoose,
inst
igat
e,
orot
her
wisecauset
hei
rownact
ions”andsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanbedef
inedas“
an
et
hicalf
ramewor
kandsuggest
sthatanent
it
y,bei
tanor
gani
zat
ionori
ndi
vi
dual
,hasan
obl
i
gat
iont
oactf
ort
hebenef
itofsoci
etyatl
arge.
”

Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanbecont
rast
edt
othei
deat
hathumanact
ionsar
ecausedby
condi
ti
ons bey
ond t
he agent
’s cont
rol
. Si
nce t
he l
ate 19t
h-cent
ury
,per
sonal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyhas become i
ncr
easi
ngl
yassoci
ated wi
th pol
i
ticalconser
vat
ism and
l
i
ber
tar
iani
sm.Mor
erecent
ly,per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tyhasbeenassoci
ated wi
tht
he
r
efor
m ofsoci
alwel
far
epr
ogr
ams.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenPer
sonal
Responsi
bil
it
y&Soci
alResponsi
bil
it
y:

Di
ff
erentdi
cti
onar
iesdef
inet
het
ermsdi
ff
erent
ly.Webst
erdi
cti
onar
ydef
inessoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesast
heobl
i
gat
ionst
oful
fi
lthedut
iesassi
gned,i
nawayt
hatwoul
d
benef
itt
he soci
ety as a whol
e,r
athert
han as i
ndi
vi
dual
s.Wher
eas,per
sonal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesar
ethedut
iesassi
gnedt
oensur
eanov
eral
limageoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
concer
ninghi
s/hermor
alcodeasper
cei
vedbyt
hesoci
ety
.But
,theexpl
anat
ionof
per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanv
aryf
rom peopl
etopeopl
e,dependi
ngent
ir
elyont
hei
r
i
ndi
vi
dual
thoughtpr
ocess.
 Soci
alChange

Theet
hicalf
ramewor
kthatput
sev
eryi
ndi
vi
dualandor
gani
zat
ionunderobl
i
gat
iont
o
actf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hesoci
etyv
ari
esdependi
ngont
heageandbusi
ness.Asa
st
udent
,thei
rsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
stoacti
nsuchawayt
hati
tmi
nimi
zest
headv
erse
ef
fect
soft
hei
ract
ionont
hosei
mmedi
atel
ysur
roundi
ngt
hem.Wher
eas,t
hecor
por
ate
soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesr
equi
reacommi
tmentf
rom t
hecor
por
atest
owar
dst
hel
ocal
communi
ty,t
hecount
ry’
seconomy
,andt
hequal
i
tyofl
i
feoft
hewor
kfor
ce.Thesoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyofsci
ent
ist
sandengi
neer
sbi
ndsandhol
dst
hem r
esponsi
blef
ort
he
posi
ti
ve and negat
ive consequences of t
hei
r wor
k.Al
so,t
he combi
ned soci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hesei
ndi
vi
dual
sist
hechoi
ceandconductoft
hei
rwor
k.”

1.Per
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty
2.Mor
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
3.Legal
responsi
bil
i
ty
4.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Act
ivi
ty1:
Sur
ya’
schoi
ce

Sur
yawasnear
lyr
eadyt
oleav
eforschool
whenhi
sfat
hercamei
ntot
heki
tchen.

“
Sur
ya,Ir
eal
l
yneedy
ourhel
ptodayi
nthef
iel
ds.Can’
tyoust
ayathomeandnotgot
o
school
?Thecr
opswi
l
lbedamagedi
fwel
eav
ethem anyl
onger
.”

Sur
yawasnothappy
.

“
Dad,
Ineedt
ogot
oschoolt
oday
,”hesai
d,“
it
’st
hef
ir
stmeet
ingoft
hest
udentcounci
l
andI
’
vej
ustbeenel
ect
edasoneoft
he8t
hgr
ader
epr
esent
ati
ves.
”

“
Buty
ouwon’
tbet
heonl
yone,
wil
lyou?
”sai
dhi
sfat
her
,“i
twon’
tmat
teri
fyoudon’
tgo.
Ther
ear
eot
her8t
hgr
ader
eps,
aren’
tther
e?”
 Soci
alChange

“
Yes,butI
’
llbel
ett
ingdownt
hepeopl
ewhoel
ect
edmei
fIdon’
tgo.Besi
des,wehav
e
oursci
encel
essont
oday
.Idon’
twantt
omi
ssi
t.Ihav
egott
opassmyexamsi
fI’
m
goi
ngt
ogett
ouni
ver
sit
y.”

Sur
ya’
sfat
hergr
unt
edunhappi
l
y.

“
Yout
alkaboutgoi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
yasi
fyourf
ami
l
ydoesn’
tmat
ter
.Whycan’
tyousee
t
hatweneedy
ouathome?Whathel
pwi
l
lyoubet
ousi
fyougoawayt
ouni
ver
sit
y?And
wher
ewi
l
lyougowheny
ouhav
egoty
ourqual
i
ficat
ions?Youar
en’
tli
kel
ytocomeback
her
e,t
hat
’sf
orsur
e.”

“
Youshoul
dbepl
easedt
hatIwantt
ogetoni
nli
fe,
”Sur
yashout
edangr
il
y,“
unl
i
kemost
oft
heboy
sroundher
e.Theyhav
egotnoambi
ti
on.They
’l
lendupdoi
ngwhatt
hei
r
f
ather
sdi
d.”

“
Ther
e’snot
hingwr
ongwi
thabi
tofr
espectf
ort
heol
dergener
ati
on,
”Sur
ya’
sfat
her
r
epl
i
ed,hi
stemperr
isi
ng.“
Allt
hist
alkofeducat
iont
heseday
s,i
tmakesmesi
ck.I
t
seemst
omey
ouhav
efor
got
tensomeoft
heol
dval
ues,wher
eweal
lpul
l
edt
oget
her
.
You’
rej
ustoutf
ory
our
sel
f.
”

Sur
yasi
ghed.Hehadhear
dal
lthi
sbef
ore.

“
Dad,
ifIdogetagoodj
ob,
Iwon’
tfor
gety
ouandt
hef
ami
l
y.Howcoul
dyout
hinkI
’
ddo
t
hat
?Doy
our
eal
l
ywantmet
oleav
eschool
andnotachi
evewhatIknowI
’
m capabl
eof
?
Al
lmyt
eacher
ssayIcoul
dbeagoodsci
ent
ist
.May
beonedayI
’
llmakedi
scov
eri
est
hat
wi
l
lhel
pev
ery
onei
nthewor
ld.
”

Sur
ya’
sfat
herbangedt
het
abl
e.

“
Yourf
ir
stdut
yist
othef
ami
l
yandt
hiscommuni
ty,especi
all
ynowt
imesar
esohar
d.
You’
ref
il
li
ngy
ourheadwi
thdr
eams.Whatdoy
oucar
eaboutt
her
eal
wor
ld?
”

Thi
shur
tSur
yabuthedi
dn’
twantt
oshow i
t.Forasecondhest
aredathi
sfat
heri
n
si
l
entdef
iance.Thent
heol
dmant
urnedr
oundandl
eftt
hehouse,
slammi
ngt
hedooras
 Soci
alChange

hewent
.

Sur
yasatdownandsi
ghed.Het
houghtf
orami
nut
eandt
henmadeuphi
smi
nd.He
pi
ckeduphi
sschoolbagandt
urnedt
owar
dst
hedoor
.Thenhest
opped,t
ookouta
sheetofpaperandsatdownt
owr
it
eanot
etohi
sfat
her
.Itwast
hehar
destt
hinghehad
donei
nhi
sli
fe.

Di
scussi
onpoi
nts:

1.Whatdoest hestorysayaboutt hekindofresponsibil

i
tiesSur
yahas?How many
dif
fer
entkindsofresponsibi
li
tycanyousee(responsibi
li
tytohi
msel
f,t
ohisf
amily
,
totheschool,
tot
hel ocalcommunityort
othewi derworl
d) ?

2.Whatdoy
out
hinkSur
yashoul
ddoandwhy
?Doesev
ery
onei
nthecl
assagr
ee?

3.Howdi
ff
icul
tadeci
siondoy
out
hinkSur
yahas?Whatmakesi
tdi
ff
icul
t?

4.Whatr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesdoesSur
ya’
sfat
herhav
eint
hest
ory
?Howmanycany
ousee?

5.Doy
out
hinkt
hatSur
ya’
sfat
herwasr
ightt
oaskhi
mtost
ayathome?

6.How seri
ouswoul
ditbei
fSury
adi sobeyedhisfather
?Woul
dthi
sbeadi
ff
icul
t
deci
sionf
orSur
yat
omake?Gi
vereasonsforyouranswer.

Task:

I
nyourownwor
ds,wr
it
edownwhaty
out
hinkMi
l
anwr
otet
ohi
sfat
her
.Compar
eyour
v
ersi
onwi
tht
hoseofot
her
sint
hecl
ass.Thest
udent
sshar
ethei
rideaswi
tht
hecl
ass.

Thet
eacherr
espondst
otheset
hought
soraskst
hecl
asst
othi
nkmor
egener
all
yabout
t
heki
ndsofr
esponsi
bil
i
typeopl
ehav
etowar
ds:

•t
hemsel
ves;
 Soci
alChange

•t
hei
rfami
l
y;
•t
hei
rlocalcommuni
ty;
•t
henat
ionalcommuni
ty;
•t
hewi
derwor
ld.

Li
stofI
ndi
vi
dualResponsi
bil
it
iest
oFul
fi
l

1.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYoursel
f
2.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYourFamil
y
3.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsWork
4.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsCountry
5.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsHumanity

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYour
sel
f

 Doi
ngthingsforyoursel
f.
 Ear
ntobecomesel f-
reli
anti
.e.payf
orf
ood,
clot
hing,
shel
ter
,tr
avel
,et
c..
 Beheal
thy,wealt
hy,andhappy .
Youful
fi
lthisResponsi
bil
it
yasaSel f
-i
nter
estedPerson.
Bei
ngself
-inter
est
edisabsolut
elyf
ine,j
usttr
ynottobecomesel
fi
sh.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsFami
ly

 Spendquali
tyti
meandt akecareofthefamil
y.
 Takecareofparentsinol dage.
 Alsolookaf
terin-l
awsi nol dage.
 Teachgoodv al
uest oy ourchil
dren.
 I
fy ouhavechil
dren,thent heyareyourbi
ggestandmosti
mpor
tantr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaFami
lyMember
.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsWor
k

 Ful
fil
responsi
bil
it
iestowardsyourjob,
busi
ness,bl
ogging,consul
tancy
,et
c.
 Ify
ouar eapersoni nauthori
ty,youar
eresponsi
bleforyourownact i
onsaswel
l
asthatofthepeopledownt heline.
 Soci
alChange

Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaPr
ofessi
onal
.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYourCount
ry

 Paytaxtocontri
butetowar dsbet
ter
mentofthenation.
 Votetoelectr
epresentat
ives,whoworkforbet
termentofall
.
 Provi
defeedbacktothegov er
nmenti
ntheform ofsuggest
ionsandcompl
aint
s.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaCi
ti
zen.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsHumani
ty

 Donatetohelpt
heneedyandl esspri
vil
eged.
 Rai
sev oi
ceagainstal
lki
ndsofi nj
usti
cewhichi
saGoodHabi
taswel
lasaGood
Karma.
 RespectRi
ghtsofanIndi
vidual.
 Abovealll
ove,l
i
ke,car
e,share,andacceptot
her
sast
heyar
e.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaHumanBei
ng.
 Soci
alChange

Soci
alChange

Changehasbeenanev erpresentuni
ver
salreali
ty.GreekPhi
losopherHer
acl
itushas
wri
tten.i
simpossibl
eforamant ojumpi nt
ot hesamer iv
ertwice”.I
tisimpossibl
e
becauseint
heinterv
albetweentwojumps,ther i
verandthepersonbothgetnatur
all
y
changed.

Changeisthelawofli
fe.Natureal
wayschanges.Soi sthecaseofsociety.Nosoci
etyis
orcanbeast ati
csociety.Li
kenatur
e,itissubjectt
oacont i
nuouspr ocessofchange.
A.W.Gr ew has ri
ghtly observ
ed that“ Each societ
yi si n a state ofconstant
disequi
l
ibr
ium andsocialchangecharacter
ist
icseachsociety.Not
hingsocialremains
thesame,itl
iv
eswithacont i
nuousprocessofsocialchange”
.

Eachsoci et
yi ssubjecttoacont i
nuouschange,andchangemeansanyal terat
ion
di
fferenceormodi fi
cati
onthatcomesi nasituati
onorinanobjectt hr
ought ime.It
means,asFi tcherwrit
es“avari
ati
onf r
om pr
ev i
ousmodeofexistence”,changeasa
processofsocialev
oluti
onfr
om simpletoamorecomplexfor
m ofsociety.

Her egardschangesi nadapt

ati
onasamaj ordri
vingforceofsoci
alchange.Human
bei
ngsar ealwaysi nvol
vedintheprocessofadaptati
onalongthechangesint heir
natural
,social
,cultural
,economicandpoli
ti
calcondit
ionsandintheprocess,social
changecomesov eraper i
odofti
me.

MacIverandPagehav ewrit
ten,Societyisawebofsoci alrel
ationshi
ps.Socialchange
i
mpl i
eschangesi nthenat ureand f unct
ioning oftheser elati
onshi
ps.Sincet hese
rel
ati
onshi
psarebasedonsoci alnor msandv al
ues,socialchangei mpli
eschangesi n
soci
alnorms,values,st
ruct
ures,insti
tuti
ons,processes,funct i
ons,pat
tersofhuman
behavi
ourcondi
ti
onsoflif
eandt hewhol esocialsetup.Socialchangeisav er
ycompl ex
phenomenon.

Sociol
ogistsare mostinter
est
ed in understandi
ng changesthatinf
luence ex
isti
ng
patt
ernsofsociali
nst
ructi
onsandrel
ations.Theyareconcernedwit
hchangesinvalues,
norms,rolesandi
nsti
tut
ions.Al
lsoci
eti
esev ol
v eandchangeoveraperi
odoftime.

Socialchangeisanat uralpartofthepr ocessofhumangr owthandevoluti

on.Several
i
nternalandext ernalfactorsplayamaj orr ol
eint hi
spr ocess.Furt
her,thenatureof
socialchangecanbepr ogressiveorr egressi
ve,temporaryorper manent,plannedor
unplanned,unidir
ect i
onalormul ti
-di
recti
onalbenef i
cialorhar mful
.Itcan beswi ft
radi
calandr ev
olutionaryorasl ow,gradualandev olut
ionary.“Thesoci
etyhast oadj
ust
withswiftandradicalchanges,howev eriteasi
lyabsorbst heslowandst eadychanges
whichkeeponcomi ngcontinuousl
yov ertime.”
 Soci
alChange

I
tmustbehowev ercl
earlyunderstoodthatsoci
alchangeisdif
ferentfr
om evoluti
onand
revoluti
on.I
tisav er
ycompl exandper plexi
ngphenomenon.Soci ologi
stshav ebeen
adv ocati
ngseveraldi
ffer
enttheor i
esofsocialchange.Letusdefinesocialchangeand
discussthecharacter
isti
csfactors,pat
ternsandtheori
esofsocialchange.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofsoci
alchanges:
Onthebasisoftheabov edef
ini
ti
onsandconsi
deri
ngtheviewsofal ar
genumberof
well
-knownsoci
ologi
sts,
wecanident
if
ythef
oll
owingessent
ialchar
act
eri
sti
csofSoci
al
Change.

1.Uni
ver
sal
it
yofSoci
alChange:

Socialchangei suniver
sal
.Itcharact
erisesever
ysoci ety.Nosoci et
yisst ati
c.Itis
continuouslyinf
lux.Thi
sbecomesev identfr
om thefactt hateachmoder nsocietyis
todaydi ff
erentf
rom it
spastf or
m.Undert heimpactofsev er
alinter
nalandext er
nal
factors,eachsociet
yexper
ienceschangesinitsstr
uctures,funct
ions,i
nsti
tuti
onsand
processes.

2.Soci
alChangei
snotuni
for
m:

SocialChangedi f
fer
sf r
om societ
ytosociety.Changeisthelaw ofnatur
e.Changei s
thespiceofl if
e.Howev er,i
tcanbepr ogressiv
eorr egressi
ve,posi
ti
veornegat iv
e,
permanentort emporary,pl
anned orunplanned,unidi
recti
onalormul t
i¬di
rect
ional,
benefi
cialorharmful
.

Eachsociet
yhasi
tsownhistoryandcul
tur
eandhencet heprocessandnatureofsoci
al
changealwaysdi
ff
ersfrom societ
ytosociet
y.Thi
smakesi tessent
ialforthesoci
al
sci
enti
ststost
udythepr
ocessandnatureofsoci
alchangeineachsociet
y.

3.Soci
alChangei
nvol
vesCommuni
tyChange:

Soci
alChange does notmean the change inthe l
i
fe ofan i
ndi
vi
dualorsever
al
i
ndiv
idual
sorsomegr oupsofindi
vi
duals.Iti
sachangeinvol
vi
ngtheli
feoft
heenti
re
community.I
tcharact
eri
sesandinfl
uencest heli
feofthewholecommunit
y.I
tisa
communitychangeandnotani
ndivi
dualchange.

4.Nat
ureandSpeedofSoci
alChangei
nVar
iousSoci
eti
esi
sDi
ff
erent
:

I
nal lsoci
eti
esthenat ureandspeedofsoci alchangev ari
es.Eachsoci
etyhasitown
hi
storyandcult
ur e.Natural
l
y,itexper
iencessocialchangewhichisdif
fer
entinnatur
e
andspeedf r
om thesocialchangewhichcomesi nev er
yothersoci
ety
.

Thespeedofchangei
nsomesoci
eti
esi
ssl
ow whi
l
einot
her
siti
sfastandr
api
d.I
n
 Soci
alChange

soci
eti
eswit
hlowlev
elsofl
iter
acyanddevel
opment,t
hespeedofsoci
alchangei
nsl
ow.
Inadevel
opedandhi
ghlyl
it
eratesoci
etyt
hesoci
alchangespeedi
l
ycomes.

5.Soci
alChangei
sagai
nrel
ati
vet
oTi
me:

SocialChangecharact
eri
seseachsociet
y.It
sspeed,however,al
waysdi
ff
ersfr
om ti
me
toti
meandi snotessential
l
yunif
orm.Itkeepsonchangingfrom t
imetoti
me.Before
1947,whenourcount rywasl i
vi
ngunderBr it
ishimper
ial
ism,thespeedofchange
remainedslow.Howev er,aft
eri
ndependence,thespeedofchangeinIndiansoci
ety
becamev eryf
ast.

Rapidindustri
alisat
ion,developmentofagr icul
tureand ini
ti
ati
onoft heprocessof
pl
annedsoci o-economicdev elopmentincreasedthespeedofsoci alchange.Undert
he
i
mpactofi nformat i
on and communi cationsr evol
uti
on ofcontempor aryti
mes,the
speedofchangehasbecomev er
yf ast.Thust hespeedofchangei neachsociet
y
conti
nuestov aryfrom ti
met ot i
me.

6.Soci
alChangeshowsaChai
n-React
ionSequence:

Sincesoci alchangeal way scomesundert hei mpactofsev eralsocial

,economi c,
technologicalandsit
uationalfact
ors,
itveryoftenshowsaChai n-
Reactionsequencei.e.
changei nonepar t/f
actorleadstochangesi notherpart
s/factorsandt henachangei n
the way ofl i
fe ofthe communi t
y ofpeopl etakes place.I ndustr
ial
i
sation and
urbanisati
onl eadtochangesi nfamilyl
i
f eandv il
l
agelif
e.Increasedneedf orlabourto
runthef actori
esencouragest hewoment ojointheworkforce.

Thisint urn changesthef amilyli

feand genderr elati
ons.Need forski l
l
ed labour
encouragesbot hmenandwoment ogoi nfortechnicaleducat
ionandt rai
ning.This
agai
nl eadst ochangesinal lpar
tsofsocialrel
ations.Thus,socialchangeisal ways
character
izedbyachain-
reactionsequence.

7.Sev
eral
Int
erdependentandI
nter
act
ingFact
orsofSoci
alChange:

SocialChangealwayscomesundert hei
nfluenceofsev
eralsocial
,economi
c,cul
tur
al,
andpolit
icalandsci
ence-technol
ogi
calf
actors.Ev
enthenature,speedandpr
ocessof
soci
alchangei not hersoci
eti
esalwaysinfl
uencethenatureandpr ocessofsocial
changeinasociety.

Theprocessofsoci
alchangeinwester
nsocieti
esal
waysact
shasani
mpactonsoci
al
changeindev
elopi
ngsociet
iesofAsi
a,Afr
icaandLat
inAmeri
can.

8.Noonecanpr
edi
ctSoci
alChange:

I
tisi
ndeedv
erydi
ff
icul
ttopr
edi
ctt
henat
ureofsoci
alchanget
hatmi
ghtcomei
na
 Soci
alChange

society.Nosociol
ogi
stcanr eal
l
ypredi
cti
t.Therecanbesomepr obabl
eorpossi bl
e
predict
ionbutnocanpresentanyval
i
danddeter
mini
sti
cpr
edict
ionaboutsoci
alchange
i
nsoci ety.

Theprocessofsocialchangeisver
ycomplexanddynami
canditmakespredi
cti
on-
makingverydi
ff
icul
tandpr obl
emati
c.Noonecanreal
lypr
edi
ctt
heexactnatur
eand
cont
entofsoci
alchangewhichcancomeinasoci
ety
.

Theseeightcharact
eristi
csar ethemaj oressent
ial
/naturalfeatur
esofsocialchange.
Tosum up,wecansayt hatsocialchanger ef
erstomodi f
icati
onsorrepl
acementsi n
soci
alst
ructur
e,soci
al process,socialpat
ter
nsociali
nteracti
onandsocialor
ganisati
on.
Iti
schangeinthestructureandpr ocessofenti
resoci
ety.

Ty
pesofsoci
alchange
Accor
dingt
ocul
tur
alant
hropol
ogi
stDav
idF.Aber
le,t
hef
ourt
ypesofsoci
alchange
i
ncl
ude al
ter
nat
ive, r
edempt
ive, r
efor
mat
ive and r
evol
uti
onar
y. These di
ff
erent
mov
ement
sar
edi
sti
ngui
shedbyhow muchchanget
heyadv
ocat
eandwhet
hert
hey
t
argeti
ndi
vi
dual
sort
heent
ir
etyofasoci
ety
.

Al
ter
nat
ivesoci
alchangeoper
atesatt
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evelandseekst
ochangemi
nor
aspect
s ofbehav
ior
.Campai
gns agai
nstt
ext
ing and dr
ivi
ng ar
e an exampl
e of
al
ter
nat
ivesoci
alchangei
nthesenset
hatt
heyadv
ocat
easmal
lchangei
nbehav
ior
andadv
ocat
ethi
schangeonaf
air
lysmal
lscal
e.

Redempt
ivesoci
alchangef
unct
ionsont
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evelbutadv
ocat
esadr
amat
ic
changewi
thi
nthei
ndi
vi
dual
.Thespr
eadofr
eli
gioni
sanexampl
eofr
edempt
ivesoci
al
change.Recov
ery pr
ogr
ams l
i
ke Al
cohol
i
cs Anony
mous ar
e al
so exampl
es of
r
edempt
ivesoci
alchangeast
heyadv
ocat
edr
amat
icper
sonalchangef
oraspeci
fi
c
por
ti
onoft
hepopul
ati
on.

Ref
ormat
ivesoci
alchangeseekst
oenactaspeci
fi
cchangeonabr
oadscal
e.Chi
pko
mov
ement
,1973canbeanexampl
eforr
efor
mat
ivesoci
alchange.Thr
oughChi
pko
mov
ementanat
ion-
wideawar
enessandi
mpor
tancewascr
eat
edr
egar
dingpr
otect
ion
oft
reesandaf
for
est
ati
on.Thi
smov
ementseeksav
eryspeci
fi
csetofchangesbut
 Soci
alChange

desi
rest
hesechangesonawi
descal
e.

Rev
olut
ionar
ysoci
alchangei
ndi
cat
esdr
amat
icchangeonal
argescal
e.Rev
olut
ionar
y
mov
ement
sseekt
ofundament
all
yrest
ruct
uresoci
ety
.Exampl
esofr
evol
uti
onar
ysoci
al
changei
ncl
udet
heAmer
icanCi
vi
lRi
ght
sMov
ementandt
heRussi
anRev
olut
ionoft
he
ear
ly-
20t
hcent
ury
.

Causesofsoci
alchange

Therearefew i
dentifi
abl
echar actersofsoci alchange.Someoft hem ar easf ol
lows:
thatsoci
alchangehappensev ery where,butther at
eofchangev ari
esf r
om pl aceto
place;t
hatsocialchangei ssomet imesi nt
entionalbutoftenunplanned;t hatsocial
changemaygener atecontroversy;thatsomechangesmat termorethanot hersdo.For
example,t
heinventi
onofper sonal computerswasmor ei
mpor t
antthan,say,patchdoll
s.
Thesearesomeoft hemaj orfactorsthathighli
ghtthecausesofsocialchange:

1.Alargepartofchangei
nsociet
yiscausedbychangei ncult
ure.Cul
tur
eisasyst
em
thatconst
antlyl
osesandgainscomponent s.Invent
ion,di
scoveryanddif
fusi
onare
consi
deredtobethemainsour
cesofcult
uralchange.

I
nv ent
ionspr oducenewpr oducts,ideas,andsoci alpatt
erns.I
tisanewcombi nati
onor
anewuseofexi sti
ngknowledge.Inv enti
onsmaybecl assif
iedint
omat er
ial(
telephone,
aeroplane)
,andsoci ali
nventions(alphabet,language,government,et
c.).Eachinventi
on
i
s new i nf orm,f unct
ion and meani ng and has long-t
erm possibi
liti
es ofi mpact.
Discoveryi
sf i
ndingsomethingthathasnev erbeenf oundbef or
e,orfindingsomet hi
ng
newi nsomet hingthatal
readyexists.

Adiscover
yaddssomethingnewtothecul
tureandbecomesaf act
orinsocialchange
onl
ywheni ti
sputtouse.Dif
fusi
onisaprocessoft hespreadi
ngofideas,cul
tur
eand
obj
ectstoothersoci
eti
es.Itoperat
esbothwi thi
nsoci et
iesandbet weensocieti
es
i
nvolvi
ngtr
adi
ng,migr
ati
on,andmasscommuni cati
on.Iti
sindeedatwowaypr ocess:

2.Newi deasandmodi f
icat
ionofol
dideasinanewcont extbr
ingwide-
scal
echangesin
societ
y.Forexampl e,MaxWeberest abli
shedt hatrat
ional
i
sati
onofr el
igi
ousideas
broughtaboutphenomenalchangeinProt
estantworl
d.
 Soci
alChange

3.Demographi
cchangeiscausedbyani ncr
easei
nbirt
handdecli
nei
ndeathand
migr
ati
onofpopul
ati
ons.Changeoccur
sfr
om t
hedemogr
aphi
ctr
ansi
ti
oni
nsoci
ety
.

4.Soci
alchangei salsocausedbyt ensi
onandconf l
ict
.St
ructur
alstr
ain,depri
vati
on,
cul
tur
alrevi
tal
isati
onhav ebeent hemaj orcausesofconfli
ct.Agai
nsoci aldivi
sion
basedonclass,caste,gender
,et
hnicit
y,est
ate,et
c.haveal
sobeeni mportantsources
ofconf
li
cti
nsoci et
y.

5.Soci
almovement
sareorgani
sedeff
ortsofgroupsofpeoplet obr
ingaboutdel
i
ber
ate
changeintheval
ues,norms,i
nsti
tut
ions,cul
turerel
ati
onshipsandt radi
ti
onsofthe
soci
ety
.Theyal
sogenerat
enewidenti
ti
esandanewper specti
v e.

Soci
alMov
ement
s

Whil
et echnology,popul
ati
on,env
ironmentfactor
s,andr aci
alinequali
tycanpr ompt
soci
alchange,onlywhenmember sofasoci etyorgani
zeintosocialmov ement
sdoes
tr
uesoci alchangeoccur.Thephrasesocialmov ementsref
ertocol l
ectiv
eactivi
ti
es
desi
gnedt obringaboutorr
esi
stpri
marychangesinanexisti
ngsocietyorgroup.

Wherevertheyoccur ,socialmovement scandramat ical

lyshapethedirect
ionofsociety.
Wheni ndi
v i
dualsandgr oupsofpeopl e—civi
lrightsactivi
stsandotherv i
sionari
es,f
or
i
nstance—t r
anscendt r
aditi
onalbounds,t heymaybr i
ngaboutmaj orshi f
tsi nsocial
poli
cyandst ruct
ures.Ev enwhent heyproveini
tiall
yunsuccessful
,socialmov ementsdo
aff
ectpubl i
copinion.Inherday ,peopleconsideredMar gar
etSanger'
sef f
ortstomake
bi
rthcontrolavai
lableext r
emeandev eni mmor al,y
ettodayintheUnitedStates,onecan
easi
lypurchasecont raceptiv
eproducts.

Socialscienti
stsinter
estthemselvesinwhysocialmov ementsemer ge.Dof eel
i
ngsof
discontent,desi
resfora“changeofpace,”orevenyear
ningsfor“changef ort
hesakeof
change”causet heseshifts?Sociol
ogi
stsuset wo theor
iest o explai
n whypeople
mobi l
izeforchange: r
elat
ivedepr
ivati
onandresour
cemobi l
izat
ion.

Rel
ati
vedepr
ivat
ion
When member s ofa soci etybecome di ssatisfi
ed orf rustr
ated wi ththei
rsoci al,
economi c,andpol i
ti
calsituati
on,theyy earnforchanges.Soci alscienti
stshavel ong
noted thatt he act
ualcondi ti
ons thatpeopl el ive undermaynotbe atf ault
,but
people'spercepti
onsoft heircondit
ionsare.Relativedepr i
vati
onr ef
erst othenegat i
ve
perceptionthatdif
ferencesexistbetweenwant sandact uali
ti
es.Inotherwor ds,people
maynotact uall
ybedepr ivedwhent heybeli
evet heyare.Ar el
ativel
ydepr i
vedgroupi s
disgruntl
edbecauset heyf eellessent i
tl
edorpr ivi
l
egedt hanapar t
icul
arreference
 Soci
alChange

group.Forexample,a mi
ddle‐cl
assfamil
ymayf eelrel
ati
vel
ydepr
ived when t
hey
comparethei
rhousetot
hatofthei
rupper
‐cl
assphy
sici
an.

Forsoci aldi
scont
enttot r
anslat
eintosocialmovement,member softhesoci et
ymust
feelthattheydeserv
e,orhav earightt
o,mor ewealt
h,power,orstat
ust hantheyhav e.
The di ssati
sfi
ed gr
oup mustal so conclude t
hatitcannotat t
aini ts goal
sv i
a
conv enti
onalmethods,whetherornott hi
si st
hecase.Thegr oupwillorganizeint
oa
socialmov ementonlyi
fitfeel
sthatcol
lect
iveacti
onwil
lhel
pi t
scause.

Therel
ati
ve‐
deprivat
iontheorytakescrit
ici
sm fr
om acoupleofdiff
erentangles.Fir
st,
somesociol
ogistsnotethatfeeli
ngsofdepr i
vati
ondonotnecessaril
ypr omptpeople
i
ntoacti
ng.Normustpeopl efeeldepr
ivedbefor
eacting.Mor
eover,
thi
st heorydoesnot
addr
esswhyper cept
ionsofpersonalorgroupdepri
vati
oncausesomepeopl etoreform
soci
ety
,andwhyot herpercept
ionsdonot .

Resour
cemobi
li
zat
ion

Resourcemobili
zati
ondealswi t
hhow soci
almovementsmobili
zer esources:pol
i
tical
pul
l,mass medi a,personnel,money,and so forth. A part
icular mov ement'
s
eff
ecti
venessandsuccesslargel
ydependsonhowwel
litusesi
tsresour ces.

Member sofasoci almov ementnormal lyfol

l
ow acharismat
icleader
,whomobi l
i
zes
peopl
ef oracause.Chari
smacanf ade, andmanysocialmovementscoll
apsewhenthi
s
happens.Othermov ement s,such asbur eaucr
ati
cones,managet olast
,however,
usual
lybecausetheyarehighlyor
ganized.

Norms ofbehav i
ordev elop as peopl
e become par tofa soci almov ement .The
movementmayr equireit
smember stodressinspecialways,boycottcert
ainpr oducts,
paydues,attendmar chesorr al
li
es,recrui
tnew member s,andusenew l anguage.
Concerni
ng the l
atter
,r ecentsocialmov ement s have giv
en rise to new t er
ms
l
ikeHispani
cAmerican,Afri
canAmer i
can,femini
sts,andpsychiat
ri
call
ydisabled.

Forasoci almovementt osucceed,l

eadersmusthei
ghtenthei
rfol
l
ower
s'awarenessof
oppression.Tost i
mulatet hei
rsocialmovementinthe1960sand1970s,f eminist
s
convinced women t hatt hey wer
e being di
scr
imi
nated agai
nstinvari
ous arenas,
i
ncludingwor k,
school,andhome.

Unli
kether el
ati
ve‐
depr i
vati
ontheor y,theresource‐mobili
zati
ontheoryemphasizesthe
str
ategi
cproblemsf acedbysoci almov ement s.Specif
ical
ly,
anymov ementdesignedto
sti
mulatefundament alchangeswi llsurelyfaceresist
ancet oit
sactivi
ti
es.Crit
icsfeel
thetheorydoesnotadequat elydi scusst heissueofhow opposi ti
oni nf
luencesthe
acti
onsanddi r
ecti
onofsoci almov ement s.
 Soci
alChange

Concl
usi
on

Thecausesofsoci
alchangear
ediv
erse,andthepr
ocessesofchangecanbeident
if
ied
aseit
hershort
-t
ermtrendsorl
ong-
term devel
opment
s.Changecanbeei t
hercycl
i
cor
one-
dir
ecti
onal
.

The mechani sms of socialchange can be v ari

ed and i
nter
connected.Sev
eral
mechanisms may be combi ned i
n one expl
anator
y modelofsocialchange.For
example,i
nnov at
ionby business might be stimulat
ed by competiti
on and by
gover
nmentr egulat
ion.

Tot hedegr eet hatchangepr ocessesar eregularandinterconnect

ed,socialchange
i
tselfi
sstructured.Sinceabout1965t herehasbeenashi f
tinemphasi sfrom “
structur
e”
to“change”insoci alt
heory.Changeondi ff
erentlevel
s—socialdynamicsinever
y dayli
fe
andshor t
-termt ransfor
mat i
onsandl ong-term devel
opment sinsocietyatlarge—has
becomet hef ocusofmuchat t
enti
onint hestudyofsociet
y.

VI
SIONANDMI
SSI
ONTOWARDSSOCI
ETY

A Mi
ssi
onSt
atementdef
inest
hecompany
'sbusi
ness,i
tsobj
ect
ivesandi
tsappr
oach
t
oreacht
hoseobj
ect
ives.AVi
sionSt
atementdescr
ibest
hedesi
redf
utur
eposi
ti
onoft
he
company
.El
ement
sofMi
ssi
onandVi
sionSt
atement
sar
eof
tencombi
nedt
opr
ovi
dea
st
atementoft
hecompany
'spur
poses,
goal
sandv
alues.

I
ngener
al,ami
ssi
onst
atementdef
ineswhatanor
gani
zat
ioni
scur
rent
lydoi
ng,whi
l
e
av
isi
onst
atementi
s basi
cal
l
ythe ul
ti
mat
e goal
ofwhatt
hey
'dl
i
ke t
o accompl
i
sh.
Themi
ssi
oni
swhatpeopl
edoi
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hev
isi
on.I
tist
hehow(
missi
on)v
ersus
t
hewhy(
visi
on)
.

Thedomi
nantv
aluesi
nourcommuni
ty,
soci
ety
,andwor
ldar
eshapedbyhumanbei
ngs,
and
canbechangedbypeopl
eofgoodwi
l
ltobet
termeett
heneedsofal
lhumanbei
ngson
ear
th.Justaspeopl
ear
ecr
eat
ionsofgi
vensoci
alcondi
ti
onsandv
alues,
thesesamesoci
al
condi
ti
onsandv
aluesar
eshapedandchangedbyhumanbei
ngs,
byt
hei
ror
gani
zedact
ivi
ty.
Fort
heser
easonsi
tisessent
ialt
oenv
isi
ondi
ff
erentsoci
alcondi
ti
onst
hatwoul
dbet
ter
 Soci
alChange

meett
heneedsofal
lhuman bei
ngsand cr
eat
ea mor
ecompassi
onat
eand humane
wor
ld.Weneedt
oaskt
hequest
ion:“
Whatdoesi
ttaket
odev
elopast
abl
esetofr
epeat
abl
e
condi
ti
ons wher
ebyal
lhuman bei
ngs hav
e access t
o f
ulf
il
li
ng,car
ing,meani
ngf
ul,
empower
ed,
bal
ancedl
i
ves?
”

I
nanswer
ingt
hisquest
ion,weposi
tthatweneedt
ocr
eat
ethet
ime,ci
rcumst
ances,and
pr
ior
it
yfori
ndi
vi
dual
stor
ecogni
ze and under
stand human needs.We st
artf
rom t
he
per
spect
ivet
hatbasi
chumanneedsandi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
sar
eident
if
iabl
eandcan
bef
ulf
il
ledi
ndi
ff
erentcul
tur
all
ysensi
ti
veway
s,butt
heycanonl
ybef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
est
hat
consci
ousl
yor
gani
zet
oal
l
ow al
lindi
vi
dual
sthet
imeandr
esour
cest
omeett
hei
rbasi
c
humanneeds,i
ncl
udi
ngr
educedwor
kinghour
sandpar
it
yofaccesst
oresour
cesand
r
esponsi
bil
i
ties;soci
eti
est
hatr
espectnat
ureandsust
aint
heenv
ironment
;soci
eti
est
hat
pr
omot
edi
ver
sit
yandpar
it
yofaccessandr
esour
cesf
orwomen,
raci
alandet
hni
cmi
nor
it
ies,
andal
lhi
stor
ical
l
yunder
repr
esent
edgr
oups;soci
eti
est
hati
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zepar
ti
cipat
oryand
democr
ati
cst
ruct
uresatal
llev
els;soci
eti
est
hatt
akeadeepl
ookatt
her
ootcausesof
i
nequal
i
tyandaddr
esst
heser
ootcauses.

Basi
chumanneedsandi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
scannotbef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
eswher
e
unsust
ainabl
eenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,pat
ri
archy
,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,aut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm and
expl
oit
ati
onpr
edomi
nat
e.

Goali
stocr
eat
econdi
ti
onst
omeett
hephy
sical
,emot
ional
,andspi
ri
tual
needsofal
lhumanbei
ngs

Thei
rphy
siol
ogi
calneedssuchasnut
ri
ti
ousf
ood,cl
eanai
randwat
er,shel
terf
rom t
he
el
ement
s,l
if
epr
otect
ionser
vices,
andsexualgr
ati
fi
cat
ion.

Thei
rpsy
chol
ogi
calneedssuchast
heneedf
orl
oveandemot
ionalsecur
it
y,t
heneedf
or
spi
ri
tual
i
tyandconnect
ion,t
heneedf
orf
indi
ngpur
poseandmeani
ngi
nli
fe,sensualneeds,
 Soci
alChange

andt
imef
orr
efl
ect
ion.

Thei
rfami
l
yneedssuchascar
ingf
orchi
l
drenandel
der
s,f
oodpr
epar
ati
on,cl
eani
ng,home
mai
ntenance,
andpr
ocr
eat
ion.

Thei
rneedsf
orpr
oduci
ngsust
ainabl
egoodsandser
vices(
suchasheal
thcar
e,t
eachi
ng,
di
str
ibut
ion of r
esour
ces, exchange, l
i
fe pr
otect
ion ser
vices, t
ranspor
tat
ion, and
communi
cat
ion)i
nway
sthatdi
gni
fywor
kandpr
ovi
def
ami
l
y-sust
aini
ngsal
ari
es.

Thei
rneedf
orl
i
fe-
longl
ear
ningandr
eli
abl
einf
ormat
ion.

Thei
rneedf
ordemocr
ati
cdeci
sion-
maki
ngst
ruct
uresgui
dedbyet
hicalchoi
cesatal
llev
els
of l
i
fe,i
ncl
udi
ng t
he f
ami
l
y,school
,nei
ghbour
hood,wor
kpl
ace,l
ocal
,nat
ional
,and
i
nter
nat
ional
lev
els.

Thei
rneedf
or“
freet
ime”di
scr
eti
onar
yact
ivi
ti
essuchasar
t,spor
t,r
ecr
eat
ion,
vol
unt
eer
ism,
andent
ert
ainmentt
oengagei
nthei
rpassi
ons.

Weasser
tthat

1)al
lhumanbei
ngspossesssuchneeds,

2)t
heyhav
ebot
hther
ightandt
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
ocr
eat
ethecondi
ti
onsf
ormeet
ingal
l
t
heseneeds,
and

3)Soci
eti
esmustwor
ktoconsci
ousl
yor
gani
zesot
hatt
heneedar
easar
ebei
ngmetand
i
ntegr
atedi
ntot
hel
i
vesofal
li
ndi
vi
dual
s.

Wer
ecogni
zet
hatt
hisr
equi
rest
hei
mpr
oveddi
str
ibut
ionanduseofr
esour
ces.I
mpr
oved
bal
ancei
nourl
i
vespr
emi
seduponar
easonabl
eandr
educednumberofpai
dwor
kinghour
s
 Soci
alChange

i
smor
eimpor
tantt
hanexcessi
vemat
eri
ali
sm.

Wer
ecogni
zet
hatwear
enotsecur
eont
hispl
anetunt
ilt
her
ealhumanneedsofal
lper
sons
ar
eaddr
essed.Weknow t
hati
ssuesoft
hir
dwor
ldunder
dev
elopmentar
epal
pabl
eand
r
eal
.Unt
ill
ocalcommuni
ti
es,nat
ion-
stat
es,andgl
obalr
egi
onswor
ktoget
herwi
thmut
ual
r
espect
,wewi
l
lnotachi
evet
hehar
monyweseek.

Env
isi
oni
ngawor
ldwher
eal
lhumanbei
ngscanl
i
vewi
thoutf
earseemsut
opi
an.Si
nce
Wor
ldWarI
Iwehav
enothadasi
ngl
edaywi
thoutwaront
hepl
anet
,despi
tet
hecr
eat
ionof
manyi
nter
nat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
opr
eventsuchasi
tuat
ion.

Humanneedscannotbemetwi
thoutmaki
ngper
sonalchange,i
nst
it
uti
ngr
efor
ms,and
pr
omot
ingst
ruct
uralchange.Wemustactandt
akeact
ionpat
ter
nedont
het
ypeofsoci
ety
wewoul
dli
ket
ocr
eat
e;seeki
ngr
efor
msal
onei
sinsuf
fi
cient
.

Weunder
standt
hati
nor
dert
oimpr
oveourownl
i
vesandt
hel
i
vesofot
her
s,i
tisul
ti
mat
ely
necessar
yto engage i
n di
sci
pli
ned,pr
inci
pled pol
i
ticalact
ivi
ty,i
mpr
ovi
ng pol
i
tical
account
abi
l
ity
.Inor
dert
obesoengaged,wemustsuppor
teachot
heral
ongt
hewayt
o
pr
ovi
deheal
i
ngandhope.Wemustencour
agepeopl
etobebol
dinwor
kingf
orchanget
o
i
mpr
ovet
hewor
ld.

Cor
eVal
ues

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
ver
espect
,compar
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nal
lspher
esofl
i
fe,
and
accesst
omeet
ingt
hef
ull
rangeoft
hei
rhumanneedsandhumanr
ight
s.

 Humanneedsar
eident
if
iabl
eandwemustf
indt
hecondi
ti
onst
hatmeett
heneeds.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vef
reeofal
lfor
msofoppr
essi
onanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
 Soci
alChange

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vesoci
alcondi
ti
onst
hatf
avouri
ndi
vi
dual
,gr
oupandsoci
al
dev
elopmentt
owar
dsbui
l
dingabasef
orbal
anced,
meani
ngf
ulandf
ulf
il
li
ngl
i
ves.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vei
naheal
thynat
ural
env
ironment
.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vei
npeaceandwi
thoutf
ear
.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
dbej
udgedbyt
hei
rhumanchar
act
er,
notbyt
hei
rski
ncol
our
,
nat
ionaloret
hni
c or
igi
n,gender
,sexual
i
ty,pol
i
ticalper
suasi
on,possessi
ons of
mat
eri
alweal
th,
power
,orcont
rol
.

 Basi
chumanneedscannotbef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
eswher
eenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,
pat
ri
archy
,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,
aut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm,
orexpl
oit
ati
onpr
edomi
nat
e.

 Peopl
ear
oundt
hewor
lddeser
veanequalamountofi
nfl
uencei
ndeci
sion-
maki
ng
aboutt
hei
rown soci
ety and an equalamountofpowerwi
thi
nint
ernat
ional
or
gani
zat
ionsandgl
obal
net
wor
ks.

 Oursecur
it
ydependsupont
hesecur
it
yofpeopl
esar
oundt
hewor
ld,whomusthav
e
t
her
ightt
osel
f-
det
ermi
nat
iont
omeett
hei
rneeds.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
dbeempower
edt
ounder
standt
hathumanbei
ngsar
enot
onl
ypr
oduct
sofsoci
alcondi
ti
ons,butt
hatt
heyal
so cr
eat
eand changesoci
al
condi
ti
ons.

 I
nthest
ruggl
ebet
weenv
aluesandpower
,wechoosev
aluesov
erpower
.

 Weactandt
akeact
ionpat
ter
nedont
het
ypeofsoci
etywewoul
dli
ket
ocr
eat
e.We
needt
obet
hechangewewantt
osee.
 Soci
alChange

 Wewantt
obeaposi
ti
vef
orcef
orchange.
 Soci
alChange

I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y

Thet
heor
yorphi
l
osophyofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
sbasedonet
hicsandv
alues.Ev
ery
i
ndi
vi
dualoror
gani
zat
ioni
sboundt
oexecut
eadequat
eser
vicest
ohel
psoci
etybyal
l
means.Thei
deol
ogyofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
typr
omot
esexcl
usi
vedut
iest
hatev
ery
or
gani
zat
ion ori
ndi
vi
dualhast
o execut
ein or
dert
o st
ri
kea r
emar
kabl
ebal
ance
bet
ween v
ari
ous sy
stems pr
esenti
n a soci
ety
.Gener
all
y,i
tindi
cat
es t
he actof
mai
ntai
ningst
abi
l
itybet
weent
heecosy
stem andt
heeconomy
.

Theconceptofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
snotonl
yval
i
dforbusi
ness,economi
c,orot
her
cor
por
ati
ons,butal
so f
orev
erysi
ngl
eper
son whoseper
for
manceoract
ionscan
i
nfl
uencet
heenv
ironment
.Whi
l
eindi
vi
dualorcor
por
atesoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanbe
di
rect
lyex
ecut
edi
nthef
orm ofv
ari
oussoci
alact
ivi
ti
es,
itcanal
sobeper
for
medbynot
get
ti
ngi
nvol
vedi
nsoci
all
yadv
erseact
s.

I
mpor
tanceofSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y

Thedut
iesandact
ivi
ti
esi
nvol
vedi
nsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyar
enotonl
yval
uabl
efor
busi
nessandsoci
alor
gani
zat
ions,
butar
eal
sobenef
ici
alf
ort
heent
ir
esoci
ety
.Var
ious
busi
nessor
gani
zat
ions,
bei
ngsoci
etalmember
s,consi
deri
tthei
rdut
ytol
endahel
ping
handt
osoci
etyi
nor
dert
odeal
wit
hcompl
i
cat
edi
ssuesandpr
obl
ems.

I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
tyenabl
es an i
ndi
vi
dualt
oint
roduce mi
norormaj
or
changesi
nhi
sorhersoci
alenv
ironment
.Itmakesaper
sonmor
eresponsi
blei
nhi
sor
heract
ionst
hatar
ebel
i
evedt
oimpactcommuni
ti
est
hatmayormaynotber
elat
edt
o
hi
sorheri
mmedi
atesur
roundi
ngs.I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
tyi
samor
albel
i
ef
wher
eweasi
ndi
vi
dual
s,hav
ear
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsoci
ety
.Bei
ng"
soci
al
lyr
esponsi
ble"
 Soci
alChange

i
saboutal
lindi
vi
dual
sbehav
inget
hical
l
yandsensi
ti
vel
ytowar
dssoci
al
,economi
c,and
env
ironment
ali
ssues.I
tisaboutbei
ngaccount
abl
eforouract
ionsandbei
ngconsci
ous
oft
hei
mpacty
ouract
ionshav
eonot
her
s,ourcommuni
ti
es,
andt
heenv
ironment
.

Byt
aki
nganact
ivepar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
nresol
vi
ngsomeoft
hei
ssues,
weasi
ndi
vi
dual
sshoul
d
al
lst
ri
vet
osetgoodex
ampl
esbyappl
yi
ngandadher
ingt
osoci
al
lyr
esponsi
blepr
act
ices,
suchasi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyofl
i
vesf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
sandt
hei
rfami
l
ies,v
olunt
eerener
gy
andt
imet
owar
dsi
mpr
ovi
ngandbenef
it
ingsoci
ety
.

Asi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ioni
smadet
osoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tybyt
heki
ndofchoi
cesand
deci
si
onst
hatpeopl
emake.Ev
ent
hei
rcodeofconduct
,thei
rwayoft
reat
ingot
her
s,
andt
hepr
oduct
s,ser
vices,
andr
esour
cest
heypr
eferar
erel
atedt
othedomai
nofsoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.I
ndi
vi
dualsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
smaj
orl
yaboutt
reat
ingot
her
sint
he
samewayasy
ouwanty
our
sel
fto bet
reat
ed.Youar
econsi
der
ed t
o besoci
all
y
r
esponsi
blei
fyouconsi
dery
our
sel
faccount
abl
efory
ourpar
ti
cul
aract
ionsanddeal
i
ngs.
Yourconst
antat
tempt
stohav
eaposi
ti
vei
nfl
uenceony
ourf
ell
owsandt
oimpr
ovey
our
env
ironmentmakey
ousoci
all
yresponsi
bleaswel
lasappr
eci
abl
e.

Enhancet
heenv
ironmentbyadopt
ingabeachorpar
ktomai
ntai
nandbeaut
if
y.Pr
ovi
dea
good"
li
steni
ngear
"fort
hosewhohav
epr
obl
emsmanagi
ngper
sonalemot
ions,suchas
f
eel
i
ngofsepar
ati
onandl
oss,pai
nandsuf
fer
ing,andcopi
ngwi
tht
hei
mmi
nenceof
deat
h.Chi
l
drenwi
thoutapar
entorpar
ent
s.Ther
ear
emanyway
sofdonat
ing,f
or
ex
ampl
e,donat
ing goods,ser
vices,ormonet
ari
l
y.You can al
so i
nvesti
n soci
al
ly
r
esponsi
blef
unds,consumegr
eenpr
oduct
s,gi
vebl
oodt
othe'
RedCr
oss'
,orgi
vet
hei
r
t
imeandl
i
fef
orgoodcauses.

Asi
ndi
vi
dual
s,ouremot
ionali
ntel
l
igenceski
l
ls,
suchassoci
alawar
enessandempat
hy,
canbeshownt
hroughouruseofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyef
for
tswi
thi
nanor
gani
zat
ionbut
 Soci
alChange

al
so t
hrough our per
sonal soci
al r
esponsi
bil
i
ty ef
for
ts.I
SR (
indi
vi
dual soci
al
r
esponsi
bil
it
y)i
sdef
inedasani
ndi
vi
dualbei
ngawar
eofhowper
sonalact
ionshav
ean
ef
fectont
hecommuni
ty.I
SRcani
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Char
it
abl
eact
s,i
ncl
udi
ngphi
l
ant
hropysuchasdonat
ionofmoney
.

Wor
kingf
ort
hecommuni
ty,suchasv
olunt
eer
ing,gi
vi
ngbl
ooddonat
ions,andwor
king
ataf
oodbankorani
mal
shel
ter
.

Suppor
ti
ngi
ssuest
hataf
fectsoci
ety
,suchasadv
ocat
ingpol
i
ticalorsoci
ali
ssuest
hat
canhel
pot
her
s—f
orexampl
e,adv
ocat
ingf
orchi
l
dlabourl
aws,pur
chasi
ngf
airt
rade
pr
oduct
s,r
ecy
cli
ng.

I
ndi
vi
dualet
hics,
suchasi
ntegr
it
yandhonest
y.Thesei
ndi
vi
dualet
hicscanal
soi
ncl
ude
t
he“
gol
denr
ule”
:tr
eatot
her
show y
ouwi
sht
obet
reat
ed.Thi
smi
ghtmeanwi
th
empat
hyandasenseoff
air
ness.
 Soci
alChange

Engagi
ngi
nISRact
ivi
ti
essuchast
hesecanhel
pusdev
elopouremot
ionali
ntel
l
igence
ski
l
lst
hrought
heuseofsoci
alawar
eness—t
hati
s,under
standi
nghowouract
ionscan
af
fectot
her
sandengagi
ngi
nempat
hyf
orot
her
s.I
naddi
ti
on,wecanbui
l
doursel
f-
est
eem andsel
f-
per
cept
ionbyhel
pingot
her
sBénabou,R.&Ti
rol
e,J(
2010)
.Indi
vi
dual
and cor
por
ate soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.Economi
ca,
77,1–19and engagi
ng i
n soci
all
y
r
esponsi
bleact
ivi
ti
es.Aswehav
edi
scussedt
hroughoutt
hechapt
er,
toi
mpr
ovehuman
r
elat
ionsski
l
ls,wemustunder
standt
hatet
hics,soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,andemot
ional
i
ntel
l
igenceski
l
lsar
eint
ert
winedwi
theachot
her
.Thosewhocont
inual
l
ydev
elopt
hei
r
emot
ionali
ntel
l
igence ski
l
ls wi
l
lli
kel
y engage i
n et
hicaland soci
all
yresponsi
ble
behav
iour
,bot
hper
sonal
l
yandasl
eader
soft
hei
ror
gani
zat
ions.
Soci
alChange
ENVIRONMENT AND
SOCIETY
Environment - Introduction
Environment as the term itself indicates is anything that surrounds or environs
us. Environment in this sense is made of all those things which though distinct
from us affect our life or activity in some way. It consists of all surroundings and
influences, whatsoever that are present whenever an event occurs.

The relation between individual and society is very close. Essentially, “society” is
the regularities, customs and ground rules of antihuman behavior. These
practices are tremendously important to know how humans act and interact
with each other. Society does not exist independently without individual.

Humans have needed to be sensitive to their surroundings to survive, which

means that we have an innate awareness of our environment and seek out
environments with certain qualities.

First of all, humans have a strong need for safety and security and look for those
attributes in their environment. We also look for physical comfort, such as an
environment with the right temperature. In addition, we seek an environment
that is psychologically comfortable: for example, environments that are familiar,
but offer the right amount of stimulus.

Environment can roughly defined as “the sum total of all conditions and
influences that affect the life and development of organisms. Life originated and
flourish on earth because of the environment. Every organism influences its
environment and in turn gets influenced by it. We are an integral part of the
environment.

Among all living organisms man influences environment the most and can also
modify the environment to some extent as per his needs. Changes in
environment affects us. Man has been influencing the environment since the
beginning of human civilization through his activities.

Rapid population growth, industrialization, faster modes of transport,

urbanization and increasing human activities has contributed to the pollution of
environment. Environmental pollution has several impacts on society.
Environmental pollution causes serious problems like global warming, depletion
of ozone layer, extinction of biodiversity etc. Large scale degradation of the
environment not only causes pollution but may jeopardize the very existence of
human society.

There is no end to human needs. Desire to develop is one of the basic need of
human beings. To satisfy his increasing needs and to develop man has been
exploiting nature vigorously which led to serious environmental degradation and
pollution. This may have the following impact on society.

1. Environmental pollution resulted in increase of temperature of atmosphere which

resulted in global warming.
2. Air pollution resulted in depletion of ozone layer which causes multiple health
hazards.
3. It may lead to acid rain and smog.
4. It spreads different kinds of diseases in society.
5. It affects the fertility of soil and resulted in food shortage.
6. Environmental pollution is a formidable threat to the quality of life and put a check
on development process.
7. It fosters environmental awareness among different sections of society.
8. It leads to climate change which affects production and life style.
9. It disturbs terrestrial ecosystems.
10. It led to frequent occurrence of environmental disaster and there by brings changes
in society.
11. It puts renewed emphasis on non-conventional energy sources.
12. It creates need for proper planning and efficient environmental management.
13. Economic development is replaced by sustainable development.
14. It creates need for conservation or protection of environment for a healthy living.
15. It creates need for compensating afforestation on the patita or non-forest lands.

Crisis and Responses:

Life originated and exists on earth because of environment. Because
environment provides all necessary conditions of existence. No living being can
survive without its environment. All living organisms influence its environment
and in turn get influenced by it. But man being the most intelligent creature
interacts with the environment more vigorously than other organisms.

With the rapid growth of population demand for materials increases rapidly.
Industrialization and urbanization further worsens the situation. It forces man
to exploit nature mercilessly. He devastated forests by cutting trees, killed
animals, pollutes the air, water and soil and upset the ecological balance. All this
resulted in pollution of environment and environmental crisis.

Environmental crisis refers to a catastrophic situation in which the normal

pattern of life or ecosystem has been disrupted which needs timely interventions
to save and preserve environment. It may be due to manmade causes, accident
or negligence and result in substantial damage to or deflection of environment.
Environmental crisis causes natural disaster and seriously affects life, economy,
agriculture and food security. Hence it is one of the greatest concern of the world
community. The cost of environmental crisis is too heavy to bear.

The threat to environment arises from different sources such as (1) the need to
meet the increasing energy requirements (2) the impact of industrialization (3)
the effect of expanding urbanization (4) the challenge of managing the huge
quantities of solid waste. (5) to meet the increasing requirements of huge
population.

Some of the environmental crisis of the present day are global warming,
greenhouse effect, climate change, acid rain, ozone depletion etc.
Global warming
Global warming is one of the much talked about environmental crises of the
recent years causing concern all over the world. Continuous increase in the
emission of Co, from different sources into the atmosphere affects the heat
balance of the earth. Continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere trap more heat and prevents the heat from the earth’s
surface to radiate back to the outer space.

This increases temperature of atmosphere. This increase in the global mean

temperature is known as global warming. Global warming is an effect of
continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. The increase of
Co, concentration in the troposphere led to the increase of temperature. This
phenomenon of increasing temperature of earth’s atmosphere along with the
increase in the concentration of CO2is called as global warming.

Greenhouse Effect:

Greenhouse effect is another environmental crisis facing our world. Chlorofluoro

carbons (Co2) carbon dioxide, Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N,0) are called
as greenhouse gases. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere has brought changes in the environment. The amount of heat
trapped in the atmosphere depends on the concentration of greenhouse gases
and the length of time they remain in the atmosphere.

The lower level of atmosphere traps heat by a natural process due to the presence
of greenhouse gases or radiatively active gases. This is called greenhouse effect.
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would trap
more and more long wave radiations or heat which resulted in enhanced
greenhouse effect. This increased greenhouse effect increases the global
temperature and resulted in global warming. The increasing concentration of
greenhouse gases is now a global concern.
Climate Change:
Climate refers to the average weather condition of an area. It ordinarily refers to
the changes in climate. It includes seasonal variations, atmospheric conditions
and weather extremes averaged over a long period of time. It is a truism that any
small changes in climatic condition may affect agricultural production, pattern
of rainfall, wind flow and migration of animal. Increased human activities along
with rapid population growth are mainly responsible for changes in climate.
Increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and global warming upset the
delicate balance between various components of environment and upset the
hydrological cycle which resulted in climate change in different regions of the
world.

Acid Rain:

Acid rain as the name implies is the acidic water received by the earth through
rain. Lightning produce oxides of nitrogen naturally. Nitrogen oxides are a group
of primary pollutants which are produced by automobile during combustion of
petroleum. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and also produced during
combustion of coal in industry.
Save the Environment
20 Easy Ways You Can Contribute To Save the Environment
We keep hearing about environmental pollutions, global warming every day; but
very few of us take actions to protect our environment, our planet. Have you ever
thought how you can contribute?

Here is a list of 20 ways you can contribute to save the environment:

1. Try to be careful using water, gas and electricity. Make sure you don’t waste water,
switch off electric and electronic machines when not necessary and use gas only as
little as you need.
2. Consider installing skylights and solar tubes and switching to LED or compact
fluorescent light bulbs.
3. Use air conditioning units as less as possible or consider not using at all because it
uses a lot of electricity.
4. From time to time, check for leaks in your home’s gas and water lines and repair as
required to ensure no water and gas is wasted.
5. Try to use the products that can be easily recycled and avoid using products that
generate a lot of waste. Consider avoiding disposable products.
6. Make a habit of recycling products and using products that are made of recycled
materials.
7. Consider buying products from companies that have eco-friendly policies and avoid the
ones without any such policies.
8. Try to use less packaging products because different packaging products are the
largest contributor to our municipal solid waste stream.
9. Do not waste food. Make sure you cook only as little as you eat. Try conserving the
leftover food and eat that in your next meal. This will allow you to keep your personal
expenses low at the same time will lessen the pressure of producing more using our
natural resources.
10. You can change your transportation habits as well. Consider walking and using bicycle
for local trips. Consider using mass transports such as public bus instead of using a
private car.
11. Consider making use of rainwater. Rainwater can be used effectively in different
purposes.
12. Give a lift to one of your colleagues if you drive alone to your office.
13. Avoid air travel because it generates 3 times more carbon dioxide per passenger than
rails.
14. Consider coloring your home’s roofs white to ensure you need less energy to lightening
your rooms.
15. Plant trees in your neighborhood as many as you can. Take care of the plants and
make your neighborhood animal and wildlife friendly.
16. Join an environmental movement; make people aware of different negative
environmental impacts of their activities. Join an environmental movement to make
necessary changes to the national and global policies.
17. Teach and encourage people to conserve natural resources.
18. Try to use less paper because papers are made from trees. Re-use file folders and
envelops. Copy or print on both sides of papers.
19. Consider using cloth diapers instead of paper diapers.
20. Try avoiding using electric exercise machines.
Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is an alternate term for garbage management. As long
as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has
been an issue, and modern societies generate far more solid waste than early
humans ever did.

Daily life in industrialized nations can generate several pounds of solid waste per
consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that
manufacture goods purchased by consumers.

The broad categories of garbage are:

i. Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.

ii. Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

iii. Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, and plastics.

iv. Hospital waste such as cloth with blood, syringes.

Effects of Solid Waste Pollution:

Municipal solid wastes heap up on the roads due to improper disposal system.
People clean their own houses and litter their immediate surroundings which
affect the community including themselves.

This type of dumping allows biodegradable materials to decompose under

uncontrolled and unhygienic conditions. This produces foul smell and breeds
various types of insects and infectious organisms besides spoiling the aesthetics
of the site. Industrial solid wastes are sources of toxic metals and hazardous
wastes, which may spread on land and can cause changes in physicochemical
and biological characteristics thereby affecting productivity of soils.
Toxic substances may leach or percolate to contaminate the ground water. In
refuse mixing, the hazardous wastes are mixed with garbage and other
combustible wastes. This makes segregation and disposal all the more difficult
and risky.

Various types of wastes like cans, pesticides, cleaning solvents, batteries (zinc,
lead or mercury), radioactive materials, plastics and e-waste are mixed up with
paper, scraps and other non-toxic materials which could be recycled. Burning of
some of these materials produces dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls,
which have the potential to cause various types of ailments including cancer.

Methods of Solid Wastes Disposal:

i. Sanitary Landfill

ii. Incineration

iii. Composting

iv. Pyrolysis

i. Sanitary Land Filling:

In a sanitary landfill, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered
with clay or plastic foam. In the modern landfills the bottom is covered with an
impermeable liner, usually several layers of clay, thick plastic and sand. The
liner protects the ground water from being contaminated due to percolation of
leachate.

Leachate from bottom is pumped and sent for treatment. When landfill is full it
is covered with clay, sand, gravel and top soil to prevent seepage of water. Several
wells are drilled near the landfill site to monitor if any leakage is contaminating
ground water. Methane produced by anaerobic decomposition is collected and
burnt to produce electricity or heat.

Sanitary Landfills Site Selection:

a. Should be above the water table, to minimize interaction with groundwater.

b. Preferably located in clay or silt.

c. Must not be placed in a rock quarry, as water can leech through the cracks
inherent in rocks into a water fracture system.

d. Must not be located in sand or gravel pits, as these have high leeching.

e. Must not be located in a flood plain. Most garbage tends to be less dense than
water, so if the area of the landfill floods, the garbage will float to the top and
wash away downstream.

Adverse impacts from landfill operations.

* Fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles).

* Infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles).

* Pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater

and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage,
as well as after landfill closure).

* Off gassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a

greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be
a danger to inhabitants of an area).

* Harboring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly
operated landfills.

ii. Incineration:

The term incinerates means to burn something until nothing is left but ashes.
An incinerator is a unit or facility used to burn trash and other types of waste
until it is reduced to ash. An incinerator is constructed of heavy, well-insulated
materials, so that it does not give off extreme amounts of external heat.

The high levels of heat are kept inside the furnace or unit so that the waste is
burned quickly and efficiently. If the heat were allowed to escape, the waste
would not burn as completely or as rapidly. Incineration is a disposal method in
which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them
into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue
of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water
management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 per
cent of the original volume.

Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes
described as “thermal treatment”. Incineration is carried out both on a small
scale by individuals and on a large scale by industries. It is recognized as a
practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials. Incineration
is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of
gaseous pollutants.

iii. Composting:

Due to shortage of space for landfill in bigger cities, the biodegradable yard waste
(kept separate from the municipal waste) is allowed to degrade or decompose in
a medium. A good quality nutrient rich and environmental friendly manure is
formed which improves the soil conditions and fertility.

Organic matter constitutes 35%-40% of the municipal solid waste. This waste
can be recycled by the method of composting, one of the oldest forms of disposal.
It is the natural process of decomposition of organic waste that yields manure or
compost, which is very rich in nutrients.

Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and

bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into humus like substance. This
finished product, which looks like soil, is high in carbon and nitrogen and is an
excellent medium for growing plants.

The process of composting ensures the waste that is produced in the kitchens is
not carelessly thrown and left to rot. It recycles the nutrients and returns them
to the soil as nutrients. Apart from being clean, cheap, and safe, composting can
significantly reduce the amount of disposable garbage.

The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better
specially when used for vegetables. It increases the soil’s ability to hold water
and makes the soil easier to cultivate. It also helps the soil retain more of the
plant nutrients.

Vermi-composting has become very popular in the last few years. In this method,
worms are added to the compost. These help to break the waste and the added
excreta of the worms makes the compost very rich in nutrients. A vermi-compost
pit can be easily made in schools or in the gardens at homes. To make a compost
pit, a cool, shaded corner of the garden or the school compound can be selected
and a pit can be dug, which ideally should be 3 feet deep. This depth is
convenient for aerobic composting as the compost has to be turned at regular
intervals in this process.

Preferably the pit should be lined with granite or brick to prevent nitrite pollution
of the subsoil water, which is known to be highly toxic. Each time organic matter
is added to the pit it should be covered with a layer of dried leaves or a thin layer
of soil which allows air to enter the pit thereby preventing bad odour. At the end
of 45 days, the rich pure organic matter is ready to be used

Benefits of composting:

* Compost allows the soil to retain more plant nutrients over a longer period.

* It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants.

* It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity, or the

excessive use of chemical fertilizer.

* It makes soil easier to cultivate.

*It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter.

* It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered.

* It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden.

iv. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials
by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and
at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F).

In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.

Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of
oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials are present in the waste,
thermal desorption will also occur.

Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid, and a
solid residue containing carbon and ash. The off-gases may also be treated in a
secondary thermal oxidation unit. Particulate removal equipment is also
required. Several types of pyrolysis units are available, including the rotary kiln,
rotary hearth furnace, and fluidized bed furnace. These units are similar to
incinerators except that they operate at lower temperatures and with less air
supply.

Limitations and Concerns:

a. The technology requires drying of soil prior to treatment.

b. Limited performance data are available for systems treating hazardous wastes
containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and other organics. There
is concern that systems that destroy chlorinated organic molecules by heat have
the potential to create products of incomplete combustion, including dioxins and
furans. These compounds are extremely toxic in the parts per trillion ranges.

c. The molten salt is usually recycled in the reactor chamber. However,

depending on the waste treated (especially inorganics) and the amount of ash,
spent molten salt may be hazardous and require special care in disposal.

d. Pyrolysis is not effective in either destroying or physically separating

inorganics from the contaminated medium. Volatile metals may be removed as a
result of the higher temperatures associated with the process, but they are not
destroyed. By-products containing heavy metals may require stabilization before
final disposal.
e. When the off-gases are cooled, liquids condense, producing an oil/tar residue
and contaminated water. These oils and tars may be hazardous wastes, requiring
proper treatment, storage, and disposal.

These disadvantages limit the scope of usage of Pyrolysis.

Liquid Waste Management

Liquid wastes mainly consist of waste water from residential, commercial and
industrial areas in towns and cities. This waste water contains many dissolvable
unwanted and rejected substances. In cities and towns, waste water is
transported through sewerage system having a network of underground pipes
called sewers.

Sewage is waste water containing solid and liquid excreta coming from houses,
streets, industries etc. Silage is another term applied to waste liquid not
containing excreta. Sewage water mainly has 99.9 percent of water and rest 0.1
percent of organic and inorganic substances.

This waste water carries many bacteria which cause diseases. Organic matter
decomposes to give different color to the water and it also gives bad odor to the
liquid. The sewage water is managed to get it free from pollution and can be
reused for agricultural and other uses.

The treatment to such sewage mainly focused on three things.

They are:

(a) Removal of the suspended matters

(b) Reduction of the organic matter through decomposition by bacterial action.

(c) Production of germ free water safe for environment.

Management of liquid waste through sewage treatment:

There are three stages for treatment of sewage water. They are:

1. Primary or physical treatment.

2. Secondary or Biological treatment.

3. Tertiary or chemical treatment.

1. Primary treatment:

It is the process of mechanically removing the solid materials present in water

through metal screening, Grid chambers and sedimentation. Metal screening
removes large floating objects such as small piece of woods, rags, masses of
garbage and dead insects and animals.

The Grit chamber allows the settlement of heavier solids such as sand into the
bottom layer. The waste water is then allowed to pass into a big sedimentation
tank where the liquid spends about 6- 8 hours. During this time about 50 to 70
percent of the solids settle down under the influence of gravitational force.

During this process a small amount of decomposition takes place by the

microorganisms present in sewage breaking down the organic matter present.
The organic matter after breaking down settles down into a layer called sludge.

This sludge is removed mechanically. Primary treatment removes about 60

percent of floating solid bodies, 30 percent of oxygen demanding wastes, 20
percent of nitrogen compounds, and 10 percent of phosphorous compounds.

2. Secondary Treatment:

It is a biological oxidation of organic matter. It is achieved by filter method or by

sludge process. In the filter method, the waste water is sprinkled over the surface
of a bed of small stones of one to two metres deep. When the water percolates
through the stone bed, a very complex biological growth of algae, fungi, protozoa
and bacteria occurs. By this formation, the waste water gets oxidised. The
oxidised waste water is then passed into the sedimentation tanks.

The sludge process is a modern method of management of waste water. The

liquid from the sedimentation tank is mixed with sludge collected from the final
tank. This sludge is called activated sludge as it is rich in aerobic bacteria
(bacterial which can survive only in presence of oxygen). This activated sludge is
then subjected to aeration. By aeration the organic matter of waste liquid gets
oxidized into carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. Organisms causing diseases
like typhoid, cholera are destroyed is the stage.

The oxidised waste liquid is then passed into a secondary sedimentation tank
where activated sludge is collected. The volume and characteristics of the sludge
is reduced through anaerobic (devoid of oxygen) auto digestion. In this process,
complex compounds are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and
ammonia. This substance works as a good fertiliser.

3. Tertiary Treatment:

The residue from earlier two treatment process still leave about 10 percent of
suspended solid bodies, 10 percent of the oxygen demanding wastes, 30 percent
of toxic metal compounds, 50 percent of Nitrogen and 70 percent of
phosphorous. This Tertiary Treatment method is an advanced form of chemical
and physical process.

The most common methods in this treatment is precipitation of suspended

particles, filtration with carbon to resolve dissolve organic compounds and
reverse osmosis by passage through a membrane to remove dissolve organic and
inorganic materials. Chlorination is also required at the end to remove disease
causing bacteria and other germs.

Waste water treatment method

Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes for the management of waste liquid:

The algae are a unicellular plant that mostly grows in upper layer of water or on
stones present in the water. These are very useful for waste liquid purification.
Algae and bacteria used together is an efficient method for recovery of waste
water over bacterial action. This process is also very inexpensive. In the algae-
bacteria combination, an alga provides oxygen to remove toxic elements. Bacteria
on the other hand degrade organic matter aerobically.
The aquatic plants are also used in the treatment of waste water. These plants
when grown in high nutrient water grow well and double their population in two
weeks time. It is able to clean waste water containing various organic materials.

E-Waste Management
"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of
their "useful life."E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of
some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on
their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a
threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions,
VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio
equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other
substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused,
refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are
less harmful to the ecosystem.

Considering the severity of the problem, it is imperative that certain management

options be adopted to handle the bulk e-wastes. Following are some of the
management options suggested for the government, industries and the public.

Responsibilities of the Government

Governments should be responsible for providing an adequate system of laws,

controls and administrative procedures for hazardous waste management (Third
World Network. 1991). Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed
and revamped. A comprehensive law that provides e-waste regulation and
management and proper disposal of hazardous wastes is required. Such a law
should empower the agency to control, supervise and regulate the relevant
activities of government departments.

Responsibility and Role of industries

Companies can and should adopt waste minimization techniques, which will
make a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and thereby
lessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production" system that
designs infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained within e-
wastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various plastics,
glass and wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system offers
a win-win situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined for raw
materials, and groundwater will be protected.

Responsibilities of the Citizen

Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management

option including recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of
valuable products and keeps them out of the waste management system for a
longer time. But care should be taken while donating such items i.e. the items
should be in working condition.

Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also

benefits society. By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations,
and lower-income families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could
not afford.

E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes.
This should be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various
organizations.
Zero Waste Management
Zero Waste is a philosophy and a design principle for the 21st Century. It
includes ‘recycling’ but goes beyond recycling by taking a ‘whole system’
approach to the vast flow of resources and waste through human society.

“Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient and visionary, to guide
people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural
cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others
to use.

Zero Waste maximizes recycling, minimizes waste, reduces consumption and

ensures that products are made to be reused, repaired or recycled back into
nature or the marketplace.

Benefits of Zero Waste

● redesigns the current, one-way industrial system into a circular system modeled on
Nature’s successful strategies
● challenges badly designed business systems that “use too many resources to make
too few people more productive”
● addresses, through job creation and civic participation, increasing wastage of
human resources and erosion of democracy
● helps communities achieve a local economy that operates efficiently, sustains good
jobs, and provides a measure of self-sufficiency.
● aims to eliminate rather than manage waste
 5R’s of Zero Waste Management
An article from a thoughtful person

Zero Waste starts by refusing things. Whatever you still have and use you
should reduce to save resources. Substitute disposables for reusable options,
and instead of tossing things repair them! Separate what little trash you have left
and make sure to recycle. Compost what’s left and let it rot.

1. Refuse
Refusing will eliminate most of your trash.

Learn to say no! Say no to produce wrapped in plastic! Say no to freebies and
bargains! Say no to disposables! Say not to participate in unsustainable practices!

The more we accept all those things that will inevitably end up in landfills, the
more demand we generate for those unsustainable things.

Easily disposable items of low quality are cheap and we buy them because we
didn’t have to spend a lot of money. But cheap things are cheap for a reason. To
cut the costs, they were produced using chemicals and materials from
questionable sourcing, which means very often they leech toxins! And they
couldn’t be sold at such low prices if workers – very often children – weren’t
exploited along the production process.

In the long run, those low-quality items will cost you even more than buying a good
quality one from the start, since most are made to break easily – so you will buy a
new one to replace it!

Tips
● Buying in big supermarkets often mean more packaging, even in the produce
section. Shop at the farmer’s market or at small local stores. They are usually
also very more open to individual solutions
● Take out your phone and take pictures of pamphlets or business cards. Accept
the information, but not the physical item! This way you have all the crucial
information on you at all times. I mean, cross my heart, I’d lose those cards
anyway, but I am very careful not to lose my phone!
● Freebies like pens or swag bags are tempting. VERY tempting. To be honest, I am
actually a cheap person. I was brought up in a bargain hunting crazed family.
We would spend a LOT of money on useless cheap things just because they were
a steal. What helped me resist the temptation to always grab everything free
within my arm’s reach was to remind myself of the horrible carbon footprint, the
exploitation of workers, and how in the end, those things will become clutter and
a problem. Too useless to keep, too “good” to throw away.

2. Reduce
I always thought that it was only me. Every time I opened my closet and I saw all
the unworn pieces of clothing, I felt bad. Just a while back when I started to get
rid of 80% of my wardrobe I asked around, and it turned out that it’s a very normal
phenomenon!

We all have a lot of things at home we never use. Some of them we haven’t even
ever unpacked! Why? Because we buy on impulse. We see something, in that
specific moment we like it, and bam, we bought it. However, the novelty and joy
of having it wears out very quickly and then it’s just another item we have at home
that doesn’t add any value to our life.

Also, reduce your overall consumption. But if you actually refuse everything that
comes packaged in plastic you will have anyway.

Pare down and give your things a second life

All those things you are not using or do not really need had to be produced at one
point. It’s a waste of resources to have them collect dust at your home. Donate or
sell them. This way, someone else can reuse your things instead of buying new
products, using up more resources.

You can donate your things to Good Will, or you can give them away using local
Facebook groups. You can also sell clothes and electronics on eBay, Craigslist, at
a flea market or host a garage sale. Nowadays, there are more and more swap
parties where you can swap your unwanted stuff with one another. Everybody
leaves happy and nobody had to spend a dime :).

Simplify your life

Clever marketing campaigns and TV ads have taught us that we have a lot of
needs, and that there is at least one uber specialized product for each of our crazy
needs. I used to have a face cream for daytime (for super sensitive skin), another
one for nighttime (extra rich), another one for winter (daytime), another one for
summer (daytime), another aqua-something one called night-repair, then an anti-
aging eye cream (with Q10), a daytime eye cream with SPF, a super moisturizing
eye cream (nighttime)… I could go on and on and on, but, you get the idea ;).

Now I only use oils we also use for cooking. Usually that’s sunflower seed, olive
and coconut oil. I usually break out very easily and some of those uber creams left
 my skin read and ichty for weeks. I’ve been using mainly oil (I did use up some of
my lotions and creams) for a year now and my skin has never been better!

We only use white vinegar and sometimes a bit of baking soda for cleaning, and
we use alep soap to wash our entire body (hands, face, body, feet – everything),
our clothes and our dishes (we make detergent out of alep soap and baking soda).
You can even use alep soap to wash your hair if you use vinegar (1/4 cup vinegar
+ 1 cup of water) to rinse it afterwards. That’s all you need to keep yourself and
your home clean. No more toxins and a lot more cupboard space where our army
of cleaning products used to be!

3. Reuse (and repair)

Disposables are, well, disposable. Which means you have to buy them over and
over. Which in turn means you keep spending money on things that you will throw
away. You might as well throw away your money directly. At least that would
have a better carbon footprint…

It’s very easy to replace disposables:

● Disposable razors – electric shaver, straight-edge razor, double-blade razor

● Cotton rounds – washable cotton rounds
● Tissues – handkerchiefs
● Paper towels – microfibre or cotton cloths
● Paper napkins – cloth napkins (or just use handkerchiefs)
● Dish sponge – cotton cloth
● Tea bags – loose tea and a tea strainer/ french press
● Coffee pads/ filter cones – french press/ reusable coffee filter cones or pads
● Baking parchment – grease the cake pan/ silicon mat
● Tin foil/ cling film – put it in a food container or jar, or wrap it in a dish towel
● Paper bags/ plastic bags – bring your own cloth/ tote bag
● Disposable lunch bags – stainless steel food containers, mason jars, dish
towels
● Bottled water – a good quality glass or stainless steel water bottle (preferably
plastic-free or at least BPA-free) and tap water; if you do not trust tap water cook
it beforehand (you use it for cooking anyway, right)
● Toothpics – turkey lacers
● Muffin paper liners – grease your muffin tray
● Trash bags/ bin liners – at some point you might not need those anymore ;),
until then go for newpaper origami
● Cleaning wipes – microfibre or cotton cloth and your homemade vinegar
cleaning solution (1/4 cup distilled vinegar + 1 cup of water)
● Toilet paper – a bottle, water, soap and a washcloth
Also, pack your lunches in reusable food containers and shop with reusables.

If things break, repair them or have them repaired. Mend clothes, upcycle items
you would otherwise toss. Buy second hand and remember: some things you don’t
have to actually own, it’s sufficient to have access (i.e. movies, music, library, tools,
or even cars or office space).

4. Recycle
After you have refused, reduced, and reused there shouldn’t be much left to
recycle. Still, make sure to separate your trash so that those resources can be
reused instead of filling our landfills.

5. Rot
Don’t just throw your kitchen scraps away! Get a worm bin and let those little
fellows turn your waste into high-quality fertilizer! It’s the most efficient and local
form of recycling where the trash doesn’t even need to be transported wasting fuel
and whatnot
Social Issues

A social cause is a problem that influences a considerable number of individuals

within a society. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an
individual's control, and is the source of a conflicting opinion on the grounds of
what is perceived as a morally just personal life or societal order.

Social Issues in India

India is an ancient country and according to some estimates, Indian civilization
is about five thousand years of age. Therefore, it is natural that its society will
also be very old and complex. Throughout its long period of history, India has
witnessed and received several waves of immigrants such as Aryans, Muslims
etc. These people brought with themselves their own ethnic varieties and
cultures and contributed to India’s diversity, richness and vitality.

Therefore, Indian society is a complex mix of diverse cultures, people, beliefs and
languages which may have come from anywhere but now is a part of this vast
country. This complexity and richness gives Indian society a unique appearance
of a very vibrant and colorful cultural country.

Major Problems in India

● Poverty
● Illiteracy
● Terrorism
● Casteism
● Untouchability
● Corruption
● Overpopulation
● Child Marriage
● Starvation
● Child Labour
● Gender Inequality
 ● Dowry
● Domestic Violence against Women
● Sexual Violence against Women
● Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
● Child Sexual Abuse
● Communalism
● Religious Violence
● Marital Rape
● Child Trafficking
● Bonded Labour

Reasons of Social Problems

But the very same complexity brings with itself complex nature of social
problems and issues. In fact every society of the world has their social issues
unique to their society. So does Indian society. Indian society is very rooted in
religious beliefs; there are people of different religious beliefs such as Hindus,
Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, Parsis etc. These all adds to the socio-cultural varieties
of the country. India’s social problems are also rooted in the religious practices
and beliefs of it people. Almost all forms of social issues and problems find their
origin in the religious and cultural practices of the people of India. These social
problems are developed in a long period of times and are still continuing in one
form or other.

Furthermore, India has witnessed several wars of large proportions; several

foreign invaders attacked India in its long history among whom few made this
country as their own and tried to force their socio-religious practices which also
deteriorated social conditions; the long period of British rule crippled the country
and had thrown it into backwardness. Thus, many such reasons may be cited
for India’s social problems but the fact remains that we have these issues and
only we can solve them.

Forms of Social Issues in India

Poverty
Poverty is a condition in which a household is not able to fulfill its basic needs
for survival i.e. food, clothing and shelter. Poverty is a widespread condition in
India. Since Independence, poverty is a prevalent concern. It is the twenty-first
century and poverty still is a persistent menace in the country. India happens to
be country wherein the disparities between the haves and the have-notes are
extremely wide. It needs to be taken into account that although the economy has
shown some visible signs of progress in the last two decades, this progress been
uneven across various sectors or areas. The growth rates are higher in Gujarat
and Delhi as compared to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of the population
doesn’t have proper shelter, access to a decent sanitation system, villages do not
have a nearby water source, and villages also do not have a secondary school
and lack of proper roads. Some sections of the society like the Dalits are not even
included in the poverty list maintained by the concerned authorities assigned by
the government. They’re groups that are marginalized in the society.

The element which further complicates and deteriorates the situation is the
government subsidies system which has leakages in the distribution system.
They never reach the households.

Illiteracy
Illiteracy is a condition which becomes a blot on the development of nation. India
possesses the largest illiterate population. Illiteracy in India is a problem which
has complex dimensions attached to it. Illiteracy in India is more or less
concerned with different forms of disparities that exist in the country. There are
gender imbalances, income imbalances, state imbalances, caste imbalances,
technological barriers which shape the literacy rates that exist in the country.
The Indian government though has launched several schemes to combat the
menace of illiteracy but due to the poor conditions of sanitation and expensive
private education and defective mid-day meal schemes, illiteracy still prevails.
Not only the government, but every literate person needs to accept the
eradication of illiteracy as a personal goal. Each and every contribution by a
literate person can make a contribution to eradicate the menace.
Child Marriage
According to the United Nations report, India has the second highest number of
child marriages. Marriage is considered to be a sacred union between two mature
and consenting individuals who are ready to accept each other and share
responsibilities for a lifetime. With respect to this context, child marriages
happen to be an unsound institution. Child marriage mars the innocence of
childhood. The Indian Constitution provides for prohibitions against child
marriage through various laws and enactments. The first law that was designed
was the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 which extended to the whole of
India except Jammu and Kashmir. This act defines the ages of an adult male
and female. Also, sex with minors is a criminal offence under Section 376 of the
Indian Penal Code. Proper media sensitization is required for a major change to
take place. While on one hand, it is stated that child marriage will still take nearly
fifty years to be eradicated, genuine efforts, strict enforcements of the legal
provisions and change the scenarios to a great extent.

Starvation
Starvation is a condition characterized by the deficiency in calorie energy intake
and is a serious form of malnutrition which ultimately leads to death if not taken
care about. Historically, starvation has been constant across various human
cultures apart from India. Starvation can take place in a country due to many
reasons like war, famine, the disparities between the rich and the poor and so
on. Malnutrition conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus can also develop
into serious causes of starvation. Generally, the conditions of kwashiorkor and
marasmus arise when people are taking diets which are not rich in nutrients
(proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and fiber). In the context of
India, it becomes needless to say that the food distribution system is flawed. The
Supreme Court has issued orders over the past decades directing the
government to take measures like mid-day meal schemes and the provision of
health care schemes for pregnant and lactating women. The National Food
Security Bill which has become a landmark act does seem to show promises with
respect to its measures of the identification of the poor and the needy, redressal
mechanisms for grievances and children’s entitlements. But, this bill also is not
without its cons. Clear mechanisms with respect to the identification of
beneficiaries have not been defined. The indicators of the poor need to be made
specific. They are vague in description.

Child Labour
Child labour typically means the employment of children in any work with or
without payment. Child labour is not only limited to India, it happens to be a
global phenomenon. As far as India is concerned, the issue is a vicious one as
children in India have historically been helping parents at their farms and other
primitive activities. Over population, illiteracy, poverty, debt trap are some of the
common causes which are instrumental in this issue. Overburdened, debt-
trapped parents fail to understand the importance of a normal childhood under
the pressures of their own troubles and thus it leads to the poor emotional and
mental balance of a child’s brain which is not prepared to undertake rigorous
field or domestic tasks. Multinational companies also recruit children in garment
industries for more work and less pay which is absolutely unethical. Child labour
as a global concern has been raised on international platforms as well. Abolition
of child trafficking, elimination of poverty, free and compulsory education, and
basic standards of living can reduce the problem to a great extent. The World
Band, International Monetary Fund can help in eradicating poverty by providing
loan to the developing countries. Strict implementation of labour laws is also
essential in order to prevent exploitation by parties or multinational companies.

Other varied forms of social problems related to issues such

as Casteism, Untouchability, Bonded Labour, Gender
Inequality, Dowry, Domestic Violence against Women, Sexual Violence against
Women, Child Sexual Abuse, Communalism, Religious Violence, Issues related
to SC/STs, Marital Rape, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace, Child
Trafficking , Overpopulation etc.
The list may go on and it is not a comprehensive list. There are several other
social issues and problems ailing the country but above mentioned ones are
really pressing issues which need immediate attention.

It is not so that social ills have not been fought with; in fact from the ancients
times in our country there have been various social-cultural reformers such as
Budha, Mahavira, Kabir, Gurunanak, Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Mahatma Gandhi,
Dr. Ambedkar, Vinoba Bhave etc who have tried to fight those evils throughout
their lives; they have succeeded also to a certain extent. But still the country is
facing these socio-cultural problems in various degrees which is an unfortunate
reality of 21st century India.

Present Scenario:
We try to present our country as a modern, forward looking nation of the world
and it’s true that India is making strides in the world as a nation with
encouraging developments in scientific, economic and technological fields, but
as far as social developments are concerned it is still one of the lowest ranked
countries of the world. India’s Human Development Index (HDI) rank for 2013 is
135 out of 187 countries of the world which are listed in the report. This shows
the sorry state of affairs as far as India’s situation on social indicators is
concerned. This also shows that we as a society are still people of orthodox beliefs
in a negative sense who do not want to believe in the concept of equality and
brotherhood of all.

Though several Governmental and non-governmental (NGOs) bodies are working

towards improving the existing situation in the social fields but results are not
very encouraging. Perhaps the problem lies in the very deep rooted beliefs in the
minds of people of the country which is not letting the situation to change.

For instance: the issue of Female Feticides is one of the shameful practices in
our country. Though there are various prohibitory measures the Government
and NGOs have taken but the practice is continuing. The real reason for this is
the Patriarchy system of society of our country which considers male as the
superior authority and women as subordinate to them. Therefore, very strong
desire of having a male child in comparison to female child led to the shameful
practice of female feticides. Thus, it is belief system or the cultural conditioning
of the people which is not letting the society to change at a fast pace.

Though there have been several positive changes in the society such as now girls
are also going to school in vast majority and their employment ratio is also
increasing; illiteracy as whole is decreasing; conditions of SC/STs are also
improving etc but situation is far from satisfactory.

We witness inequality against women in our own homes, sexual violence against
women can be heard on daily basis, female feticide is continuing, religious-
communal violence is on the rise, untouchability is still a reality, child labour is
widely practiced etc.

Therefore, there is a lot needs to be done for the situation to improve. And
without changing the mind-set and beliefs of the people it is a very difficult task.
For this purpose educating people about various social problems and sensitizing
them towards changing their way of thinking is the best way forward. Because
without people trying to change themselves, any governmental or non-
governmental efforts will prove as a half-measure. If we want to make India as a
true world leader and a modern 21 st country of the world, it is imperative that
that we make an improvement on our social front.
Social Marketing
Social marketing seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts with other
approaches to social change. Social marketing aims to influence behaviours that
benefit individuals and communities for the greater social good. Think about
some of the biggest challenges that face the world today: health issues like
obesity, or environmental problems like climate change. These issues are often
caused by human behaviour, and so can only be tackled if people change their
lifestyles and habits.

To give an idea of what is involved; here are eight features of social marketing.

1. Behaviour
Social marketing involves trying to change people’s actual behaviour – not just
their attitudes or awareness.

2. Customer orientation
As social marketers, we must stand in the shoes of the people whose behaviour
we are trying to change. We need to understand their lives and their behaviours
from their perspective, not based on what we might think or experience.

3. Theory
We use behavioural theories to help us understand behaviour and to inform the
interventions that we develop.

4. Insight
We conduct research into the behaviours of the people we are interested in to
develop actionable insights that inform the development of interventions to
change their behaviour.

5. Exchange
Changing behaviour usually involves people giving something up (costs) to gain
something else (benefits). We need to understand how people perceive rewards,
benefits, costs and barriers associated with both desired and problem
behaviours. We can then consider what might be done to incentivise the desired
behaviour and disincentivise the problem behaviour.

6. Competition
In designing behaviour change interventions, we need to consider what else
competes for our audience’s time, attention, and their tendency to behave in a
certain way.

7. Segmentation
Not everyone is the same, so a ‘one size fits all’ approach is rarely best. Good
customer insight allows us to identify audience segments, grouping together
people with common characteristics, and to tailor interventions accordingly.

8. Methods mix
Social marketing – like commercial marketing – involves using all of the
Marketing Mix i.e. the ‘7Ps’: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Process, Physical
Evidence and People. It’s about much more than just raising awareness.

What social marketing is not

Social marketing shouldn’t be confused with social media marketing, for example
using Facebook and Twitter. Social media is simply a tool or channel that is
sometimes used within social marketing.

According to Philip Kotler - Social Marketing is "the design, implementation, and

control of programs seeking to increase the acceptability of a social idea or
practise in a target group"

According to W. Smith, Academy for Educational Development - "Social

Marketing is a process for influencing human behaviour on a large scale, using
marketing principles for the purpose of societal benefit rather than commercial
profit."

Social marketing is based on tools and techniques of commercial marketing, it

uses principles of commercial marketing for the purpose of societal benefit. In
social marketing, advertising campaigns are designed, implemented, and
controlled by using the principles of commercial marketing. The key features of
social marketing are taken directly from commercial marketing, but the purpose
of social marketing differs form the purpose of commercial marketing. The
purpose of commercial marketing is to increase sales and revenue, but it is not
so in the case of social marketing.

The purpose of social marketing is societal benefit rather than commercial profit.
Its purpose is to bring about positive health and social change. Its ultimate
outcome is behavioural change rather than increased sales.

Social advertising campaigns are advertising tools that attempt to influence

attitude and behaviour related to social cause. For example, social advertising
campaigns have been used to influence behaviour related to energy
conservation, pollution, tobacco prevention, family planning, breast cancer
screening, and etc.

How Social Responsibility in Marketing Works

Recyclable packaging, promotions that spread awareness of societal issues and
problems, and directing portions of profits toward charitable groups or efforts
are examples of social responsibility marketing strategies. For example, a
clothing company's marketing team may launch a campaign that encourages
consumers to buy a bundle of its socks versus one pair; for every bundle sold,
the company donates a bundle of socks to military personnel overseas or to local
homeless shelters. As a result of these donations, the company brands itself as
socially responsible and ethical, which ultimately attracts customers who are
engaged in socially responsible commitments and who want to support the
welfare of the community.
Social platforms help you connect with customers, increase awareness about
your brand, and boost your leads and sales. With more than three billion people
around the world using social media every month, it's no passing trend.

Social marketing examples

Implementation: child car seats. Social marketing enables you to develop

products, services and communications that fit people's needs and
motivations. ...

Policy: water rationing. ...

Strategy: lung disease strategy. ...

Child car seats in Texas. ...

Water rationing in Jordan. ...

Consider the four “Ps” of marketing when designing your interventions

Product: Think about a tangible object or service you can provide to support or
facilitate behaviour change. Can you offer a new product/service or adapt one
that already exists? Product examples include in-home blood pressure
monitoring kits, improved HIV tests, journals to plan and track food intake,
cessation counselling.

Price: Consider interventions that would decrease the costs to the individual of
taking the desired action (not only monetary cost, but emotional, psychological
and time costs). List out the “price” or barriers for your audience segment to
carry out the desired behaviour, then brainstorm interventions to diminish those
barriers. For example, instituting a walking club program at the workplace for
those who cite lack of support and lack of time as barriers to regular exercise.

Place: Think about where and when the audience will perform the behaviour or
access the new or adapted product/service. How can you make it convenient and
pleasant (even more so than the competing behaviour)? Examples include
placing condom vending machines in bar restrooms, offering help lines that are
available 24 hours a day, having breastfeeding consultants check-in on new
mothers after they leave the hospital. Also think about your “sales force” – the
people that will take your program to the audience. Consider the need for peer
educators, counsellors or others who can make your program or its activities
more accessible.

Promotion: Use your market research to determine the communication

channels and activities that will best reach your audience to promote the benefits
of the desired behaviour. What advertising or public relations media do they pay
attention to (e.g., radio, newspaper, postcard racks)? What special promotional
items would they use (e.g., water bottles, refrigerator magnets, notepads)? What
special events do/would they attend (concerts, health fairs, conferences)? How
can you include influencing audiences? Be sure to promote the Product, Price
and Place features that you want the audience to know about.

6 Phases of a Social Marketing Process

Phase 1: Describe the problem

Based on thorough review of available data, current literature on behavioural

theory and best practices or programmes addressing similar problems
E.g. SWOT-Analysis: finding Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
Develop a strategy team to help develop and promote the program

Phase 2: Conduct the market research

Target audience?
What makes different consumer groups alike/different from each other?
🡪Need to approach different consumer groups in different ways (own priorities and
needs)
🡪E.g. for a general sanitation campaign you cannot have a standard product (e.g.
arborloo) and only promote through one channel (e.g. radio)

Phase 3: Create the market strategy

Heart of marketing program: WHAT you want to achieve and HOW

Based on research findings (Phase 1) select target audience and desired
behaviour
Specify benefits the target audience will receive for behaviour change (benefits
they really care about!)
 Specify key barriers that the program will help the target audience to
overcome

Phase 4: Adapt your marketing mix

Different marketing mix for all identified segments:

Different products
At different prices
Available at different places
Reach segments through different communication tools

Phase 5: Plan monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring data are used to ensure the program is implemented as planned and
whether strategy is suitable
Consider also environmental factors (e.g. policies, economic conditions, new
programmes, structural change): have they changed in ways that affect the
program?

Phase 6: Implement the intervention and evaluation

Implementation of the programme and evaluation takes:

Launching the programme

Producing materials
Procuring needed services
Sequencing, managing and coordinating the respective interventions
Staying on strategy
Fielding the evaluation
Capturing and disseminating findings and lessons learned
Modifying activities as warranted
Non-Government Organization
Definition of NGO
NGO is an abbreviation for Non-Government Organization, where refers
to an association formed by the citizens, that functions
completely autonomous from the government to perform a broad
spectrum of services and humanitarian functions. It is a non-profit
making entity; that operates at a regional, national or international level
depending on its reach and connectivity. It can be incorporated as a
trust, society or a company. These organisations raise its funds from
government, foundations, businesses and private people.
It performs a number of activities, to draw the attention of the
government towards the citizen’s grievances, advocating public policies,
promoting political participation by providing information.
There are many NGOs which work for specific issues like supporting
human rights, women and children’s rights, environmental or health
issues. International Committee Of The Red Cross, Rotary
International, International Air Transport Association (IATA),
International Chamber Of Commerce (ICC), International Organization
For Standardization (ISO) are some well known NGO’s
operating worldwide.
History of NGO
The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945,
when the United Nations (UN) was created and there were 1083 NGOs.
According to the UN any kind of private organization that is independent
from government control can be termed as ‘NGO’.
International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and
the movement for women's suffrage.
Based on Societies Registration Act (SRA) NGO was approved in 1860.
India is estimated to had around 2 million NGOs in 2014.
Definition of NPO
Non-Profit Organization or NPO is a legal entity formed by a group of
persons to promote cultural, religious, professional, or social objectives.
The initial funds are raised by the members or trustees of the NPO. As
the organisation is a non-profit making entity, it applies its surplus
funds on the promotion of the objectives of the organization rather than
distributing it among the members of the organisation. It is registered
under section 8 (old section 25) of the Companies Act. Such
organisation enjoys several privileges like tax exemption, not required
to use the term ‘Ltd’ or ‘Pvt Ltd’ at the end of its name.
n NPO may include a charitable organisation, membership groups like
a sports club or women’s club, social or recreational organisation,
public educational institutions, public hospitals, etc.

Difference between NGO and NPO

The difference between NGO and NPO can be drawn clearly on the
following grounds:

1. An NGO refers to a non-governmental organisation formed by

ordinary citizens that operates autonomously of government. On
the contrary, an NPO is an organisation set up to provide goods
and services to people and operates on the principle that no
member will receive share profits or losses by the entity.
2. An NGO can be registered by the following methods, i.e. as a
Trust under Public Trust Act, or as a Society as a Societies
Registration Act, 1860 or as a non-profit company under the
Companies Act, 1956. On the other hand, an NPO is
incorporated as a company under section 8 of the Companies
Act, 1956.
3. The area of operation of an NGO is comparatively wider than
NPO.
4. An NGO works for the betterment, upliftment and development
of society and economy as well, bring awareness of human
rights, women empowerment, etc. In contrast to NPO, is set up
to promote art, science, research, commerce or any other useful
purpose.
Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
NGO NPO
COMPARISON

Meaning An NGO refers to a non- An organization set up to

governmental organization provide goods and services to
formed by ordinary citizens people, and operates on the
that operates autonomously of principle that no member will
government. receive share profits or losses
of the entity is known as NPO.

Registration Can be registered as a Trust Under section 8 of the

under Public Trust Act, or as a Companies Act, 1956.
Society as a Socities
Registration Act, 1860 or as a
non-profit company under the
Companies Act, 1956.

Area of Large Limited

operation

Objective To work for the betterment of To promote art, science,

society and economy as well, research, commerce or any
bring awareness of human other useful purpose.
rights, women empowerment
etc.
An NGO is an association of person; that works for promoting
humanitarian or cooperative objective instead of a commercial one. On
the other hand, the NPO is an organisation which is set up to promote
art, science, education or any other social or cultural purpose; that
intends to use its profit in the promotion of its objectives instead of
dividing it among the members.

Orgnisational structure

Working of NGO
First tier :-

It is main source of funding. It includes government bodies, international

agencies or individuals etc.

Second tier: –

Main function of this tier is to distribute the funds provided by first tier.

Third tier :–

This tier includes NGOs. Its function is to link with fund applicant.

Fourth tier :–

This tier represents the recipient of funds provided by NGOs.

NGO types can be understood by their orientation and level of operation.

NGO types by orientation:
Charitable Orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little
participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed
toward meeting the needs of the poor -distribution of food, clothing or medicine;
provision of housing, transport, schools etc. Such NGOs may also undertake
relief activities during a natural or man-made disaster.

Service Orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of

health, family planning or education services in which the programme is
designed by the NGO and people are expected to participate in its
implementation and in receiving the service.

Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people

are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash,
tools, land, materials, labour etc. In the classical community development
project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the
planning and implementation stages. Cooperatives often have a participatory
orientation.

Empowering Orientation is where the aim is to help poor people develop a clearer
understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives,
and to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to control their
lives. Sometimes, these groups develop spontaneously aroud a problem or an
issue, at other times outside workers from NGOs play a facilitating role in their
development. In any case, there is maximum involvement of the people with
NGOs acting as facilitators.

Professional orientation: A group of people in a learned occupation who are

entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of the legitimate practice of the
occupation.

● To safeguard the public interest

● It's also represent the interest of the professional practitioners
NGO Types by level of operation:
Community-based Organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives.
These can include sports clubs, women's organizations, neighbourhood
organizations, religious or educational organizations. There are a large variety of
these, some supported by NGOs, national or international NGOs, or bilateral or
international agencies, and others independent of outside help. Some are
devoted to rising the consciousness of the urban poor or helping them to
understand their rights in gaining access to needed services while others are
involved in providing such services.

Citywide Organizations include organizations such as the Rotary or lion's Club,

chambers of commerce andindustry, coalitions of business, ethnic or
educational groups and associations of community organizations. Some exist for
other purposes, and become involved in helping the poor as one of many
activities, while others are created for the specific purpose of helping the poor.

National NGOs include organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs,

professional organizations etc. Some of these have state and cuty branches and
assist local NGOs.

International NGOs range from secular gencies such as Redda BArna and Save
the Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to
religiously motivated groups. Their activities vary from mainly funding local
NGOs, institutions and projects, to implementing the projects themselves.

Approaches under NGO

1. Grassroots development :

It targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based projects.

These projects usually involve training and education programs to transfer skills
and build the capacity and confidence of local organisations and
communities.
This approach at its most successful allows the benefits of a project to
continue beyond the duration of the project itself.
2.Humanitarian/Emergency Relief
• It focuses on relief in times of disaster such as earthquakes, floods and
cyclones.
• NGOs in this area aim to gain access to disaster zones as quickly as
possible to provide emergency health services and food aid.

3. Advocacy
It aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence government
policy either on behalf of, or alongside, a particular community interest
group.
It can be approached through high level policy dialogues, lobbying, or
through grassroots and community campaigning.
The level of involvement of affected communities differ with each
organisation.

4. Volunteer
Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers overseas to offer
technical assistance, project support and capacity building in a variety of
sectors such as nursing, education, engineering and agriculture.
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
COMPETENCIES
SRC - Introduction

Social responsibility involves the ability and disposition

● to consider the interdependence of people with each other and the

natural environment;
● to contribute positively to one’s family, community, society, and the
environment;
● to resolve problems peacefully;
● to empathize with others and appreciate their perspectives; and
● to create and maintain healthy relationships.

Social responsibility is one of three interrelated competencies that relate to the

broad area of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL):

I. Positive personal and cultural identity (PPCI) II. Personal awareness and
responsibility III. Social responsibility

Students who demonstrate social responsibility are active, caring, and

responsible members of society. They collaborate effectively with others,
demonstrate a strong sense of community-mindedness, and take actions to
support diversity and the environment. They show respect for everyone’s rights,
and demonstrate empathy and a sense of ethical care as they develop
relationships and consider differing perspectives.

Development of social responsibility begins within families, before students enter

formal schooling, and is expanded and enhanced at every stage of life and
schooling. At each stage, students maintain and enhance competencies from
previous stages, while developing new skills. Students move from demonstrating
social responsibility in relatively simple and highly supported situations, to
demonstrating increasing independence in more complex and varied social and
environmental contexts. They accept generational roles and responsibilities. The
development of competency in social responsibility does not end with school
graduation, but continues to develop in personal, social, educational, and
workplace contexts as adults take individual and collective responsibility for the
good of society and the environment.

The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and

interwoven with each other and with other competencies.

1. Contributing to community and caring for the environment

Students develop awareness and take responsibility for their social, physical,
and natural environments by working independently and collaboratively for the
benefit of others, communities, and the environment.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to improve the classroom,

school, community, or natural world.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom, school, community, or

natural world a better place.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect my community and
the natural environment and can work to make positive change.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from multiple perspectives.

I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive, sustainable change.

2. Solving problems in peaceful ways

Students identify and develop an appreciation of different perspectives on issues;
they generate, use, and evaluate strategies to resolve problems.

Sample “I” statements

I can solve some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-solving strategies.

 I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate strategies.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies, weigh

consequences, compromise to meet the needs of others, and evaluate actions.

3. Valuing diversity
Students value diversity, defend human rights, advocate for others, and act with
a sense of ethics in interactions, including online.

Sample “I” statements

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour.

I can explain when something is unfair.

I can advocate for others.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights, and can
identify how diversity is beneficial for my community, including online.

4. Building relationships
Students develop and maintain diverse, positive peer and intergenerational
relationships in a variety of contexts.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I am kind to others, can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help them feel included.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse people, including people
from different generations.
The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and interwoven
with each other and with other competencies.

Contributing to community and ✔ develop awareness

Caring for the environment ✔ take responsibility
✔ work independently/collaboratively
Solving problems in peaceful ways ✔ appreciate different perspectives
✔ resolve problems

Valuing diversity ✔ value diversity

✔ advocate for others
✔ interact ethically
Building relationships ✔ develop and maintain relationships
Social Responsibility Competency Profiles
These profile descriptions include the four facets that underpin the Social
Responsibility Competency: contributing to community and caring for the
environment, solving problems in peaceful ways, valuing diversity, and building
relationships. The four facets are interrelated and are embedded within the
profile descriptions, which are written from a student’s point of view.
 Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile 5

• Awareness • Interactio Contribution in group

activities
• Identification Analysis of complex
social or environmental
about n with of effect of
issues from multiple
others others own actions
perspectives
• Consideration and of others
• Interaction • Participat of others views
•
with friends ion in
and
expression of
• Identifying Thoughtful
Actions
group different
own views
activities perspectives
of issue • Clarify problems
• Sharing • Identification or issues,
my of problems
and potential
• Clarifying generating
multiple
feeling problems,
strategies strategies,
considering
weighing
• Listening
• Demonstration
alternatives,
and evaluating
consequences,
to others compromising to
of respectful strategies
views meet the needs
and inclusive of others and
• Identifyin
behaviour • Respect evaluating
Differences actions
g when to
ask help
• Explaning why
and when
it is unfair • Advocating for • Taking action to
others others support diversity
need • Building and and defending
help human rights and
sustaiing
relationships
• Empathy identifying how
diversity is
• Identifyin
• Maintaining beneficial for the
g what is community
unfair relationships
with other
generation • Building and
sustaining
positive
relationships with
diverse people
including people
from different
generations

• Empathy Driven
Action

Profile Description
1 I am aware that other people can be different than I am.

I can interact with my friends. With some support, I can be

part of a group.

2 In familiar and structured settings, I can interact with

others and the environment respectfully.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to

improve the classroom, school, community, or natural
world.

I can share my feelings and listen to others’ views. I can solve

some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can identify when something is unfair to me or others.

I can identify when others need help. I am kind to others,

can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

3 I can interact with others and the environment respectfully

and thoughtfully.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom,

school, community, or natural world a better place. I can
identify small things I can do that could make a difference.

I can consider others’ views and express a different opinion

in a peaceful way.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-

solving strategies.
 I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour,
including online.

I can explain why something is unfair.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I can build and sustain relationships.

I show care for elders.

4 I can take purposeful action to support others and the

environment.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect

my community and the natural environment and can work
to make positive change.

I can identify different perspectives on an issue.

I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate

strategies.

I respect differences, and demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can advocate for others.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help

them feel included.

I maintain relationships with people from different

generations.

5 I can initiate positive, sustainable change for others and the

environment.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from

multiple perspectives.
I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive,
sustainable change.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies,

weigh consequences, compromise to meet the needs of
others, and evaluate actions.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights,

and can identify how diversity is beneficial for my
community, including online.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse

people, including people from different generations.

I show empathy for others and adjust my behaviour to

accommodate their needs.
Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)
Evolution Of CSR In India
India has the world’s richest tradition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The term
CSR may be relatively new to India, but the concept dates back to Mauryan history, where
philosophers like Kautilya emphasized on ethical practices and principles while
conducting business. CSR has been informally practiced in ancient times in form of
charity to the poor and disadvantaged. Indian scriptures have at several places mentioned
the importance of sharing one’s earning with the deprived section of society. We have a
deep rooted culture of sharing and caring.
Religion also played a major role in promoting the concept of CSR. Islam had a law called
Zakaat, which rules that a portion of one’s earning must be shared with the poor in form
of donations. Merchants belonging to Hindu religion gave alms, got temples and night
shelters made for the poorer class. Hindus followed Dharmada where the manufacturer or
seller charged a specific amount from the purchaser, which was used for charity. The
amount was known as charity amount or Dharmada. In the same fashion, Sikhs followed
Daashaant.
Here, we can understand that the history of CSR in India runs parallel to the historical
development of India. CSR has evolved in phases like community engagement, socially
responsible production, and socially responsible employee relations. Therefore, the history
of Corporate Social responsibility in India can be broadly divided into four phases:
The first phase of CSR was driven by noble deeds of philanthropists and charity. It was
influenced by family values, traditions, culture and religion along with industrialization.
Till 1850, the wealthy businessmen shared their riches with the society by either setting
up temples or religious institutions. In times of famines, they opened their granaries for
the poor and hungry. The approach towards CSR changed with the arrival of colonial rule
in 1850. In the Pre-independence era, the pioneers or propagators of industrialization also
supported the concept of CSR. In 1900s, the industrialist families like Tatas, Birlas,
Modis, Godrej, Bajajs and Singhanias promoted this concept by setting up charitable
foundations, educational and healthcare institutions, and trusts for community
development. It may also be interesting to note that their efforts for social benefit were also
driven by political motives.
The second phase was the period of independence struggle when the industrialists were
pressurized to show their dedication towards the benefit of the society. Mahatma Gandhi
urged to the powerful industrialists to share their wealth for the benefit of underprivileged
section of the society. He gave the concept of trusteeship. This concept of trusteeship
helped in the socio-economic growth of India. Gandhi regarded the Indian companies and
industries as “Temples of Modern India”. He influenced the industrialists and business
houses to build trusts for colleges, research and training institutes. These trusts also
worked to enhance social reforms like rural development, women empowerment and
education. In the third phase from 1960-1980, CSR was influenced by the emergence of
Public sector undertakings to ensure proper distribution of wealth. The policy of industrial
licensing, high taxes and restrictions on the private sector resulted in corporate
malpractices. This led to enactment of legislation regarding corporate governance, labor
and environmental issues. Still the PSUs were not very successful. Therefore there was a
natural shift of expectation from the public to the private sector and their active
involvement in the socio-economic growth. In 1965, the academicians, politicians and
businessmen set up a national workshop on CSR, where great stress was laid on social
accountability and transparency.
In the fourth phase from 1980 onwards, Indian companies integrated CSR into a
sustainable business strategy. With globalization and economic liberalization in 1990s,
and partial withdrawal of controls and licensing systems there was a boom in the
economic growth of the country. This led to the increased momentum in industrial growth,
making it possible for the companies to contribute more towards social responsibility.
What started as charity is now understood and accepted as responsibility.
In the current scenario in India, the new companies act amended in December 2012
mandates the corporate to spend 2% of their average net profits of the last three financial
years towards CSR. This is applicable for companies with a turnover of 1000 Cr/ PAT of 5
Cr/ or net worth of 500 cr. The new bill replaces the Companies act 1956 and emphasizes
carrying forward the agenda of Corporate Social Responsibility.

Types of CSR​

Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives are based on four different

categories:
Ethical Responsibility
Ethical responsibility is about looking after the welfare of the employees by
ensuring fair labor practices for the employees and also the employees of their
suppliers. Ethical labor practices for suppliers mean that the companies will
ensure the use of products that have been certified as meeting fair trade
standards. Ensuring fair labor practices for employees mean that there will be
no gender, race or religious discrimination among the employees and each
employee will be given equal pay for equal work and better living wage
compensation.
Here, a good example can be Google. Google employees have high levels of job
satisfaction because they are well compensated and well paid at work. The
work environment at Google is supportive and the company looks after the
well-being of its employees. Google offers free meal at work which saves a lot of
money from their wages. Google gives its employees free access to campus
cafes, micro kitchens and other options for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Philanthropic Responsibility:
Philanthropic responsibility means to serve the humanity. This criterion pays
attention to the well-being of the unprivileged or needy people who badly
require our support to sustain on this planet. Companies fulfill their
philanthropic responsibility by donating their time, money or resources to
charities and organizations at national or international levels. These donations
are mainly given to a variety of worthy causes including human rights, national
disaster relief, and clean water and education programs in underdeveloped
countries.
No other business tycoon has fulfilled the philanthropic responsibilities better
than Bill Gates. Bill Gates has donated billions of dollars to the Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation, which supports numerous causes including
education, the eradication of malaria and agricultural developments etc.
Environmental Responsibility:
Currently, we need to focus on two main areas of our environment: limiting
pollution and reducing greenhouse gases. Companies are bound to fulfill their
economic responsibility because awareness of environmental issues are
growing largely among the consumers and today they want businesses to take
necessary steps to save our planet and preserve all the lives in it. Companies
that are concerned about reducing air, land and water pollution have increased
their standing as good corporate citizens while benefiting the society.
An example of environmental responsibility is Tesla Motors that design cars
combining style, acceleration and handling with advanced technologies in order
to make it more environmental friendly and reduce pollutions. Tesla cars do not
need gasoline refueling and it can be charged at home.

Economic Responsibility:
Economic responsibility is an interconnected field which focuses to strike a
balance between business, environmental and philanthropic practices.
Economic responsibility abides by, the set standards of ethical and moral
regulations. In this context, companies try to find out a solution which can
facilitate their business growth and generate profits by benefitting the
community and our society.
Here economic decisions are made by considering their overall effects on
society and businesses at the same time. Hence, economic responsibility can
improve business operations while engaging in sustainable practices.
Conclusion
The CEO’s running the business organizations must understand that
Corporate Social responsibility has become a mandatory practice and they
can’t deny it anymore.
Corporations, business houses and entrepreneurs can improve their public
image by supporting nonprofits through volunteerism and making monetary or
materialistic donations to build strong partnerships with their consumers and
the community alike. When these philanthropic efforts make headlines and get
good media coverage, companies increase their chances of becoming favorable
in the eyes of their consumers.

Government Policies on CSR ​

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby companies not only
consider their profitability and growth, but also the interests of society and the
environment by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on
stakeholders, environment, consumers, employees, communities, and all other
members of the public sphere. The basic premise is that when the
corporations get bigger in size, apart from the economic responsibility of
earning profits, there are many other responsibilities attached to them which
are more of non-financial/social in nature. These are the expectations of the
society from these corporate to give something in return to the society with
whose explicit or implicit help these entities stand where CSR is understood to
be the way firms integrate social, environmental and economic concerns into
their values, culture, decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent
and accountable manner and thereby establish better practices within the firm,
create wealth and improve society.​

Corporate Social Responsibility is nothing but what an organisation does, to

positively influence the society in which it exists. It could take the form of
community relationship, volunteer assistance programmes, special
scholarships, preservation of cultural heritage and beautification of cities.​
The term Corporate Social responsibility refers to the concept of business being
accountable for how it manages the impact of its processes on stakeholders
and takes responsibility for producing a positive effect on society.​

Why CSR at ​All?​

Business cannot exist in isolation; business cannot be oblivious to societal

development. The social responsibility of business can be integrated into the
business purpose so as to build a positive synergy between the two.​

1​. CSR creates a favourable public image, which attracts customers.

Reputation or brand equity of the products of a company which understands
and demonstrates its social responsibilities is very high. Customers trust the
products of such a company and are willing to pay a premium on its products.
Organizations that perform well with regard to CSR can build reputation, while
those that perform poorly can damage brand and company value when
exposed. Brand equity, is founded on values such as trust, credibility,
reliability, quality and consistency.​

2​. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities have its advantages. It builds
up a positive image encouraging social involvement of employees, which in turn
develops a sense of loyalty towards the organization, helping in creating a
dedicated workforce proud of its company. Employees like to contribute to the
cause of creating a better society. Employees become champions of a
company​ ​for which they are proud to work.​

3. Society gains through better neighbourhoods and employment

opportunities, while the organization benefits from a better community, which
is the main source of its workforce and the consumer of its products.​

4​. Public needs have changed leading to changed expectations from

consumers. The industry/ business owes its very existence to society and has
to respond to needs of the society.​

5​. The company's social involvement discourages excessive regulation or

intervention from the Government or statutory bodies, and hence gives greater
freedom and flexibility in decision-making.​

6​. The internal activities of the organisation have an impact on the external
environment, since the society is an interdependent system.​
7. A business organisation has a great deal of power and money, entrusted
upon it by the society and should be accompanied by an equal amount of
responsibility. In other words, there should be a balance between the authority
and responsibility.​

8. The good public image secured by one organisation by their social

responsiveness encourages other organizations in the neighbourhood or in the
professional group to adapt themselves to achieve their social responsiveness.​

9. The atmosphere of social responsiveness encourages co-operative attitude

between groups of companies. One company can advise or solve social
problems that other organizations could not solve.​

10. Companies can better address the grievances of its employees and create
employment opportunities for the unemployed.​

11. A company with its “ear to the ground” through regular stakeholder
dialogue is in a better position to anticipate and respond to regulatory,
economic, social and environmental changes that may occur.​
12. Financial institutions are increasingly incorporating social and
environmental criteria into their assessment of projects. When making
decisions about where to place their money, investors are looking for indicators
of effective CSR management.​

13. In a number of jurisdictions, governments have expedited approval

processes for firms that have undertaken social and environmental activities
beyond those required by regulation.​

The Corporate Social Responsibility Voluntary Guidelines issued by the MCA in

December 2009 was the first step towards mainstreaming the concept of
Business Responsibilities. Through these Guidelines, the Ministry urged the
business sector to adopt the principles contained in the Guidelines for
responsible business practices. The document also said that “after considering
the experience of the adoption of these Guidelines by the Indian corporate
sector and consideration of relevant feedback and other related issues, the
Government may initiate the exercise for review of these Guidelines and further
improvement after one year.​
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT,
2013​
The Companies Act, 2013 has introduced the concept of Corporate Social
Responsibility in India ​to the forefront. It aims to promote greater
transparency and disclosure. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs notified Section
135 and Schedule VII of the Companies Act 2013 as well as the Companies
(Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014 which came into effect
from April 1, 2014. The MCA further issued Circular No. 21/2014 and
36/2014 to clarify on certain matters. Notification making further amendments
in Schedule VII was issued on August 2014 and Companies (Corporate Social
Responsibility Policy).​
Amendment Rules, 2015 were released on January 2015. The provisions of the
Act and the Rules amended till July 2015 are given below-​

Definition of CSR​
The term ‘CSR’ is defined in the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility
Policy) Rules to mean and include but not limited to:​
-projects or programs relating to activities specified in the Schedule VII of the
Act; or​
-projects or programs relating to activities undertaken by the Board in
pursuance of recommendations of the CSR Committee as per the declared CSR
policy subject to the condition that such policy covers subjects enumerated in
the Schedule VII of the Act.​

Corporate Social Reporting: [mandatory Disclosure Requirements]​

It is mandatory for companies to disclose in Board’s Report, an annual report
on CSR. The report of the Board of Directors attached to the financial
statements of the Company would also need to include an annual report on the
CSR activities of the company in the format prescribed containing following
particulars –​
○ A brief outline of the company's CSR policy, including overview of projects or
programs proposed to be undertaken and a reference to the web-link to the
CSR policy and projects or programs.​
​○ The Composition of the CSR Committee.​

○ Average net profit of the company for last three financial years​

○ Prescribed CSR Expenditure​

○ Details of CSR spent during the financial year.​

○ In case the company has failed to spend the two per cent of the average net
profit of the last three financial years or any part thereof, the company shall
provide the reasons for not spending the amount in its Board report.​

○ A responsibility statement of the CSR Committee that the implementation

and monitoring of CSR Policy, is in compliance with CSR objectives and Policy
of the company. If the company has been unable to spend the minimum
required on its CSR initiatives, the reasons for not doing so are to be specified
in the Board Report. If a company has a website, the CSR policy and the
report containing details of such activities have to be made available on the
company’s website for informational purposes.​
Tata Steel [TISCO] – A company that also makes steel​

Tata Steel’s Vision strikes a balance between economic value as well as

ecological and societal value by aspiring to be "a Global Benchmark in Value
Creation and Corporate Citizenship". In the initial years, Tata Steel's CSR
interventions were more as a 'provider' to society where the community was
given support for its​
Overall needs, both for sustenance and development. Gradually, the shift in
approach led to Tata Steel being an 'enabler' focusing on building community
capacity through training programmes; focusing on providing technical support
rather than giving aid. At present, CSR interventions of Tata Steel focus on
'sustainable development' to enhance the quality of life of people. It guides the
Company in its race to excel in all areas of sustainability. J R D Tata the
Chairman of the Tata Group believed that, "to create good working conditions,
to pay the best wages to its employees and provide decent housing to its
employees are not enough for the industry, the aim of an industry should be to
discharge its overall social responsibilities to the community and the society at
large, where industry is located." Guided by this mandate, Tata Steel has for
decades uses its skills and resources, to the extent it can reasonably afford, to
give back to the community a fair share of the product of its efforts.​
The Company supports and propagates the principles of the United Nations
Global Compact as a Founder Member, is a signatory to the World steel
Sustainability Charter and supports the Affirmative Action programme of the
Confederation of Indian Industry. Tata Steel’s approach to business has
evolved from the concept that the wealth created must be continuously
returned to society. The responsibility of combining the three elements of
society - social, environmental, and economic - is of utmost importance to the
way of life at Tata Steel. Today, Tata Steel’s CSR activities in India encompass
the Company’s Steel Works, Iron ore mines and collieries, reaching out to the
city of Jamshedpur, its peri-urban areas and over 800 villages in the states of
Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Community involvement is a
characteristic of all Tata Steel Group companies around the world. It can take
the form of financial support, provision of materials and the involvement of
time, skills and enthusiasm of employees. The Group contributes to a very wide
range of social, cultural, educational, sporting, charitable and emergency
assistance programmes. The Company works in partnership with the
Government, national and international development organisations, local NGOs
and the community to ensure sustainable development.​

The Corporate Services Division delivers these responsibilities through several

institutionalised bodies:​

• Tata Steel Corporate Social Responsibility and Accountability Policy​

• Corporate Social Responsibility​
• Tata Steel Rural Development Society (TSRDS)​
• Tribal Cultural Society (TCS)​
• Tata Steel Family Initiatives Foundation (TSFIF)​
• Tata Steel Skill Development Society (TSSDS)​
• Education​
• Medical Services​
• Urban Services​
• Sports Department​
• Tata Steel Adventure Foundation​
• JUSCO​
• Other societies like Ardeshir Dalal Memorial Hospital, Blood Banks, Kanti Lal
Gandhi Memorial​
Hospital etc.)​
• Tata Relief Committee​

To assess the effectiveness of its social initiatives Tata Steel has innovatively
devised a Human Development Index (HDI). In 2012-13, HDI assessment was
completed for 230 villages. The Corporate Social Responsibility Advisory
Council was also created with the objective that this apex body along with the
results of the measurement of HDI will enable the Group to direct its social
initiatives better and allocate resources more efficiently​

Benefits of CSR towards Society

CSR is the way to show the human face of your business. Businesses deal with
humans so you can only connect with them through human language by
showing some humanity. For most businesses, it makes sense to get involved
in progression of the community solely, depending on CSR initiatives related to
your product or service.
CSR initiatives can be the best way to contribute to the society and its people.
Through local or national charitable contributions businesses can help the
society. Businesses can get involved in the society and help it to progress by
taking social initiatives on behalf of the company such as investing in
education programs for the poor and street children and homeless care
activities for homeless people or refugees. They can support a local charity
making financial contributions in effective charitable projects. If you are a
restaurant owner you may provide food to local homeless groups or to
orphanages free of cost.
Businesses can pay attention to material recyclability, develop better product
durability and functionality and use more renewable resources at lesser costs
to keep the environment as clean as possible and contribute to the ecology of
the country.
When businesses decide to make positive contributions to the society they are
actually benefitting the company in the process. The companies benefit
through lower operating costs, increased sales and customer loyalty, greater
productivity, gaining ability to attract and keep skilled employees, getting
access to more capital through more willing investors etc.
CSR is the thoughtful and practical way to give back to the society. When
businesses are walking extra miles to do good to the people, do good to the
environment and society.
CSR has strong and direct impact on business performances as well. According
to, CSR RepTrak® studies, if businesses improve their CSR perception,
chances are higher that consumer recommendation will go up to 9% for the
company.
Contributing to social value has become the first and foremost condition to
creating a successful business. Companies need to establish themselves as
socially responsible and good corporate citizens to add greater value to their
business.
Conclusion
Today almost all businesses are incorporating CSR initiatives in their business
strategies to benefit the company, increase its sales and create a brand more
appealing and friendly to the consumers by contributing to the society.
Nestle can be a great example in this context. Nestle has a great and positive
tagline which completely upholds the brand’s motto- “Good food. Good Life.”
This is not a mere tagline just used for promoting the brand. It actually
summarizes their CSR initiatives and shows their commitment to the
betterment of public health.
Nestle has made 41 public commitments to enhance the quality of life and
ensure a healthier future for all. These commitments contribute to
the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. The details of Nestlé’s progressive
CSR initiatives are published in their Annual Review of the company almost
every year.
Nestle has struck the right balance between sustainable growth and efficiency,
and creating long term value for the shareholders and society on the whole. In
2016 Nestle made operating profit up to 16% which increased to 17.5% in the
following years and now they are committed to expand the trading operating
profit margin to 18.5% by 2020.
At present CSR holds no separate department at corporate houses and CSR
professionals are housed in communications and PR departments which is an
inappropriate practice. CSR experts suggest that it should be incorporated into
every department of the company starting from supply chain, procurement,
innovation, manufacturing, to HR so that company can reap a good harvest
from the investments that it makes.
Value Diversity and Building Relationships
What is Culture?

"Culture" refers to a group or community which shares common experiences

that shape the way its members understand the world. It includes groups that
we are born into, such as race, national origin, gender, class, or religion. It can
also include a group we join or become part of. For example, it is possible to
acquire a new culture by moving to a new country or region, by a change in our
economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this
broadly we realize we all belong to many cultures at once.

Why is culture important?

Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their views, their values,
their humour, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. So when
you are working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to
have some perspective and understanding of their cultures.
But as we explore culture, it's also important to remember how much we have
in common. People see the world very differently, but they know what it is like
to wake up in the morning and look forward to the adventures that of the day.
We are all human beings. We all love deeply, want to learn, have hopes and
dreams, and have experienced pain and fear.
At the same time, we can't pretend our cultures and differences don't matter.
We can't gloss over differences and pretend they don't exist, wishing we could
all be alike, and we can't pretend that discrimination doesn't exist.
Why is understanding culture IMPORTANT?
The world is becoming increasingly diverse and includes people of many
religions, languages, economic groups, and other cultural groups.
It is becoming clear that in order to build communities that are successful at
improving conditions and resolving problems, we need to understand and
appreciate many cultures, establish relationships with people from cultures
other than our own, and build strong alliances with different cultural groups.
Additionally, we need to bring non-mainstream groups into the centre of civic
activity. Why?
In order to build communities that are powerful enough to attain
significant change, we need large numbers of people working together​. If
cultural groups join forces, they will be more effective in reaching common
goals, than if each group operates in isolation.
Each cultural group has unique strengths and perspectives that the larger
community can benefit from. We need a wide range of ideas, customs, and
wisdom to solve problems and enrich community life. Bringing
non-mainstream groups into the center of civic activity can provide fresh
perspectives and shed new light on tough problems.
Understanding cultures will help us overcome and prevent racial and
ethnic divisions​. Racial and ethnic divisions result in misunderstandings, loss
of opportunities, and sometimes violence. Racial and ethnic conflicts drain
communities of financial and human resources; they distract cultural groups
from resolving the key issues they have in common.
People from different cultures have to be included in decision-making
processes in order for programs or policies to be effective​. The people
affected by a decision have to be involved in formulating solutions--it's a basic
democratic principle. Without the input and support of all the groups involved,
decision-making, implementation, and follow through are much less likely to
occur.
An appreciation of cultural diversity goes hand-in-hand with a just and
equitable society​. For example, research has shown that when students'
cultures are understood and appreciated by teachers, the students do better in
school. Students feel more accepted, they feel part of the school community,
they work harder to achieve, and they are more successful in school.
If we do not learn about the influences that cultural groups have had on
our mainstream history and culture​, we are all missing out on an accurate
view of our society and our communities.

Diversity Issues When Developing Work Relations with Colleagues

Understanding the diversity issues that can interrupt working
relationships, such as differences in communication styles or business
etiquette, helps employees and organizational leaders diminish the impact of
these issues or avoid them altogether. There are, of course, dozens of issues
that can divide us in a multicultural workplace/community.
1. Language Differences
The issue which is most apt to cause discomfort in the workplace is
language. The challenges of working in a multi-lingual environment are many.
Accents, for one, can make it very difficult to understand what the other person
is saying. Multiple languages being spoken in the workplace can be another
source of tension.
2. Differences in Values and Etiquette
Scholars who study cultural diversity agree that the primary value that
distinguishes American culture from much of the rest of the world is America's
emphasis on the individual over the group. We tend to reward individual effort,
emphasize individual responsibility, and give credit for individual achievement.
By contrast, 70 percent of the rest of the world is more concerned with the
needs and responsibilities of the group. Members of what are called
"collectivist" cultures live their lives for the good of the group. Perhaps, for
example, you have encountered colleagues who seem uncomfortable when
complimented in front of others or when selected for the honour of "worker of
the month." Maybe you know someone from a group-oriented culture who
refused a promotion because she was uncomfortable being elevated above the
group. As you study diversity further, you will gradually see that group versus
individualistic cultural differences can affect a wide-variety of workplace
relationships.
3. Tone of voice
Have you ever had an encounter with someone from another culture who
seemed to be rude or demanding only to discover later that he or she had no
intention of sounding that way? There are a number of reasons why this
happens. The tonal structure of many languages simply does not translate very
harmoniously into English. Because of the harshness of tone, someone from
these countries might sound inadvertently rude when making a request or
statement.
4. Clustering
Clustering means the habit of primarily sitting with, talking to, and
"hanging around" people who are like oneself. Although there is nothing
intrinsically wrong with clustering, it can create the impression of exclusion
and even racism. No matter what the group involved -- be it Anglo,
African-American, Asian, Latino -- when we routinely congregate with those
who are like ourselves culturally or racially, it can be misinterpreted to mean
that we regard our own group as better than others.

5. Communication
Verbal and non-verbal communication can be an issue in cross-cultural
workplace relationships. For example, even a foreign-born colleague fluent in
the English language can misunderstand English words because of regional
accents, dialects, slang or speech impediments. Non-verbal communication
such as how a person sits or uses eye contact also can be misinterpreted
between colleagues of different cultures unless colleagues can learn about each
other’s specific communication styles.
6. Tolerance
Racial and cultural resentments can be toxic issues in the workplace.
For example, insensitive comments or assumptions about someone based on a
stereotype can hurt a working relationship or get you in trouble, even if done
naively or through just kidding around. Part of the American culture is to be
outspoken and assertive, which are useful traits until what we say and how we
say it to a colleague comes off as offensive. How colleagues of different cultures
or sub-cultures dress, wear their hair, greet people or carry themselves can
also be confusing or spark unfair judgment in a workplace.
7. Religious Issues
Religious differences can be a deeply personal diversity issue among
co-workers. Talking about religion in a workplace or business setting can cross
ethical or legal lines. Still, religious differences need to be understood even in
seemingly benign interactions such as a colleague refusing your drink offer
after work because his religion forbids consuming alcohol. Respecting
colleagues’ religious beliefs, especially when they’re different from yours, can
help you avoid awkward or negative conflicts and improve working relations.
8. Workplace Issues
Cultures can differ widely on ways to interact with authority figures at
work. For example, cultural influences can compel a foreign-born employee to
respect his boss’s ideas and choices without question. To the manager who
expects challenges and feedback from employees, the submissive behavior can
be interpreted as if the worker is too passive or disengaged. Issues also can
arise from cultural differences regarding decision-making, learning, disclosing
information, resolving conflict or completing tasks.

Overcoming Issues

Even respect shown in seemingly small ways can build trust despite diversity
issues. For example, learning how to say a colleague’s name correctly or how to
say “good morning” or “thank you” in a person’s native language shows respect.
Such effort shows appreciation for foreign colleagues and the challenges they
go through in learning new languages and adapting to new ways. Temporarily
setting aside your own beliefs, assumptions and judgments in order to see
through others’ cultural lenses can help you overcome diversity issues with
colleagues.
Why Have Good Relationships?

Human beings are naturally social creatures – we crave friendship and positive
interactions, just as we do food and water. So it makes sense that the better
our relationships are at work, the happier and more productive we're going to
be.
Good working relationships give us several other benefits: our work is more
enjoyable when we have good relationships with those around us. Also, people
are more likely to go along with changes that we want to implement, and we're
more innovative and creative.
What's more, good relationships give us freedom: instead of spending time and
energy overcoming the problems associated with negative relationships, we
can, instead, focus on opportunities.
Good relationships are also often necessary if we hope to develop our careers.
After all, if your boss doesn't trust you, it's unlikely that he or she will consider
you when a new position opens up. Overall, we all want to work with people
we're on good terms with.
We also need good working relationships with others in our professional circle.
Customers, suppliers and key stakeholders are all essential to our success. So,
it's important to build and maintain good relations with these people.

Defining a Good Relationship

There are several characteristics that make up good, healthy working
relationships:
Trust – This is the foundation of every good relationship. When you ​trust​ your
team and colleagues, you form a powerful bond that helps you to work and
communicate more effectively. If you trust the people you work with, you can
be open and honest in your thoughts and actions, and you don't have to waste
time and energy "watching your back."
Mutual Respect – When you respect the people who you work with, you value
their input and ideas, and they value yours. Working together, you can develop
solutions based on your collective insight, wisdom and creativity.
Mindfulness – This means taking responsibility for your words and actions.
Those who are mindful are careful and attend to what they say, and they don't
let their own negative emotions impact the people around them.
Welcoming Diversity – People with good relationships not only accept diverse
people and opinions, but they welcome them. For instance, when your friends
and colleagues offer different opinions from yours, you take the time to
consider what they have to say, and factor their insights into your
decision-making.
Open Communication – We communicate all day, whether we're sending
emails and IMs, or meeting face to face. The better and more effectively you
communicate with those around you, the richer your relationships will be. All
good relationships depend on open, honest communication.
Social
Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship is all about recognizing the social problems and
achieving a social change by employing entrepreneurial principles, processes
and operations. It is all about making a research to completely define a
particular social problem and then organizing, creating and managing a social
venture to attain the desired change. The change may or may not include a
thorough elimination of a social problem. It may be a lifetime process focusing
on the improvement of the existing circumstances.
While a general and common business entrepreneurship means taking a lead
to open up a new business or diversifying the existing business, social
entrepreneurship mainly focuses on creating social capital without measuring
the performance in profit or return in monetary terms. The entrepreneurs in
this field are associated with non-profit sectors and organizations. But this
does not eliminate the need of making profit. After all entrepreneurs need
capital to carry on with the process and bring a positive change in the society.
Along with social problems, social entrepreneurship also focuses on
environmental problems. Child Rights foundations, plants for treatment of
waste products and women empowerment foundations are few examples of
social ventures. Social entrepreneurs can be those individuals who are
associated with non-profit and non-government organizations that raise funds
through community events and activities.
In the modern world, there are several well-known social entrepreneurs who
have contributed a lot towards the society. The founder and manager of
Grameen Bank, Muhammad Yunus is a contemporary social entrepreneur who
has been awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his venture in the year 2006. The
venture has been continuously growing and benefiting a large section of the
society.
Rang De is another brilliant example of a non-profit social enterprise.
Established in the year 2008 by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, it is an online
platform from where rural and urban poor people in India can access
micro-credits with an interest rate of as low as 2 percent per annum. Lenders
from all across the country can directly lend money to borrowers, track
investments and receive regular payments online.
The George Foundation is one more nationally recognized social enterprise. The
Women’s Empowerment Program creates awareness among women by
providing them education, vocational training, cooperative farming, business
development and savings planning. By employing the principles of social
entrepreneurship, these organizations are addressing the social problems and
bringing a positive change in the society.
There are several other organizations that are considered as a positive
changemakers in the society. Echoing Green, The Canadian Social
Entrepreneurship Foundation, Schwab Foundation for Social
Entrepreneurship, The Skoll Foundation, NIKA Water Company, Newman’s
Own and Ashoka: Innovators for the Public are such organization that aim for
bringing social change and continuously improving the existing conditions in
the society.
The field of social entrepreneurship is rapidly growing and attracting the
attention of numerous volunteers. It has now become a common term in
university campuses. The reason behind the increasing popularity of this
product is that individuals get to do what they have been thinking for long. The
extraordinary people put their brilliant ideas and bring a change in society
against all odds.
Social Entrepreneurship – History
Social entrepreneurship is a kind of entrepreneurship initiative that aims at
taking up a social problem for bringing about a transformation in the same.
The person who takes up the challenge is called a social entrepreneur and he /
she uses principle of entrepreneurship with the intent of creating social capital
and not being essentially profit centered.
The aim of social entrepreneurship is to promote the cause of social and
environmental goals that have an impact in either in the present or the times to
come. Such entrepreneurs are generally a part of or associated in some way
with some nonprofit organizations (NGO’s). Although profit making is also as
aspect of this concept but it may not be the sole purpose of the organization.
Andrew Mawson worked extensively upon the concept of social
entrepreneurship and extended the same to bring about reform in the
community structure. He also laid the foundation of the Bow center in east
London. For this he was conferred upon the peerage of Lord Mawson and he
works for developing partnerships for regeneration work initiated by him.
Social entrepreneurship is relatively a new term. It came in to notice just
a few decades ago. But its usage can be found throughout the history​. In
fact, there were several entrepreneurs who established social enterprises to
eliminate social problems or bring positive change in the society. Vinoba
Bhave, the founder of India’s Land Gift Movement, Robert Owen, the founder of
cooperative movement and Florence Nightingale, founder of first nursing school
and developer of modern nursing practices might be included in this category.
They had established such foundations and organizations in 19th century that
is much before the concept of Social Entrepreneurship used in management.
There were entrepreneurs during nineteenth and twentieth centuries who made
efforts to eradicate social evils. Apart from this, there are many societies and
organizations that work for child rights, women empowerment, save
environment, save trees, treatment of waste products, etc. Apart from
addressing the social issues, social entrepreneurship also includes recognition
and addressing the environmental problems and financial issues for rural and
urban poor.
These days, the concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely used and
that too in different forms. The establishment of Grameen Bank by Muhammad
Yunus, Ashoka: The Innovators for the Public by Bill Drayton, Youth United by
Jyotindra Nath, Rand De by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, SKS Microfinance
by Vikram Akula and Roozi.com by Nick Reder, Brent Freeman and Norma La
Rosa has popularized the term.
In fact, ​all big brands and companies are adopting the concept of social
entrepreneurship​ and trying to address the issues in our society by opening
schools in far flung areas, educating women for family planning, making it
possible for farmers and poor individuals to access low interest credits,
establishing plants for waste treatment, planting trees and going green.
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship has also been included as a separate
branch of management courses. Even youth is also looking forward to
volunteering their services and brilliant ideas to bring a social change through
social entrepreneurship.

Robert Owen, the founder of cooperative movement and Florence Nightingale,

founder of first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices
might be included in this category. They had established such foundations and
organizations in 19th century that is much before the concept of Social
Entrepreneurship used in management.
There were entrepreneurs during nineteenth and twentieth centuries who made
efforts to eradicate social evils. Apart from this, there are many societies and
organizations that work for child rights, women empowerment, save
environment, save trees, treatment of waste products, etc. Apart from
addressing the social issues, social entrepreneurship also includes recognition
and addressing the environmental problems and financial issues for rural and
urban poor.
These days, the concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely used and
that too in different forms. The establishment of Grameen Bank by Muhammad
Yunus, Ashoka: The Innovators for the Public by Bill Drayton, Youth United by
Jyotindra Nath, Rand De by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, SKS Microfinance
by Vikram Akula and Roozi.com by Nick Reder, Brent Freeman and Norma La
Rosa has popularized the term.
In fact, ​all big brands and companies are adopting the concept of social
entrepreneurship​ and trying to address the issues in our society by opening
schools in far flung areas, educating women for family planning, making it
possible for farmers and poor individuals to access low interest credits,
establishing plants for waste treatment, planting trees and going green.
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship has also been included as a separate
branch of management courses. Even youth is also looking forward to
volunteering their services and brilliant ideas to bring a social change through
social entrepreneurship.
Social Entrepreneurs
According to Greg Dees, co-founder of the Centre for the Advancement of
Social Entrepreneurship at Duke University and a
member of the Impact Entrepreneurs advisory board –
‘Social entrepreneurs are individuals with innovative solutions to
society’s most pressing social problems. They are persistent and
ambitious, tackle major social issues and offer new ideas for a
wide-scale change.’
Usually, people leave the societal needs to the government or the business
sectors. However, social entrepreneurs tend to identify areas that are not
working efficiently in the current system and solve the problem by changing it,
spreading the awareness about the solution, and persuading people to be a
part of the change.
As a common trait, social entrepreneurs are obsessed with their ideas and
commit their lives to change. They are visionaries since they envision a society
without the problems. Further, they are realists, since they concern themselves
with the practical implementation of their vision.
They also present ideas which are user-friendly, ethical, and easily
understandable and engage widespread support. This ensures that local people
stand up, grab their idea and implement it. In simple words, every leading
social entrepreneur is a mass recruiter of local change makers. He is a role
model who tells people that their action can do anything. In the last two
decades, social entrepreneurship has grown based on the understanding that a
new idea in the hands of a good entrepreneur is a powerful tool.
Why Social Entrepreneur?
Like regular business entrepreneurs change the face of business, social
entrepreneurs work as the agents of change for the society. They seize
opportunities that others miss, improve systems, invent new approaches and
also create solutions to change society for the better. A business entrepreneur
can create an entirely new industry. Similarly, a social entrepreneur can come
up with new solutions to social problems, implement them on a large scale and
change the face of society. Here are some examples of leading social
entrepreneurs:
Susan B. Anthony (U.S.)​ – She fought for Women’s Rights in the United States
of America. Her fight included the right to control property and helped
spearhead the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.
Vinoba Bhave (India)​ – He was the founder and leader of the Land Gift
Movement. Under this movement, he caused the redistribution of more than
7,000,000 acres of land to help India’s untouchables and landless.
Dr. Maria Montessori (Italy)​ – She developed the Montessori approach to early
childhood education.
Florence Nightingale (U.K.)​ – She was the founder of modern nursing.
Further, she established the first school for nurses and fought to improve
hospital conditions.
Margaret Sanger (U.S.)​ – She was the founder of the Planned Parenthood
Federation of America. Under this federation, she led the movement for family
planning efforts around the world.
John Muir (U.S.)​ – He was a naturalist and a conservationist. He established
the National Park system and also helped found The Sierra Club.
Jean Monnet (France)​ – He was responsible for the reconstruction of the
French economy following World War II. Further, his work included the
establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
How social entrepreneurs play the role of change agents?
They adopt a mission to create and sustain social value (not just private value).
Further, they recognize and relentlessly pursue new opportunities which serve
the mission.
Also, engage in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning.
Further, act boldly without being limited by the resources in hand.
Finally, exhibit heightened accountability to the constituencies served and also
the outcomes created.
Advantages of Social Enterprises
Social enterprises tend to operate with a purpose of creating value for the
society and also generate income (if not wealth). As a thumb rule, the solutions
they offer are supposed to be innovative, unique, people and environment
friendly; Cost effectiveness is also a huge consideration. All of these are
challenges to the sustainability of social enterprises, but the ones that are able
to scale these are the ones that are able to create a huge impact! They are the
enterprises that are advantageous to the society, people and the environment.
Since social enterprises typically deal with people who live at the bottom of the
pyramid, therefore they are the ones who are benefited to benefit hugely from
the former. In other words social enterprises are beneficial to the poor,
generally by providing them with a means of livelihood.
Since social enterprises do not work typically the way corporate setups or
private firms work, they offer flexible working environment which is as
per the liking of many people groups​. This employment may be both short
term and long term in nature or it may specially targeted to a specific
workgroup or a geographic community or to people with disabilities. Self
Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), for example, offers various kinds of
assistance to self employed poor women.
There are ​advantages of a social enterprise that are entrepreneur
specific​ like:
Social entrepreneurs find it easier to raise capital. There are huge incentives
and schemes from the government for the same. since the investment industry
here is ethical, it is easier to raise capital at below market rates.
Marketing and promotion for these organisations is also very easy. Since a
social problem is being tackled with a solution, it is easier to attract attention
of the people and media. The degree of publicity often depends on the degree of
uniqueness of the solution.
It is easier to garner support from likeminded individuals since there is a social
side to the enterprise. It is also easier to get people onboard at lower salaries
than compared to other industry.
Similarly there are ​advantages that are specific to the environment, society
and the people concerned​. Some of them are as under:
Services in whichever section they may be offered are customized better to suit
the needs of the individual or the problem. This is also designed in harmony
with all other systems like the environment, society or the people.
Cost effectiveness is another advantage of a social enterprise. The solutions
offered by these organisations in the form of either products or services are
reasonable than compared to the same service provided by a profit making
organisation. No wonder basc amenities like healthcare, education etc have
become very affordable to people world over with the help of these institutions.
Micro finance, for example, today caters not to the poor but to the poorest!
Although lots of organisations have also made corporate social responsibility
an integral part of their business functioning but not many actually mean to
create a difference. It is just a means to achieve more profits; there is an
increasing need to watch out for the same and help and advocate those who
really aim to add value.
Social Business
Social business is a business that is aimed at addressing a social cause. The
investment made by the investors is entirely with a vision of contributing to the
social welfare and not profit entirely. The investor may however get back his
money after a certain time and cover all the operational costs of the
organization.
Although social business may be carried out in any area but sectors like
healthcare, housing, nutrition, education, financial services to the poor and the
down trodden remain the priority. Unlike profit making organizations, success
in the field of social business is governed by the amount of impact it is able to
create or the positive change it has been able to bring in the existing scheme of
things.
As mentioned earlier, ​profit takes a back seat, but organizations into social
business are not necessarily disallowed to make profits​. Sustainability after
all, of both the organization and the investor, is important and profit makes it
possible. There is essentially, but, a cap on the amount of profits the
organization can make and the profits are to be utilized in the business again.
Generally, social businesses cannot make profits in excess of the actual
investment.
In fact in Social Business, the line between profitability and social contribution
is very difficult to maintain and it often so happens that social businesses
become profit making organizations after a few years of operation. It therefore
calls for renunciation of the corporate ways of thinking, because what may
start as a mole may end up becoming a mountain, 5 – 6 years down the line.
The term social business is often confused with social enterprise. Both are
similar in many ways, yet distinct in others​. In fact social business may be
called as a component of social enterprise or one of the ways by which a social
enterprise expresses itself. Moreover a social enterprise may receive funds from
people, through grants or from the government, a social business cannot.
The concept of Social business was given by Muhammad Yunus, who
essentially presented as an alternate model to capitalism. It was meant to
overcome the shortcomings and failures of capitalism that focuses only on
profit making and ignores or fails to address other sides of business. He
created a new system where profit making and social businesses exist
simultaneously. Also, the social businesses are not prevented from making
profits. They are however not allowed to take dividends and reinvest the money
earned as profit in the business to scale operations and give maximum benefit
to maximum people.
As opposed to devising means to alleviate poor or a trickle down economic
system to alleviate the poor, the concept of social business emphasizes an
action based system where the poor participates in his / her growth. Prof.
Muhammad Yunus used this to create Grameen Bank and disburse money to
poor in the form of micro – credit without the condition of giving a property or
asset as mortgage. This created opportunity for the poor and allowed for his
participation in the free market thereby relieving him of the handicap of relying
on the government for grants.
Finally there are two types of social businesses. The first type is the one that
purely exists for tackling a social problem. The second type is the one that is
owned by the poor and can make profits. The profits can then be distributed
between the poor (those who run the business).
Types of Social Entreprenuers
Social entrepreneurs represent an exceedingly diverse cross-section of
businessmen, both in the ways that they conduct business and in the goals
that they’re seeking to accomplish with their enterprises. They also differ both
in the various means that they employ to enhance social wealth and the
strategies that they utilize to facilitate those means. Social entrepreneurs work
exceptionally hard to produce lasting solutions that will effect permanent
change in the lives of the people they hope to impact. The following four are the
most common types of social entrepreneurs:
The Community Social Entrepreneur
This sort of social entrepreneur seeks to create ventures meant to serve the
social needs of a community within a relatively narrow geographical area.
These enterprises are generally structured around the active participation of
people living within the served community.
This sort of entrepreneur has an advantage in that his ventures become ever
more sustainable over time, as there are vested interests for all parties. One
sometimes significant associated disadvantage is that decision-making may be
a slower process due to the larger numbers of people involved.
The Non-Profit Social Entrepreneur
These social entrepreneurs are more focused on social wealth than material
wealth. Consequently, any profits made are reinvested into the business to
facilitate the further expansion of services offered. For this sort of social
entrepreneur, the social goal(s) are always more important than mere profit.
While the social entrepreneur is frequently better able to meet his social goals
due to the more ready availability of funds, the very motivation to generate
those monies may be correspondingly lower.
The Transformational Social Entrepreneur
Here, the focus extends to the creation of an enterprise able to meet those
social needs not adequately being met by governments and other businesses.
These businesses occasionally evolve into institutions and the involved social
entrepreneur must have the skills and capacity to administer a large team.
One advantage of being a transformational social entrepreneur is that it can be
easier to recruit excellent volunteers. A not insignificant disadvantage is that it
can be far more challenging to comply with an ever-larger web of interrelated
rules, regulations, and politics.
The Global Social Entrepreneur
The global social entrepreneur works toward complete transformation of a
social system in order to meet major social needs and to change the very fabric
of society worldwide. The scope of the global social entrepreneur is
international and his aim is to create an enterprise that will stand the test of
time.
If he’s successful, the net advantage will be that neglected or
inadequately-addressed social needs are met. The disadvantage is that there
will be far more scrutiny on the business and how it conducts its affairs. If the
enterprise fails to win the necessary support of the global community, all of its
efforts will be for naught.
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Within the main idea that the notion of social entrepreneurship advocates, it is
the usage of innovations that are being considered sufficient enough to deal
effectively with various social problems, such as for instance, to address
poverty, to limit the access to healthcare systems, especially in the case of
remote or underserved areas, to provide solution plans in relation to youth
unemployment, or even to reinforce the role of women in the modern societies
by defending women’s rights, by maintaining women’s access to credits, etc.
For the solution of similar to the aforementioned problems, social
entrepreneurs proceed to the usage of various technological innovations. To be
specific, we will substantiate this argument by providing a list of examples,
deriving from ordinary cases and which indicate ways in which technological
applications power social innovation.
For instance, in the majority of the so-called third countries, both farmers and
relative workers need to be provided with chronicle up-dates related with
weather condition, as well as sowing schedules in order to design their harvest
schedules, accordingly. Additionally, in the case of fishermen who live in
coastal areas need to be aware of the weather broadcasting, and especially the
storm forecast; for this purpose relevant mobile apps would be the most
effective to accomplish this task.
Furthermore, the example of specially-designed IT kiosks which have been
incorporated in many remoted (rural) areas of India, aiming at the provision of
technological capacity to both teenagers and young people, in order to increase
their possibilities to find a better job in the future, thus simultaneously
meliorating employability levels of individuals who have brought up in rural
areas. Another notable example, is the creation and usage of mobile apps, the
communication between microcredit institutions and the receivers of such
financial aid could be establish, therefore touching up both the processes of
repayment and credit utilization.
The Mobile Break-Through
Throughout the examples that have been provided within the previous
paragraph, one could investigate -even in brief- the prominent role of
technology as a way of resolution of different social problems. And exactly for
that reason, nowadays social entrepreneurs tend to employ technological
innovations for the development of social innovation, thus leading to the
creation of genuine social value. According to statistical features exhibited by
United Nations, nowadays, the percentage of individuals who own a personal
mobile phone has recently exceeded the percentage of those who have toilets, a
fact which undoubtedly constitutes the proof on the great extent to which the
mobile revolution has affected even the underserved or unprivileged social
groups.
Social and Professional Networks
It is well-known that in many countries, professionals with a variety of
specializations such as traders, drivers or handy persons and entrepreneurs
tend to use relevant technological application as means of communication with
customers or even with other professional they collaborate with, such as
suppliers, sellers and administrative personnel. In this case, technology
provides useful channels of communication and accomplishment of a series of
tasks, thus building a chain of individuals and operations that is capable to
serve the mode of working in the most beneficial way. However, there is a room
for improvement when it comes to such applications, in order for them to be
capable to guarantee ‘safety and security’ while using such innovations. At this
stage, we would like to mention that it is a matter of the creators of such apps
to set up the appropriate regulations and monitoring operations of such
platforms, whilst it is up to the user to employ the abundance of technological
innovations in a commonly-beneficial way.

Strong Alliances and Ecosystems composed of Organization of

Various Scales
Within the operations of many non-profits organizations or social enterprises is
the composition of synergies and strong alliances, or in other words, the
formation of an interactive Directory composed of a whole ecosystem of
domestic and global institutions -such as investors, innovators, consultants,
legal advisers, influencers, influential multipliers, intermediaries, leading
organizations, public and private stakeholders, simple users and target groups,
etc- who are collaborating in an holistic way, as they are under an enormous
on-line platform, whilst this digital umbrella could use many forms of
technological and social innovation in order to produce social value, in a more
transnational scale.
Also, this digital space could provide the opportunity to individuals and
organizations of a smaller economical or/and operational scale, or institutions
which -for various reasons- are being considered as unprivileged, to constitute
a part of a huge entirety, through which they could negotiate in conditions of
autonomy and equality at the same time. In this way, organization of a smaller
scale could be benefited from the sharing and subsequently, from the adoption
of common best practices, thus upgrading their resources, improving their
capacities and modernizing their mode of operation.

Reaching Global Audiences

Consider whether such usage of technology provides aid to marginalized social
groups of underserved individuals, thus reinforcing new social entrepreneurs to
set up their own venture. With the technological revolution and digital
technologies social entrepreneurs are getting able to operate in a transnational
way, thus reaching international audiences and eliminating factors such as
distance and scale, by giving them the opportunity to extend their microcredits,
a situations that led to the creation of networks and ecosystems of
organizations, thus creating both economic and social value, therefore
indicating the way that technological innovation could be adopted with the aim
to contribute to the formation of social capital.
Impact of Social Entrepreneurs in society
Entrepreneurs are risk takers. Earlier entrepreneurship was confined to
wealthy few but with the start of digital age entrepreneurship has become more
of a vocation than a lifestyle choice. There are different kinds of entrepreneurs
some are those who bring radical change in the conventional business that we
see around us and some are those who through their effort bring changes in
the society they are called social entrepreneurs. They are the people who start
business with an aim of solving social problems rather than building huge
conglomerate to maximize profits. They work on a grass root level of the
problem and come out with innovative solutions that can be used by the
society. They integrate latest technology to develop products or services and
make it affordable so that people with low income can easily afford them.
Young people in developing countries like India are becoming more aware of
social causes and how some of the pressing problems can be solved through
social enterprises. With government of India bringing some favorable policies
for social start-ups in its annual budget 2016 the social start-ups will further
grow and flourish. In recent years many international trusts, billionaires have
come forward to provide seed funds and mentorship to social enterprises who
are engaged in building products and services that can change lives of rural
populations.
Some of the most important issues that social Entrepreneurs can address
globally to bring about real transformation are mentioned below.
1. Food scarcity
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that about
795 million people of the world population are undernourished in 2014-2016.
Though globally food produced every year is sufficient to feed everyone yet
there is food scarcity at city, state, national and global level. There are many
reasons for food scarcity like drought, extreme weather, uneven distribution of
food, wastage of food due to lack of proper storage facilities etc. Social
entrepreneurs and innovators across the world are working on solutions to face
the issue head-on. They are taking help of latest technologies to accurately
predict weather condition so that farmers can sow seeds at right time and also
can protect their crops from extreme weather. They are also developing new
water harvesting method to provide water in drought-stricken areas. A social
start-up in India has developed solar conduction dryer that allows framer to
dry fruits and vegetables and preserve it for longer duration. These are some of
the ways social entrepreneurs can help solve reduce global food scarcity
problem.
2. Healthcare
In a 2015 report "Tracking universal health coverage" released by World Health
Organization and The World Bank estimate that 400 million people globally do
not have access to even basic healthcare services. Most of the people are from
developing countries residing in rural areas. Essential healthcare services like
child immunization, antiretroviral therapy, tuberculosis treatment, access to
proper sanitation and antenatal care are not in the reach of poor people. Social
entrepreneurs ​can help in offering basic healthcare services by using
technology. From building auto-disabled syringe, providing nutritious meals,
free medicine and better sanitation social enterprises are coming up with cost
effective innovative solutions. Aravind Eye Hospital and Narayana Health are
great example of social enterprise where poor patients can afford world class
medical facilities at a very nominal cost.

3. Education
According to UNESCO at present there are 775 million adults and 122 million
youth who are not literate. They lack basic education skills. Social
entrepreneurs are making inroads in the education sector through their
innovative approach. Many entrepreneurs are using technology to reach
masses and empower them with necessary education skills. Some of them are
forming a team of highly enthusiastic people who are passionate about
education. Teach for India is one such initiatives that has helped scores of
Indian children by imparting education. Some of the social enterprise in
education sector is taking help of technology by providing mobile devices like
tablet and laptop embedded with course content that can be accessed by
people even without internet. Some are starting labs where children can have
fun learning new things they can keep themselves engaged by practically doing
things they see and read in books. Today social entrepreneurs are defying all
odds to reach students and adults to educate them.
4. Financial services
One of the most fundamental issues of the developing economy is availability of
finance and financial services in the rural areas. There are no proper banks or
financial institutions that can help poor people with loans. Some of the reasons
why these people cannot procure loan include lack of collateral, lack of
necessary documents and lack of money to open bank account. Social
entrepreneurs are solving this problem by starting Microfinance companies and
reaching to poor. These companies provide basic loans and insurance to
farmers, poor women, artisans at a very low interest rate and give them flexible
payment option. This Microfinance scheme has given lease of life to many small
time entrepreneurs in rural areas by helping their business, and creating job
opportunities for local population. Technology has helped entrepreneurs to
reduce cost, improve efficiency and reach more people with their services.
The way forward
Today's social entrepreneurs are highly motivated and are ready to go that
extra mile to come up with innovative solutions for the betterment of society.
The technology will remain an indispensable part of future social enterprises.
Timely funding, mentorship and favorable policies will help the social
enterprise of the future to grow and flourish.
Social
Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship is all about recognizing the social problems and
achieving a social change by employing entrepreneurial principles, processes
and operations. It is all about making a research to completely define a
particular social problem and then organizing, creating and managing a social
venture to attain the desired change. The change may or may not include a
thorough elimination of a social problem. It may be a lifetime process focusing
on the improvement of the existing circumstances.
While a general and common business entrepreneurship means taking a lead
to open up a new business or diversifying the existing business, social
entrepreneurship mainly focuses on creating social capital without measuring
the performance in profit or return in monetary terms. The entrepreneurs in
this field are associated with non-profit sectors and organizations. But this
does not eliminate the need of making profit. After all entrepreneurs need
capital to carry on with the process and bring a positive change in the society.
Along with social problems, social entrepreneurship also focuses on
environmental problems. Child Rights foundations, plants for treatment of
waste products and women empowerment foundations are few examples of
social ventures. Social entrepreneurs can be those individuals who are
associated with non-profit and non-government organizations that raise funds
through community events and activities.
In the modern world, there are several well-known social entrepreneurs who
have contributed a lot towards the society. The founder and manager of
Grameen Bank, Muhammad Yunus is a contemporary social entrepreneur who
has been awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his venture in the year 2006. The
venture has been continuously growing and benefiting a large section of the
society.
Rang De is another brilliant example of a non-profit social enterprise.
Established in the year 2008 by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, it is an online
platform from where rural and urban poor people in India can access
micro-credits with an interest rate of as low as 2 percent per annum. Lenders
from all across the country can directly lend money to borrowers, track
investments and receive regular payments online.
The George Foundation is one more nationally recognized social enterprise. The
Women’s Empowerment Program creates awareness among women by
providing them education, vocational training, cooperative farming, business
development and savings planning. By employing the principles of social
entrepreneurship, these organizations are addressing the social problems and
bringing a positive change in the society.
There are several other organizations that are considered as a positive
changemakers in the society. Echoing Green, The Canadian Social
Entrepreneurship Foundation, Schwab Foundation for Social
Entrepreneurship, The Skoll Foundation, NIKA Water Company, Newman’s
Own and Ashoka: Innovators for the Public are such organization that aim for
bringing social change and continuously improving the existing conditions in
the society.
The field of social entrepreneurship is rapidly growing and attracting the
attention of numerous volunteers. It has now become a common term in
university campuses. The reason behind the increasing popularity of this
product is that individuals get to do what they have been thinking for long. The
extraordinary people put their brilliant ideas and bring a change in society
against all odds.
Social Entrepreneurship – History
Social entrepreneurship is a kind of entrepreneurship initiative that aims at
taking up a social problem for bringing about a transformation in the same.
The person who takes up the challenge is called a social entrepreneur and he /
she uses principle of entrepreneurship with the intent of creating social capital
and not being essentially profit centered.
The aim of social entrepreneurship is to promote the cause of social and
environmentalgoals that have an impact in either in the present or the times to
come. Such entrepreneurs are generally a part of or associated in some way
with some nonprofit organizations (NGO’s). Although profit making is also as
aspect of this concept but it may not be the sole purpose of the organization.
Andrew Mawson worked extensively upon the concept of social
entrepreneurship and extended the same to bring about reform in the
community structure. He also laid the foundation of the Bow center in east
London. For this he was conferred upon the peerage of Lord Mawson and he
works for developing partnerships for regeneration work initiated by him.
Social entrepreneurship is relatively a new term. It came in to notice just
a few decades ago. But its usage can be found throughout the history​. In
fact, there were several entrepreneurs who established social enterprises to
eliminate social problems or bring positive change in the society. Vinoba
Bhave, the founder of India’s Land Gift Movement, Robert Owen, the founder of
cooperative movement and Florence Nightingale, founder of first nursing school
and developer of modern nursing practices might be included in this category.
They had established such foundations and organizations in 19th century that
is much before the concept of Social Entrepreneurship used in management.
There were entrepreneursduring nineteenth and twentieth centuries who made
efforts to eradicate social evils. Apart from this, there are many societies and
organizations that work for child rights, women empowerment, save
environment, save trees, treatment of waste products, etc. Apart from
addressing the social issues, social entrepreneurship also includes recognition
and addressing the environmental problems and financial issues for rural and
urban poor.
These days, the concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely used and
that too in different forms. The establishment of Grameen Bank by Muhammad
Yunus, Ashoka: The Innovators for the Public by Bill Drayton, Youth United by
Jyotindra Nath, Rand De by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, SKS Microfinance
by Vikram Akula and Roozi.com by Nick Reder, Brent Freeman and Norma La
Rosa has popularized the term.
In fact, ​all big brands and companies are adopting the concept of social
entrepreneurship​ and trying to address the issues in our society by opening
schools in far flung areas, educating women for family planning, making it
possible for farmers and poor individuals to access low interest credits,
establishing plants for waste treatment, planting trees and going green.
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship has also been included as a separate
branch of management courses. Even youth is also looking forward to
volunteering their services and brilliant ideas to bring a social change through
social entrepreneurship.

Robert Owen, the founder of cooperative movement and Florence Nightingale,

founder of first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices
might be included in this category. They had established such foundations and
organizations in 19th century that is much before the concept of Social
Entrepreneurship used in management.
There were entrepreneursduring nineteenth and twentieth centuries who made
efforts to eradicate social evils. Apart from this, there are many societies and
organizations that work for child rights, women empowerment, save
environment, save trees, treatment of waste products, etc. Apart from
addressing the social issues, social entrepreneurship also includes recognition
and addressing the environmental problems and financial issues for rural and
urban poor.
These days, the concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely used and
that too in different forms. The establishment of Grameen Bank by Muhammad
Yunus, Ashoka: The Innovators for the Public by Bill Drayton, Youth United by
Jyotindra Nath, Rand De by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, SKS Microfinance
by Vikram Akula and Roozi.com by Nick Reder, Brent Freeman and Norma La
Rosa has popularized the term.
In fact, ​all big brands and companies are adopting the concept of social
entrepreneurship​ and trying to address the issues in our society by opening
schools in far flung areas, educating women for family planning, making it
possible for farmers and poor individuals to access low interest credits,
establishing plants for waste treatment, planting trees and going green.
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship has also been included as a separate
branch of management courses. Even youth is also looking forward to
volunteering their services and brilliant ideas to bring a social change through
social entrepreneurship.
Social Entrepreneurs
According to Greg Dees, co-founder of the Centre for the Advancement of
Social Entrepreneurship at Duke University and a
member of the Impact Entrepreneurs advisory board –
‘Social entrepreneurs are individuals with innovative solutions to
society’s most pressing social problems. They are persistent and
ambitious, tackle major social issues and offer new ideas for a
wide-scale change.’
Usually, people leave the societal needs to the government or the business
sectors. However, social entrepreneurs tend to identify areas that are not
working efficiently in the current system and solve the problem by changing it,
spreading the awareness about the solution, and persuading people to be a
part of the change.
As a common trait, social entrepreneurs are obsessed with their ideas and
commit their lives to change. They are visionaries since they envision a society
without the problems. Further, they are realists, since they concern themselves
with the practical implementation of their vision.
They also present ideas which are user-friendly, ethical, and easily
understandable and engage widespread support. This ensures that local people
stand up, grab their idea and implement it. In simple words, every leading
social entrepreneur is a mass recruiter of local change makers. He is a role
model who tells people that their action can do anything. In the last two
decades, social entrepreneurshiphas grown based on the understandingthat a
new idea in the hands of a good entrepreneur is a powerful tool.
Why Social Entrepreneur?
Like regular business entrepreneurs change the face of business, social
entrepreneurs work as the agents of change for the society. They seize
opportunities that others miss, improve systems, invent new approaches and
also create solutions to change society for the better. A business entrepreneur
can create an entirely new industry. Similarly, a social entrepreneur can come
up with new solutions to social problems, implement them on a large scale and
change the face of society. Here are some examples of leading social
entrepreneurs:
Susan B. Anthony (U.S.)​ – She fought for Women’s Rights in the United States
of America. Her fight included the right to control property and helped
spearhead the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.
Vinoba Bhave (India)​ – He was the founder and leader of the Land Gift
Movement. Under this movement, he caused the redistribution of more than
7,000,000 acres of land to help India’s untouchables and landless.
Dr. Maria Montessori (Italy)​ – She developed the Montessori approach to early
childhood education.
Florence Nightingale (U.K.)​ – She was the founder of modern nursing.
Further, she established the first school for nurses and fought to improve
hospital conditions.
Margaret Sanger (U.S.)​ – She was the founder of the Planned Parenthood
Federation of America. Under this federation, she led the movement for family
planning efforts around the world.
John Muir (U.S.)​ – He was a naturalist and a conservationist. He established
the National Park system and also helped found The Sierra Club.
Jean Monnet (France)​ – He was responsible for the reconstruction of the
French economy following World War II. Further, his work included the
establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
How social entrepreneurs play the role of change agents?
They adopt a mission to create and sustain social value (not just private value).
Further, they recognize and relentlessly pursue new opportunities which serve
the mission.
Also, engage in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning.
Further, act boldly without being limited by the resources in hand.
Finally, exhibit heightened accountability to the constituenciesserved and also
the outcomes created.
Advantages of Social Enterprises
Social enterprises tend to operate with a purpose of creating value for the
society and also generate income (if not wealth). As a thumb rule, the solutions
they offer are supposed to be innovative, unique, people and environment
friendly; Cost effectiveness is also a huge consideration. All of these are
challenges to the sustainability of social enterprises, but the ones that are able
to scale these are the ones that are able to create a huge impact! They are the
enterprises that are advantageous to the society, people and the environment.
Since social enterprises typically deal with people who live at the bottom of the
pyramid, therefore they are the ones who are benefited to benefit hugely from
the former. In other words social enterprises are beneficial to the poor,
generally by providing them with a means of livelihood.
Since social enterprises do not work typically the way corporate setups or
private firms work, they offer flexible working environment which is as
per the liking of many people groups​. This employment may be both short
term and long term in nature or it may specially targeted to a specific
workgroup or a geographic community or to people with disabilities. Self
Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), for example, offers various kinds of
assistance to self employed poor women.
There are ​advantages of a social enterprise that are entrepreneur
specific​ like:
Social entrepreneurs find it easier to raise capital. There are huge incentives
and schemes from the government for the same. since the investment industry
here is ethical, it is easier to raise capital at below market rates.
Marketing and promotion for these organisations is also very easy. Since a
social problem is being tackled with a solution, it is easier to attract attention
of the people and media. The degree of publicity often depends on the degree of
uniqueness of the solution.
It is easier to garner support from likeminded individuals since there is a social
side to the enterprise. It is also easier to get people onboard at lower salaries
than compared to other industry.
Similarly there are ​advantages that are specific to the environment, society
and the people concerned​. Some of them are as under:
Services in whichever section they may be offered are customized better to suit
the needs of the individual or the problem. This is also designed in harmony
with all other systems like the environment, society or the people.
Cost effectiveness is another advantage of a social enterprise. The solutions
offered by these organisations in the form of either products or services are
reasonable than compared to the same service provided by a profit making
organisation. No wonder basc amenities like healthcare, education etc have
become very affordable to people world over with the help of these institutions.
Micro finance, for example, today caters not to the poor but to the poorest!
Although lots of organisations have also made corporate social responsibility
an integral part of their business functioning but not many actually mean to
create a difference. It is just a means to achieve more profits; there is an
increasing need to watch out for the same and help and advocate those who
really aim to add value.
Social Business
Social business is a business that is aimed at addressing a social cause. The
investment made by the investors is entirely with a vision of contributing to the
social welfare and not profit entirely. The investor may however get back his
money after a certain time and cover all the operational costs of the
organization.
Although social business may be carried out in any area but sectors like
healthcare, housing, nutrition, education, financial services to the poor and the
down trodden remain the priority. Unlike profit making organizations, success
in the field of social business is governed by the amount of impact it is able to
create or the positive change it has been able to bring in the existing scheme of
things.
As mentioned earlier, ​profit takes a back seat, but organizations into social
business are not necessarily disallowed to make profits​. Sustainability after
all, of both the organization and the investor, is important and profit makes it
possible. There is essentially, but, a cap on the amount of profits the
organization can make and the profits are to be utilized in the business again.
Generally, social businesses cannot make profits in excess of the actual
investment.
In fact in Social Business, the line between profitability and social contribution
is very difficult to maintain and it often so happens that social businesses
become profit making organizations after a few years of operation. It therefore
calls for renunciation of the corporate ways of thinking, because what may
start as a mole may end up becoming a mountain, 5 – 6 years down the line.
The term social business is often confused with social enterprise. Both are
similar in many ways, yet distinct in others​. In fact social business may be
called as a component of social enterprise or one of the ways by which a social
enterprise expresses itself. Moreover a social enterprise may receive funds from
people, through grants or from the government, a social business cannot.
The concept of Social business was given by Muhammad Yunus, who
essentially presented as an alternate model to capitalism. It was meant to
overcome the shortcomings and failures of capitalism that focuses only on
profit making and ignores or fails to address other sides of business. He
created a new system where profit making and social businesses exist
simultaneously. Also, the social businesses are not prevented from making
profits. They are however not allowed to take dividends and reinvest the money
earned as profit in the business to scale operations and give maximum benefit
to maximum people.
As opposed to devising means to alleviate poor or a trickle down economic
system to alleviate the poor, the concept of social business emphasizes an
action based system where the poor participates in his / her growth. Prof.
Muhammad Yunus used this to create Grameen Bank and disburse money to
poor in the form of micro – credit without the condition of giving a property or
asset as mortgage. This created opportunity for the poor and allowed for his
participation in the free market thereby relieving him of the handicap of relying
on the government for grants.
Finally there are two types of social businesses. The first type is the one that
purely exists for tackling a social problem. The second type is the one that is
owned by the poor and can make profits. The profits can then be distributed
between the poor (those who run the business).
Types of Social Entreprenuers
Social entrepreneurs represent an exceedingly diverse cross-section of
businessmen, both in the ways that they conduct business and in the goals
that they’re seeking to accomplish with their enterprises. They also differ both
in the various means that they employ to enhance social wealth and the
strategies that they utilize to facilitate those means. Social entrepreneurswork
exceptionally hard to produce lasting solutions that will effect permanent
change in the lives of the people they hope to impact. The following four are the
most common types of social entrepreneurs:
The Community Social Entrepreneur
This sort of social entrepreneur seeks to create ventures meant to serve the
social needs of a community within a relatively narrow geographical area.
These enterprises are generally structured around the active participation of
people living within the served community.
This sort of entrepreneur has an advantage in that his ventures become ever
more sustainable over time, as there are vested interests for all parties. One
sometimes significant associated disadvantage is that decision-making may be
a slower process due to the larger numbers of people involved.
The Non-Profit Social Entrepreneur
These social entrepreneurs are more focused on social wealth than material
wealth. Consequently, any profits made are reinvested into the business to
facilitate the further expansion of services offered. For this sort of social
entrepreneur, the social goal(s) are always more important than mere profit.
While the social entrepreneur is frequently better able to meet his social goals
due to the more ready availability of funds, the very motivation to generate
those monies may be correspondingly lower.
The Transformational Social Entrepreneur
Here, the focus extends to the creation of an enterprise able to meet those
social needs not adequately being met by governments and other businesses.
These businesses occasionally evolve into institutions and the involved social
entrepreneur must have the skills and capacity to administer a large team.
One advantage of being a transformationalsocial entrepreneur is that it can be
easier to recruit excellent volunteers. A not insignificant disadvantage is that it
can be far more challenging to comply with an ever-larger web of interrelated
rules, regulations, and politics.
The Global Social Entrepreneur
The global social entrepreneur works toward complete transformation of a
social system in order to meet major social needs and to change the very fabric
of society worldwide. The scope of the global social entrepreneur is
international and his aim is to create an enterprise that will stand the test of
time.
If he’s successful, the net advantage will be that neglected or
inadequately-addressed social needs are met. The disadvantage is that there
will be far more scrutiny on the business and how it conducts its affairs. If the
enterprise fails to win the necessary support of the global community, all of its
efforts will be for naught.
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Within the main idea that the notion of social entrepreneurshipadvocates, it is

the usage of innovations that are being considered sufficient enough to deal
effectively with various social problems, such as for instance, to address
poverty, to limit the access to healthcare systems, especially in the case of
remote or underserved areas, to provide solution plans in relation to youth
unemployment, or even to reinforce the role of women in the modern societies
by defending women’s rights, by maintaining women’s access to credits, etc.
For the solution of similar to the aforementioned problems, social
entrepreneurs proceed to the usage of various technological innovations. To be
specific, we will substantiate this argument by providing a list of examples,
deriving from ordinary cases and which indicate ways in which technological
applications power social innovation.
For instance, in the majority of the so-called third countries, both farmers and
relative workers need to be provided with chronicle up-dates related with
weather condition, as well as sowing schedules in order to design their harvest
schedules, accordingly. Additionally, in the case of fishermen who live in
coastal areas need to be aware of the weather broadcasting, and especially the
storm forecast; for this purpose relevant mobile apps would be the most
effective to accomplish this task.
Furthermore, the example of specially-designed IT kiosks which have been
incorporated in many remoted (rural) areas of India, aiming at the provision of
technological capacity to both teenagers and young people, in order to increase
their possibilities to find a better job in the future, thus simultaneously
meliorating employability levels of individuals who have brought up in rural
areas. Another notable example, is the creation and usage of mobile apps, the
communication between microcredit institutions and the receivers of such
financial aid could be establish, therefore touching up both the processes of
repayment and credit utilization.
The Mobile Break-Through
Throughout the examples that have been provided within the previous
paragraph, one could investigate -even in brief- the prominent role of
technology as a way of resolution of different social problems. And exactly for
that reason, nowadays social entrepreneurs tend to employ technological
innovations for the development of social innovation, thus leading to the
creation of genuine social value. According to statistical features exhibited by
United Nations, nowadays, the percentage of individuals who own a personal
mobile phone has recently exceeded the percentage of those who have toilets, a
fact which undoubtedly constitutes the proof on the great extent to which the
mobile revolution has affected even the underserved or unprivileged social
groups.
Social and Professional Networks
It is well-known that in many countries, professionals with a variety of
specializations such as traders, drivers or handy persons and entrepreneurs
tend to use relevant technological application as means of communicationwith
customers or even with other professional they collaborate with, such as
suppliers, sellers and administrative personnel. In this case, technology
provides useful channels of communication and accomplishment of a series of
tasks, thus building a chain of individuals and operations that is capable to
serve the mode of working in the most beneficial way. However, there is a room
for improvement when it comes to such applications, in order for them to be
capable to guarantee ‘safety and security’ while using such innovations. At this
stage, we would like to mention that it is a matter of the creators of such apps
to set up the appropriate regulations and monitoring operations of such
platforms, whilst it is up to the user to employ the abundance of technological
innovations in a commonly-beneficial way.

Strong Alliances and Ecosystems composed of Organization of

Various Scales
Within the operations of many non-profits organizations or social enterprises is
the composition of synergies and strong alliances, or in other words, the
formation of an interactive Directory composed of a whole ecosystem of
domestic and global institutions -such as investors, innovators, consultants,
legal advisers, influencers, influential multipliers, intermediaries, leading
organizations, public and private stakeholders, simple users and target groups,
etc- who are collaborating in an holistic way, as they are under an enormous
on-line platform, whilst this digital umbrella could use many forms of
technological and social innovation in order to produce social value, in a more
transnational scale.
Also, this digital space could provide the opportunity to individuals and
organizations of a smaller economical or/and operational scale, or institutions
which -for various reasons- are being considered as unprivileged, to constitute
a part of a huge entirety, through which they could negotiate in conditions of
autonomy and equality at the same time. In this way, organization of a smaller
scale could be benefited from the sharing and subsequently, from the adoption
of common best practices, thus upgrading their resources, improving their
capacities and modernizing their mode of operation.

Reaching Global Audiences

Consider whether such usage of technology provides aid to marginalized social
groups of underserved individuals, thus reinforcing new social entrepreneursto
set up their own venture. With the technological revolution and digital
technologies social entrepreneurs are getting able to operate in a transnational
way, thus reaching international audiences and eliminating factors such as
distance and scale, by giving them the opportunity to extend their microcredits,
a situations that led to the creation of networks and ecosystems of
organizations, thus creating both economic and social value, therefore
indicating the way that technological innovation could be adopted with the aim
to contribute to the formation of social capital.
Impact of Social Entrepreneurs in society
Entrepreneurs are risk takers. Earlier entrepreneurship was confined to
wealthy few but with the start of digital age entrepreneurshiphas become more
of a vocation than a lifestyle choice. There are different kinds of entrepreneurs
some are those who bring radical change in the conventional business that we
see around us and some are those who through their effort bring changes in
the society they are called social entrepreneurs. They are the people who start
business with an aim of solving social problems rather than building huge
conglomerate to maximize profits. They work on a grass root level of the
problem and come out with innovative solutions that can be used by the
society. They integrate latest technology to develop products or services and
make it affordable so that people with low income can easily afford them.
Young people in developing countries like India are becoming more aware of
social causes and how some of the pressing problems can be solved through
social enterprises. With government of India bringing some favorable policies
for social start-ups in its annual budget 2016 the social start-ups will further
grow and flourish. In recent years many international trusts, billionaires have
come forward to provide seed funds and mentorship to social enterprises who
are engaged in building products and services that can change lives of rural
populations.
Some of the most important issues that social Entrepreneurs can address
globally to bring about real transformation are mentioned below.
1. Food scarcity
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that about
795 million people of the world population are undernourished in 2014-2016.
Though globally food produced every year is sufficient to feed everyone yet
there is food scarcity at city, state, national and global level. There are many
reasons for food scarcity like drought, extreme weather, uneven distribution of
food, wastage of food due to lack of proper storage facilities etc. Social
entrepreneurs and innovators across the world are working on solutions to face
the issue head-on. They are taking help of latest technologies to accurately
predict weather condition so that farmers can sow seeds at right time and also
can protect their crops from extreme weather. They are also developing new
water harvesting method to provide water in drought-stricken areas. A social
start-up in India has developed solar conduction dryer that allows framer to
dry fruits and vegetables and preserve it for longer duration. These are some of
the ways social entrepreneurs can help solve reduce global food scarcity
problem.
2. Healthcare
In a 2015 report "Tracking universal health coverage" released by World Health
Organization and The World Bank estimate that 400 million people globally do
not have access to even basic healthcare services. Most of the people are from
developing countries residing in rural areas. Essential healthcare services like
child immunization, antiretroviral therapy, tuberculosis treatment, access to
proper sanitation and antenatal care are not in the reach of poor people. Social
entrepreneurs ​can help in offering basic healthcare services by using
technology. From building auto-disabled syringe, providing nutritious meals,
free medicine and better sanitation social enterprises are coming up with cost
effective innovative solutions. Aravind Eye Hospital and Narayana Health are
great example of social enterprise where poor patients can afford world class
medical facilities at a very nominal cost.

3. Education
According to UNESCO at present there are 775 million adults and 122 million
youth who are not literate. They lack basic education skills. Social
entrepreneurs are making inroads in the education sector through their
innovative approach. Many entrepreneurs are using technology to reach
masses and empower them with necessary education skills. Some of them are
forming a team of highly enthusiastic people who are passionate about
education. Teach for India is one such initiatives that has helped scores of
Indian children by imparting education. Some of the social enterprise in
education sector is taking help of technology by providing mobile devices like
tablet and laptop embedded with course content that can be accessed by
people even without internet. Some are starting labs where children can have
fun learning new things they can keep themselves engaged by practically doing
things they see and read in books. Today social entrepreneurs are defying all
odds to reach students and adults to educate them.
4. Financial services
One of the most fundamental issues of the developing economy is availability of
finance and financial services in the rural areas. There are no proper banks or
financial institutions that can help poor people with loans. Some of the reasons
why these people cannot procure loan include lack of collateral, lack of
necessary documents and lack of money to open bank account. Social
entrepreneursare solving this problem by starting Microfinance companies and
reaching to poor. These companies provide basic loans and insurance to
farmers, poor women, artisans at a very low interest rate and give them flexible
payment option. This Microfinance scheme has given lease of life to many small
time entrepreneurs in rural areas by helping their business, and creating job
opportunities for local population. Technology has helped entrepreneurs to
reduce cost, improve efficiency and reach more people with their services.
The way forward
Today's social entrepreneurs are highly motivated and are ready to go that
extra mile to come up with innovative solutions for the betterment of society.
The technology will remain an indispensable part of future social enterprises.
Timely funding, mentorship and favorable policies will help the social
enterprise of the future to grow and flourish.
Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)
Evolution Of CSR In India
India has the world’s richest tradition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The term
CSR may be relatively new to India, but the concept dates back to Mauryan history, where
philosophers like Kautilya emphasized on ethical practices and principles while
conducting business. CSR has been informally practiced in ancient times in form of
charity to the poor and disadvantaged. Indian scriptures have at several places mentioned
the importance of sharing one’s earning with the deprived section of society. We have a
deep rooted culture of sharing and caring.
Religion also played a major role in promoting the concept of CSR. Islam had a law called
Zakaat, which rules that a portion of one’s earning must be shared with the poor in form
of donations. Merchants belonging to Hindu religion gave alms, got temples and night
shelters made for the poorer class. Hindus followed Dharmada where the manufacturer or
seller charged a specific amount from the purchaser, which was used for charity. The
amount was known as charity amount or Dharmada. In the same fashion, Sikhs followed
Daashaant.
Here, we can understand that the history of CSR in India runs parallel to the historical
development of India. CSR has evolved in phases like community engagement, socially
responsible production, and socially responsible employee relations. Therefore, the history
of Corporate Social responsibility in India can be broadly divided into four phases:
The first phase of CSR was driven by noble deeds of philanthropists and charity. It was
influenced by family values, traditions, culture and religion along with industrialization.
Till 1850, the wealthy businessmen shared their riches with the society by either setting
up temples or religious institutions. In times of famines, they opened their granaries for
the poor and hungry. The approach towards CSR changed with the arrival of colonial rule
in 1850. In the Pre-independence era, the pioneers or propagators of industrialization also
supported the concept of CSR. In 1900s, the industrialist families like Tatas, Birlas,
Modis, Godrej, Bajajs and Singhanias promoted this concept by setting up charitable
foundations, educational and healthcare institutions, and trusts for community
development. It may also be interesting to note that their efforts for social benefit were also
driven by political motives.
The second phase was the period of independence struggle when the industrialists were
pressurized to show their dedication towards the benefit of the society. Mahatma Gandhi
urged to the powerful industrialists to share their wealth for the benefit of underprivileged
section of the society. He gave the concept of trusteeship. This concept of trusteeship
helped in the socio-economic growth of India. Gandhi regarded the Indian companies and
industries as “Temples of Modern India”. He influenced the industrialists and business
houses to build trusts for colleges, research and training institutes. These trusts also
worked to enhance social reforms like rural development, women empowerment and
education. In the third phase from 1960-1980, CSR was influenced by the emergence of
Public sector undertakings to ensure proper distribution of wealth. The policy of industrial
licensing, high taxes and restrictions on the private sector resulted in corporate
malpractices. This led to enactment of legislation regarding corporate governance, labor
and environmental issues. Still the PSUs were not very successful. Therefore there was a
natural shift of expectation from the public to the private sector and their active
involvement in the socio-economic growth. In 1965, the academicians, politicians and
businessmen set up a national workshop on CSR, where great stress was laid on social
accountability and transparency.
In the fourth phase from 1980 onwards, Indian companies integrated CSR into a
sustainable business strategy. With globalization and economic liberalization in 1990s,
and partial withdrawal of controls and licensing systems there was a boom in the
economic growth of the country. This led to the increased momentum in industrial growth,
making it possible for the companies to contribute more towards social responsibility.
What started as charity is now understood and accepted as responsibility.
In the current scenario in India, the new companies act amended in December 2012
mandates the corporate to spend 2% of their average net profits of the last three financial
years towards CSR. This is applicable for companies with a turnover of 1000 Cr/ PAT of 5
Cr/ or net worth of 500 cr. The new bill replaces the Companies act 1956 and emphasizes
carrying forward the agenda of Corporate Social Responsibility.

Types of CSR​

Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives are based on four different

categories:
Ethical Responsibility
Ethical responsibility is about looking after the welfare of the employees by
ensuring fair labor practices for the employees and also the employees of their
suppliers. Ethical labor practices for suppliers mean that the companies will
ensure the use of products that have been certified as meeting fair trade
standards. Ensuring fair labor practices for employees mean that there will be
no gender, race or religious discrimination among the employees and each
employee will be given equal pay for equal work and better living wage
compensation.
Here, a good example can be Google. Google employees have high levels of job
satisfaction because they are well compensated and well paid at work. The
work environment at Google is supportive and the company looks after the
well-being of its employees. Google offers free meal at work which saves a lot of
money from their wages. Google gives its employees free access to campus
cafes, micro kitchens and other options for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Philanthropic Responsibility:
Philanthropic responsibility means to serve the humanity. This criterion pays
attention to the well-being of the unprivileged or needy people who badly
require our support to sustain on this planet. Companies fulfill their
philanthropic responsibility by donating their time, money or resources to
charities and organizations at national or international levels. These donations
are mainly given to a variety of worthy causes including human rights, national
disaster relief, and clean water and education programs in underdeveloped
countries.
No other business tycoon has fulfilled the philanthropic responsibilities better
than Bill Gates. Bill Gates has donated billions of dollars to the Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation, which supports numerous causes including
education, the eradication of malaria and agricultural developments etc.
Environmental Responsibility:
Currently, we need to focus on two main areas of our environment: limiting
pollution and reducing greenhouse gases. Companies are bound to fulfill their
economic responsibility because awareness of environmental issues are
growing largely among the consumers and today they want businesses to take
necessary steps to save our planet and preserve all the lives in it. Companies
that are concerned about reducing air, land and water pollution have increased
their standing as good corporate citizens while benefiting the society.
An example of environmental responsibility is Tesla Motors that design cars
combining style, acceleration and handling with advanced technologies in order
to make it more environmental friendly and reduce pollutions. Tesla cars do not
need gasoline refueling and it can be charged at home.

Economic Responsibility:
Economic responsibility is an interconnected field which focuses to strike a
balance between business, environmental and philanthropic practices.
Economic responsibility abides by, the set standards of ethical and moral
regulations. In this context, companies try to find out a solution which can
facilitate their business growth and generate profits by benefitting the
community and our society.
Here economic decisions are made by considering their overall effects on
society and businesses at the same time. Hence, economic responsibility can
improve business operations while engaging in sustainable practices.
Conclusion
The CEO’s running the business organizations must understand that
Corporate Social responsibility has become a mandatory practice and they
can’t deny it anymore.
Corporations, business houses and entrepreneurs can improve their public
image by supporting nonprofits through volunteerism and making monetary or
materialistic donations to build strong partnerships with their consumers and
the community alike. When these philanthropic efforts make headlines and get
good media coverage, companies increase their chances of becoming favorable
in the eyes of their consumers.

Government Policies on CSR ​

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby companies not only
consider their profitability and growth, but also the interests of society and the
environment by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on
stakeholders, environment, consumers, employees, communities, and all other
members of the public sphere. The basic premise is that when the
corporations get bigger in size, apart from the economic responsibility of
earning profits, there are many other responsibilities attached to them which
are more of non-financial/social in nature. These are the expectations of the
society from these corporate to give something in return to the society with
whose explicit or implicit help these entities stand where CSR is understood to
be the way firms integrate social, environmental and economic concerns into
their values, culture, decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent
and accountable manner and thereby establish better practices within the firm,
create wealth and improve society.​

Corporate Social Responsibility is nothing but what an organisation does, to

positively influence the society in which it exists. It could take the form of
community relationship, volunteer assistance programmes, special
scholarships, preservation of cultural heritage and beautification of cities.​
The term Corporate Social responsibility refers to the concept of business being
accountable for how it manages the impact of its processes on stakeholders
and takes responsibility for producing a positive effect on society.​

Why CSR at ​All?​

Business cannot exist in isolation; business cannot be oblivious to societal

development. The social responsibility of business can be integrated into the
business purpose so as to build a positive synergy between the two.​

1​. CSR creates a favourable public image, which attracts customers.

Reputation or brand equity of the products of a company which understands
and demonstrates its social responsibilities is very high. Customers trust the
products of such a company and are willing to pay a premium on its products.
Organizations that perform well with regard to CSR can build reputation, while
those that perform poorly can damage brand and company value when
exposed. Brand equity, is founded on values such as trust, credibility,
reliability, quality and consistency.​

2​. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities have its advantages. It builds
up a positive image encouraging social involvement of employees, which in turn
develops a sense of loyalty towards the organization, helping in creating a
dedicated workforce proud of its company. Employees like to contribute to the
cause of creating a better society. Employees become champions of a
company​ ​for which they are proud to work.​

3. Society gains through better neighbourhoods and employment

opportunities, while the organization benefits from a better community, which
is the main source of its workforce and the consumer of its products.​

4​. Public needs have changed leading to changed expectations from

consumers. The industry/ business owes its very existence to society and has
to respond to needs of the society.​

5​. The company's social involvement discourages excessive regulation or

intervention from the Government or statutory bodies, and hence gives greater
freedom and flexibility in decision-making.​

6​. The internal activities of the organisation have an impact on the external
environment, since the society is an interdependent system.​
7. A business organisation has a great deal of power and money, entrusted
upon it by the society and should be accompanied by an equal amount of
responsibility. In other words, there should be a balance between the authority
and responsibility.​

8. The good public image secured by one organisation by their social

responsiveness encourages other organizations in the neighbourhood or in the
professional group to adapt themselves to achieve their social responsiveness.​

9. The atmosphere of social responsiveness encourages co-operative attitude

between groups of companies. One company can advise or solve social
problems that other organizations could not solve.​

10. Companies can better address the grievances of its employees and create
employment opportunities for the unemployed.​

11. A company with its “ear to the ground” through regular stakeholder
dialogue is in a better position to anticipate and respond to regulatory,
economic, social and environmental changes that may occur.​
12. Financial institutions are increasingly incorporating social and
environmental criteria into their assessment of projects. When making
decisions about where to place their money, investors are looking for indicators
of effective CSR management.​

13. In a number of jurisdictions, governments have expedited approval

processes for firms that have undertaken social and environmental activities
beyond those required by regulation.​

The Corporate Social Responsibility Voluntary Guidelines issued by the MCA in

December 2009 was the first step towards mainstreaming the concept of
Business Responsibilities. Through these Guidelines, the Ministry urged the
business sector to adopt the principles contained in the Guidelines for
responsible business practices. The document also said that “after considering
the experience of the adoption of these Guidelines by the Indian corporate
sector and consideration of relevant feedback and other related issues, the
Government may initiate the exercise for review of these Guidelines and further
improvement after one year.​
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT,
2013​
The Companies Act, 2013 has introduced the concept of Corporate Social
Responsibility in India ​to the forefront. It aims to promote greater
transparency and disclosure. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs notified Section
135 and Schedule VII of the Companies Act 2013 as well as the Companies
(Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014 which came into effect
from April 1, 2014. The MCA further issued Circular No. 21/2014 and
36/2014 to clarify on certain matters. Notification making further amendments
in Schedule VII was issued on August 2014 and Companies (Corporate Social
Responsibility Policy).​
Amendment Rules, 2015 were released on January 2015. The provisions of the
Act and the Rules amended till July 2015 are given below-​

Definition of CSR​
The term ‘CSR’ is defined in the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility
Policy) Rules to mean and include but not limited to:​
-projects or programs relating to activities specified in the Schedule VII of the
Act; or​
-projects or programs relating to activities undertaken by the Board in
pursuance of recommendations of the CSR Committee as per the declared CSR
policy subject to the condition that such policy covers subjects enumerated in
the Schedule VII of the Act.​

Corporate Social Reporting: [mandatory Disclosure Requirements]​

It is mandatory for companies to disclose in Board’s Report, an annual report
on CSR. The report of the Board of Directors attached to the financial
statements of the Company would also need to include an annual report on the
CSR activities of the company in the format prescribed containing following
particulars –​
○ A brief outline of the company's CSR policy, including overview of projects or
programs proposed to be undertaken and a reference to the web-link to the
CSR policy and projects or programs.​
​○ The Composition of the CSR Committee.​

○ Average net profit of the company for last three financial years​

○ Prescribed CSR Expenditure​

○ Details of CSR spent during the financial year.​

○ In case the company has failed to spend the two per cent of the average net
profit of the last three financial years or any part thereof, the company shall
provide the reasons for not spending the amount in its Board report.​

○ A responsibility statement of the CSR Committee that the implementation

and monitoring of CSR Policy, is in compliance with CSR objectives and Policy
of the company. If the company has been unable to spend the minimum
required on its CSR initiatives, the reasons for not doing so are to be specified
in the Board Report. If a company has a website, the CSR policy and the
report containing details of such activities have to be made available on the
company’s website for informational purposes.​
Tata Steel [TISCO] – A company that also makes steel​

Tata Steel’s Vision strikes a balance between economic value as well as

ecological and societal value by aspiring to be "a Global Benchmark in Value
Creation and Corporate Citizenship". In the initial years, Tata Steel's CSR
interventions were more as a 'provider' to society where the community was
given support for its​
Overall needs, both for sustenance and development. Gradually, the shift in
approach led to Tata Steel being an 'enabler' focusing on building community
capacity through training programmes; focusing on providing technical support
rather than giving aid. At present, CSR interventions of Tata Steel focus on
'sustainable development' to enhance the quality of life of people. It guides the
Company in its race to excel in all areas of sustainability. J R D Tata the
Chairman of the Tata Group believed that, "to create good working conditions,
to pay the best wages to its employees and provide decent housing to its
employees are not enough for the industry, the aim of an industry should be to
discharge its overall social responsibilities to the community and the society at
large, where industry is located." Guided by this mandate, Tata Steel has for
decades uses its skills and resources, to the extent it can reasonably afford, to
give back to the community a fair share of the product of its efforts.​
The Company supports and propagates the principles of the United Nations
Global Compact as a Founder Member, is a signatory to the World steel
Sustainability Charter and supports the Affirmative Action programme of the
Confederation of Indian Industry. Tata Steel’s approach to business has
evolved from the concept that the wealth created must be continuously
returned to society. The responsibility of combining the three elements of
society - social, environmental, and economic - is of utmost importance to the
way of life at Tata Steel. Today, Tata Steel’s CSR activities in India encompass
the Company’s Steel Works, Iron ore mines and collieries, reaching out to the
city of Jamshedpur, its peri-urban areas and over 800 villages in the states of
Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Community involvement is a
characteristic of all Tata Steel Group companies around the world. It can take
the form of financial support, provision of materials and the involvement of
time, skills and enthusiasm of employees. The Group contributes to a very wide
range of social, cultural, educational, sporting, charitable and emergency
assistance programmes. The Company works in partnership with the
Government, national and international development organisations, local NGOs
and the community to ensure sustainable development.​

The Corporate Services Division delivers these responsibilities through several

institutionalised bodies:​

• Tata Steel Corporate Social Responsibility and Accountability Policy​

• Corporate Social Responsibility​
• Tata Steel Rural Development Society (TSRDS)​
• Tribal Cultural Society (TCS)​
• Tata Steel Family Initiatives Foundation (TSFIF)​
• Tata Steel Skill Development Society (TSSDS)​
• Education​
• Medical Services​
• Urban Services​
• Sports Department​
• Tata Steel Adventure Foundation​
• JUSCO​
• Other societies like Ardeshir Dalal Memorial Hospital, Blood Banks, Kanti Lal
Gandhi Memorial​
Hospital etc.)​
• Tata Relief Committee​

To assess the effectiveness of its social initiatives Tata Steel has innovatively
devised a Human Development Index (HDI). In 2012-13, HDI assessment was
completed for 230 villages. The Corporate Social Responsibility Advisory
Council was also created with the objective that this apex body along with the
results of the measurement of HDI will enable the Group to direct its social
initiatives better and allocate resources more efficiently​

Benefits of CSR towards Society

CSR is the way to show the human face of your business. Businesses deal with
humans so you can only connect with them through human language by
showing some humanity. For most businesses, it makes sense to get involved
in progression of the community solely, depending on CSR initiatives related to
your product or service.
CSR initiatives can be the best way to contribute to the society and its people.
Through local or national charitable contributions businesses can help the
society. Businesses can get involved in the society and help it to progress by
taking social initiatives on behalf of the company such as investing in
education programs for the poor and street children and homeless care
activities for homeless people or refugees. They can support a local charity
making financial contributions in effective charitable projects. If you are a
restaurant owner you may provide food to local homeless groups or to
orphanages free of cost.
Businesses can pay attention to material recyclability, develop better product
durability and functionality and use more renewable resources at lesser costs
to keep the environment as clean as possible and contribute to the ecology of
the country.
When businesses decide to make positive contributions to the society they are
actually benefitting the company in the process. The companies benefit
through lower operating costs, increased sales and customer loyalty, greater
productivity, gaining ability to attract and keep skilled employees, getting
access to more capital through more willing investors etc.
CSR is the thoughtful and practical way to give back to the society. When
businesses are walking extra miles to do good to the people, do good to the
environment and society.
CSR has strong and direct impact on business performances as well. According
to, CSR RepTrak® studies, if businesses improve their CSR perception,
chances are higher that consumer recommendation will go up to 9% for the
company.
Contributing to social value has become the first and foremost condition to
creating a successful business. Companies need to establish themselves as
socially responsible and good corporate citizens to add greater value to their
business.
Conclusion
Today almost all businesses are incorporating CSR initiatives in their business
strategies to benefit the company, increase its sales and create a brand more
appealing and friendly to the consumers by contributing to the society.
Nestle can be a great example in this context. Nestle has a great and positive
tagline which completely upholds the brand’s motto- “Good food. Good Life.”
This is not a mere tagline just used for promoting the brand. It actually
summarizes their CSR initiatives and shows their commitment to the
betterment of public health.
Nestle has made 41 public commitments to enhance the quality of life and
ensure a healthier future for all. These commitments contribute to
the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. The details of Nestlé’s progressive
CSR initiatives are published in their Annual Review of the company almost
every year.
Nestle has struck the right balance between sustainable growth and efficiency,
and creating long term value for the shareholders and society on the whole. In
2016 Nestle made operating profit up to 16% which increased to 17.5% in the
following years and now they are committed to expand the trading operating
profit margin to 18.5% by 2020.
At present CSR holds no separate department at corporate houses and CSR
professionals are housed in communications and PR departments which is an
inappropriate practice. CSR experts suggest that it should be incorporated into
every department of the company starting from supply chain, procurement,
innovation, manufacturing, to HR so that company can reap a good harvest
from the investments that it makes.
Value Diversity and Building Relationships
What is Culture?

"Culture" refers to a group or community which shares common experiences

that shape the way its members understand the world. It includes groups that
we are born into, such as race, national origin, gender, class, or religion. It can
also include a group we join or become part of. For example, it is possible to
acquire a new culture by moving to a new country or region, by a change in our
economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this
broadly we realize we all belong to many cultures at once.

Why is culture important?

Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their views, their values,
their humour, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. So when
you are working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to
have some perspective and understanding of their cultures.
But as we explore culture, it's also important to remember how much we have
in common. People see the world very differently, but they know what it is like
to wake up in the morning and look forward to the adventures that of the day.
We are all human beings. We all love deeply, want to learn, have hopes and
dreams, and have experienced pain and fear.
At the same time, we can't pretend our cultures and differences don't matter.
We can't gloss over differences and pretend they don't exist, wishing we could
all be alike, and we can't pretend that discrimination doesn't exist.
Why is understanding culture IMPORTANT?
The world is becoming increasingly diverse and includes people of many
religions, languages, economic groups, and other cultural groups.
It is becoming clear that in order to build communities that are successful at
improving conditions and resolving problems, we need to understand and
appreciate many cultures, establish relationships with people from cultures
other than our own, and build strong alliances with different cultural groups.
Additionally, we need to bring non-mainstream groups into the centre of civic
activity. Why?
In order to build communities that are powerful enough to attain
significant change, we need large numbers of people working together​. If
cultural groups join forces, they will be more effective in reaching common
goals, than if each group operates in isolation.
Each cultural group has unique strengths and perspectives that the larger
community can benefit from. We need a wide range of ideas, customs, and
wisdom to solve problems and enrich community life. Bringing
non-mainstream groups into the center of civic activity can provide fresh
perspectives and shed new light on tough problems.
Understanding cultures will help us overcome and prevent racial and
ethnic divisions​. Racial and ethnic divisions result in misunderstandings, loss
of opportunities, and sometimes violence. Racial and ethnic conflicts drain
communities of financial and human resources; they distract cultural groups
from resolving the key issues they have in common.
People from different cultures have to be included in decision-making
processes in order for programs or policies to be effective​. The people
affected by a decision have to be involved in formulating solutions--it's a basic
democratic principle. Without the input and support of all the groups involved,
decision-making, implementation, and follow through are much less likely to
occur.
An appreciation of cultural diversity goes hand-in-hand with a just and
equitable society​. For example, research has shown that when students'
cultures are understood and appreciated by teachers, the students do better in
school. Students feel more accepted, they feel part of the school community,
they work harder to achieve, and they are more successful in school.
If we do not learn about the influences that cultural groups have had on
our mainstream history and culture​, we are all missing out on an accurate
view of our society and our communities.

Diversity Issues When Developing Work Relations with Colleagues

Understanding the diversity issues that can interrupt working
relationships, such as differences in communication styles or business
etiquette, helps employees and organizational leaders diminish the impact of
these issues or avoid them altogether. There are, of course, dozens of issues
that can divide us in a multicultural workplace/community.
1. Language Differences
The issue which is most apt to cause discomfort in the workplace is
language. The challenges of working in a multi-lingual environment are many.
Accents, for one, can make it very difficult to understand what the other person
is saying. Multiple languages being spoken in the workplace can be another
source of tension.
2. Differences in Values and Etiquette
Scholars who study cultural diversity agree that the primary value that
distinguishes American culture from much of the rest of the world is America's
emphasis on the individual over the group. We tend to reward individual effort,
emphasize individual responsibility, and give credit for individual achievement.
By contrast, 70 percent of the rest of the world is more concerned with the
needs and responsibilities of the group. Members of what are called
"collectivist" cultures live their lives for the good of the group. Perhaps, for
example, you have encountered colleagues who seem uncomfortable when
complimented in front of others or when selected for the honour of "worker of
the month." Maybe you know someone from a group-oriented culture who
refused a promotion because she was uncomfortable being elevated above the
group. As you study diversity further, you will gradually see that group versus
individualistic cultural differences can affect a wide-variety of workplace
relationships.
3. Tone of voice
Have you ever had an encounter with someone from another culture who
seemed to be rude or demanding only to discover later that he or she had no
intention of sounding that way? There are a number of reasons why this
happens. The tonal structure of many languages simply does not translate very
harmoniously into English. Because of the harshness of tone, someone from
these countries might sound inadvertently rude when making a request or
statement.
4. Clustering
Clustering means the habit of primarily sitting with, talking to, and
"hanging around" people who are like oneself. Although there is nothing
intrinsically wrong with clustering, it can create the impression of exclusion
and even racism. No matter what the group involved -- be it Anglo,
African-American, Asian, Latino -- when we routinely congregate with those
who are like ourselves culturally or racially, it can be misinterpreted to mean
that we regard our own group as better than others.

5. Communication
Verbal and non-verbal communication can be an issue in cross-cultural
workplace relationships. For example, even a foreign-born colleague fluent in
the English language can misunderstand English words because of regional
accents, dialects, slang or speech impediments. Non-verbal communication
such as how a person sits or uses eye contact also can be misinterpreted
between colleagues of different cultures unless colleagues can learn about each
other’s specific communication styles.
6. Tolerance
Racial and cultural resentments can be toxic issues in the workplace.
For example, insensitive comments or assumptions about someone based on a
stereotype can hurt a working relationship or get you in trouble, even if done
naively or through just kidding around. Part of the American culture is to be
outspoken and assertive, which are useful traits until what we say and how we
say it to a colleague comes off as offensive. How colleagues of different cultures
or sub-cultures dress, wear their hair, greet people or carry themselves can
also be confusing or spark unfair judgment in a workplace.
7. Religious Issues
Religious differences can be a deeply personal diversity issue among
co-workers. Talking about religion in a workplace or business setting can cross
ethical or legal lines. Still, religious differences need to be understood even in
seemingly benign interactions such as a colleague refusing your drink offer
after work because his religion forbids consuming alcohol. Respecting
colleagues’ religious beliefs, especially when they’re different from yours, can
help you avoid awkward or negative conflicts and improve working relations.
8. Workplace Issues
Cultures can differ widely on ways to interact with authority figures at
work. For example, cultural influences can compel a foreign-born employee to
respect his boss’s ideas and choices without question. To the manager who
expects challenges and feedback from employees, the submissive behavior can
be interpreted as if the worker is too passive or disengaged. Issues also can
arise from cultural differences regarding decision-making, learning, disclosing
information, resolving conflict or completing tasks.

Overcoming Issues

Even respect shown in seemingly small ways can build trust despite diversity
issues. For example, learning how to say a colleague’s name correctly or how to
say “good morning” or “thank you” in a person’s native language shows respect.
Such effort shows appreciation for foreign colleagues and the challenges they
go through in learning new languages and adapting to new ways. Temporarily
setting aside your own beliefs, assumptions and judgments in order to see
through others’ cultural lenses can help you overcome diversity issues with
colleagues.
Why Have Good Relationships?

Human beings are naturally social creatures – we crave friendship and positive
interactions, just as we do food and water. So it makes sense that the better
our relationships are at work, the happier and more productive we're going to
be.
Good working relationships give us several other benefits: our work is more
enjoyable when we have good relationships with those around us. Also, people
are more likely to go along with changes that we want to implement, and we're
more innovative and creative.
What's more, good relationships give us freedom: instead of spending time and
energy overcoming the problems associated with negative relationships, we
can, instead, focus on opportunities.
Good relationships are also often necessary if we hope to develop our careers.
After all, if your boss doesn't trust you, it's unlikely that he or she will consider
you when a new position opens up. Overall, we all want to work with people
we're on good terms with.
We also need good working relationships with others in our professional circle.
Customers, suppliers and key stakeholders are all essential to our success. So,
it's important to build and maintain good relations with these people.

Defining a Good Relationship

There are several characteristics that make up good, healthy working
relationships:
Trust – This is the foundation of every good relationship. When you ​trust​ your
team and colleagues, you form a powerful bond that helps you to work and
communicate more effectively. If you trust the people you work with, you can
be open and honest in your thoughts and actions, and you don't have to waste
time and energy "watching your back."
Mutual Respect – When you respect the people who you work with, you value
their input and ideas, and they value yours. Working together, you can develop
solutions based on your collective insight, wisdom and creativity.
Mindfulness – This means taking responsibility for your words and actions.
Those who are mindful are careful and attend to what they say, and they don't
let their own negative emotions impact the people around them.
Welcoming Diversity – People with good relationships not only accept diverse
people and opinions, but they welcome them. For instance, when your friends
and colleagues offer different opinions from yours, you take the time to
consider what they have to say, and factor their insights into your
decision-making.
Open Communication – We communicate all day, whether we're sending
emails and IMs, or meeting face to face. The better and more effectively you
communicate with those around you, the richer your relationships will be. All
good relationships depend on open, honest communication.
Social
Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship is all about recognizing the social problems and
achieving a social change by employing entrepreneurial principles, processes
and operations. It is all about making a research to completely define a
particular social problem and then organizing, creating and managing a social
venture to attain the desired change. The change may or may not include a
thorough elimination of a social problem. It may be a lifetime process focusing
on the improvement of the existing circumstances.
While a general and common business entrepreneurship means taking a lead
to open up a new business or diversifying the existing business, social
entrepreneurship mainly focuses on creating social capital without measuring
the performance in profit or return in monetary terms. The entrepreneurs in
this field are associated with non-profit sectors and organizations. But this
does not eliminate the need of making profit. After all entrepreneurs need
capital to carry on with the process and bring a positive change in the society.
Along with social problems, social entrepreneurship also focuses on
environmental problems. Child Rights foundations, plants for treatment of
waste products and women empowerment foundations are few examples of
social ventures. Social entrepreneurs can be those individuals who are
associated with non-profit and non-government organizations that raise funds
through community events and activities.
In the modern world, there are several well-known social entrepreneurs who
have contributed a lot towards the society. The founder and manager of
Grameen Bank, Muhammad Yunus is a contemporary social entrepreneur who
has been awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his venture in the year 2006. The
venture has been continuously growing and benefiting a large section of the
society.
Rang De is another brilliant example of a non-profit social enterprise.
Established in the year 2008 by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, it is an online
platform from where rural and urban poor people in India can access
micro-credits with an interest rate of as low as 2 percent per annum. Lenders
from all across the country can directly lend money to borrowers, track
investments and receive regular payments online.
The George Foundation is one more nationally recognized social enterprise. The
Women’s Empowerment Program creates awareness among women by
providing them education, vocational training, cooperative farming, business
development and savings planning. By employing the principles of social
entrepreneurship, these organizations are addressing the social problems and
bringing a positive change in the society.
There are several other organizations that are considered as a positive
changemakers in the society. Echoing Green, The Canadian Social
Entrepreneurship Foundation, Schwab Foundation for Social
Entrepreneurship, The Skoll Foundation, NIKA Water Company, Newman’s
Own and Ashoka: Innovators for the Public are such organization that aim for
bringing social change and continuously improving the existing conditions in
the society.
The field of social entrepreneurship is rapidly growing and attracting the
attention of numerous volunteers. It has now become a common term in
university campuses. The reason behind the increasing popularity of this
product is that individuals get to do what they have been thinking for long. The
extraordinary people put their brilliant ideas and bring a change in society
against all odds.
Social Entrepreneurship – History
Social entrepreneurship is a kind of entrepreneurship initiative that aims at
taking up a social problem for bringing about a transformation in the same.
The person who takes up the challenge is called a social entrepreneur and he /
she uses principle of entrepreneurship with the intent of creating social capital
and not being essentially profit centered.
The aim of social entrepreneurship is to promote the cause of social and
environmental goals that have an impact in either in the present or the times to
come. Such entrepreneurs are generally a part of or associated in some way
with some nonprofit organizations (NGO’s). Although profit making is also as
aspect of this concept but it may not be the sole purpose of the organization.
Andrew Mawson worked extensively upon the concept of social
entrepreneurship and extended the same to bring about reform in the
community structure. He also laid the foundation of the Bow center in east
London. For this he was conferred upon the peerage of Lord Mawson and he
works for developing partnerships for regeneration work initiated by him.
Social entrepreneurship is relatively a new term. It came in to notice just
a few decades ago. But its usage can be found throughout the history​. In
fact, there were several entrepreneurs who established social enterprises to
eliminate social problems or bring positive change in the society. Vinoba
Bhave, the founder of India’s Land Gift Movement, Robert Owen, the founder of
cooperative movement and Florence Nightingale, founder of first nursing school
and developer of modern nursing practices might be included in this category.
They had established such foundations and organizations in 19th century that
is much before the concept of Social Entrepreneurship used in management.
There were entrepreneurs during nineteenth and twentieth centuries who made
efforts to eradicate social evils. Apart from this, there are many societies and
organizations that work for child rights, women empowerment, save
environment, save trees, treatment of waste products, etc. Apart from
addressing the social issues, social entrepreneurship also includes recognition
and addressing the environmental problems and financial issues for rural and
urban poor.
These days, the concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely used and
that too in different forms. The establishment of Grameen Bank by Muhammad
Yunus, Ashoka: The Innovators for the Public by Bill Drayton, Youth United by
Jyotindra Nath, Rand De by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, SKS Microfinance
by Vikram Akula and Roozi.com by Nick Reder, Brent Freeman and Norma La
Rosa has popularized the term.
In fact, ​all big brands and companies are adopting the concept of social
entrepreneurship​ and trying to address the issues in our society by opening
schools in far flung areas, educating women for family planning, making it
possible for farmers and poor individuals to access low interest credits,
establishing plants for waste treatment, planting trees and going green.
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship has also been included as a separate
branch of management courses. Even youth is also looking forward to
volunteering their services and brilliant ideas to bring a social change through
social entrepreneurship.

Robert Owen, the founder of cooperative movement and Florence Nightingale,

founder of first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices
might be included in this category. They had established such foundations and
organizations in 19th century that is much before the concept of Social
Entrepreneurship used in management.
There were entrepreneurs during nineteenth and twentieth centuries who made
efforts to eradicate social evils. Apart from this, there are many societies and
organizations that work for child rights, women empowerment, save
environment, save trees, treatment of waste products, etc. Apart from
addressing the social issues, social entrepreneurship also includes recognition
and addressing the environmental problems and financial issues for rural and
urban poor.
These days, the concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely used and
that too in different forms. The establishment of Grameen Bank by Muhammad
Yunus, Ashoka: The Innovators for the Public by Bill Drayton, Youth United by
Jyotindra Nath, Rand De by Ramakrishna and Smita Ram, SKS Microfinance
by Vikram Akula and Roozi.com by Nick Reder, Brent Freeman and Norma La
Rosa has popularized the term.
In fact, ​all big brands and companies are adopting the concept of social
entrepreneurship​ and trying to address the issues in our society by opening
schools in far flung areas, educating women for family planning, making it
possible for farmers and poor individuals to access low interest credits,
establishing plants for waste treatment, planting trees and going green.
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship has also been included as a separate
branch of management courses. Even youth is also looking forward to
volunteering their services and brilliant ideas to bring a social change through
social entrepreneurship.
Social Entrepreneurs
According to Greg Dees, co-founder of the Centre for the Advancement of
Social Entrepreneurship at Duke University and a
member of the Impact Entrepreneurs advisory board –
‘Social entrepreneurs are individuals with innovative solutions to
society’s most pressing social problems. They are persistent and
ambitious, tackle major social issues and offer new ideas for a
wide-scale change.’
Usually, people leave the societal needs to the government or the business
sectors. However, social entrepreneurs tend to identify areas that are not
working efficiently in the current system and solve the problem by changing it,
spreading the awareness about the solution, and persuading people to be a
part of the change.
As a common trait, social entrepreneurs are obsessed with their ideas and
commit their lives to change. They are visionaries since they envision a society
without the problems. Further, they are realists, since they concern themselves
with the practical implementation of their vision.
They also present ideas which are user-friendly, ethical, and easily
understandable and engage widespread support. This ensures that local people
stand up, grab their idea and implement it. In simple words, every leading
social entrepreneur is a mass recruiter of local change makers. He is a role
model who tells people that their action can do anything. In the last two
decades, social entrepreneurship has grown based on the understanding that a
new idea in the hands of a good entrepreneur is a powerful tool.
Why Social Entrepreneur?
Like regular business entrepreneurs change the face of business, social
entrepreneurs work as the agents of change for the society. They seize
opportunities that others miss, improve systems, invent new approaches and
also create solutions to change society for the better. A business entrepreneur
can create an entirely new industry. Similarly, a social entrepreneur can come
up with new solutions to social problems, implement them on a large scale and
change the face of society. Here are some examples of leading social
entrepreneurs:
Susan B. Anthony (U.S.)​ – She fought for Women’s Rights in the United States
of America. Her fight included the right to control property and helped
spearhead the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.
Vinoba Bhave (India)​ – He was the founder and leader of the Land Gift
Movement. Under this movement, he caused the redistribution of more than
7,000,000 acres of land to help India’s untouchables and landless.
Dr. Maria Montessori (Italy)​ – She developed the Montessori approach to early
childhood education.
Florence Nightingale (U.K.)​ – She was the founder of modern nursing.
Further, she established the first school for nurses and fought to improve
hospital conditions.
Margaret Sanger (U.S.)​ – She was the founder of the Planned Parenthood
Federation of America. Under this federation, she led the movement for family
planning efforts around the world.
John Muir (U.S.)​ – He was a naturalist and a conservationist. He established
the National Park system and also helped found The Sierra Club.
Jean Monnet (France)​ – He was responsible for the reconstruction of the
French economy following World War II. Further, his work included the
establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
How social entrepreneurs play the role of change agents?
They adopt a mission to create and sustain social value (not just private value).
Further, they recognize and relentlessly pursue new opportunities which serve
the mission.
Also, engage in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning.
Further, act boldly without being limited by the resources in hand.
Finally, exhibit heightened accountability to the constituencies served and also
the outcomes created.
Advantages of Social Enterprises
Social enterprises tend to operate with a purpose of creating value for the
society and also generate income (if not wealth). As a thumb rule, the solutions
they offer are supposed to be innovative, unique, people and environment
friendly; Cost effectiveness is also a huge consideration. All of these are
challenges to the sustainability of social enterprises, but the ones that are able
to scale these are the ones that are able to create a huge impact! They are the
enterprises that are advantageous to the society, people and the environment.
Since social enterprises typically deal with people who live at the bottom of the
pyramid, therefore they are the ones who are benefited to benefit hugely from
the former. In other words social enterprises are beneficial to the poor,
generally by providing them with a means of livelihood.
Since social enterprises do not work typically the way corporate setups or
private firms work, they offer flexible working environment which is as
per the liking of many people groups​. This employment may be both short
term and long term in nature or it may specially targeted to a specific
workgroup or a geographic community or to people with disabilities. Self
Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), for example, offers various kinds of
assistance to self employed poor women.
There are ​advantages of a social enterprise that are entrepreneur
specific​ like:
Social entrepreneurs find it easier to raise capital. There are huge incentives
and schemes from the government for the same. since the investment industry
here is ethical, it is easier to raise capital at below market rates.
Marketing and promotion for these organisations is also very easy. Since a
social problem is being tackled with a solution, it is easier to attract attention
of the people and media. The degree of publicity often depends on the degree of
uniqueness of the solution.
It is easier to garner support from likeminded individuals since there is a social
side to the enterprise. It is also easier to get people onboard at lower salaries
than compared to other industry.
Similarly there are ​advantages that are specific to the environment, society
and the people concerned​. Some of them are as under:
Services in whichever section they may be offered are customized better to suit
the needs of the individual or the problem. This is also designed in harmony
with all other systems like the environment, society or the people.
Cost effectiveness is another advantage of a social enterprise. The solutions
offered by these organisations in the form of either products or services are
reasonable than compared to the same service provided by a profit making
organisation. No wonder basc amenities like healthcare, education etc have
become very affordable to people world over with the help of these institutions.
Micro finance, for example, today caters not to the poor but to the poorest!
Although lots of organisations have also made corporate social responsibility
an integral part of their business functioning but not many actually mean to
create a difference. It is just a means to achieve more profits; there is an
increasing need to watch out for the same and help and advocate those who
really aim to add value.
Social Business
Social business is a business that is aimed at addressing a social cause. The
investment made by the investors is entirely with a vision of contributing to the
social welfare and not profit entirely. The investor may however get back his
money after a certain time and cover all the operational costs of the
organization.
Although social business may be carried out in any area but sectors like
healthcare, housing, nutrition, education, financial services to the poor and the
down trodden remain the priority. Unlike profit making organizations, success
in the field of social business is governed by the amount of impact it is able to
create or the positive change it has been able to bring in the existing scheme of
things.
As mentioned earlier, ​profit takes a back seat, but organizations into social
business are not necessarily disallowed to make profits​. Sustainability after
all, of both the organization and the investor, is important and profit makes it
possible. There is essentially, but, a cap on the amount of profits the
organization can make and the profits are to be utilized in the business again.
Generally, social businesses cannot make profits in excess of the actual
investment.
In fact in Social Business, the line between profitability and social contribution
is very difficult to maintain and it often so happens that social businesses
become profit making organizations after a few years of operation. It therefore
calls for renunciation of the corporate ways of thinking, because what may
start as a mole may end up becoming a mountain, 5 – 6 years down the line.
The term social business is often confused with social enterprise. Both are
similar in many ways, yet distinct in others​. In fact social business may be
called as a component of social enterprise or one of the ways by which a social
enterprise expresses itself. Moreover a social enterprise may receive funds from
people, through grants or from the government, a social business cannot.
The concept of Social business was given by Muhammad Yunus, who
essentially presented as an alternate model to capitalism. It was meant to
overcome the shortcomings and failures of capitalism that focuses only on
profit making and ignores or fails to address other sides of business. He
created a new system where profit making and social businesses exist
simultaneously. Also, the social businesses are not prevented from making
profits. They are however not allowed to take dividends and reinvest the money
earned as profit in the business to scale operations and give maximum benefit
to maximum people.
As opposed to devising means to alleviate poor or a trickle down economic
system to alleviate the poor, the concept of social business emphasizes an
action based system where the poor participates in his / her growth. Prof.
Muhammad Yunus used this to create Grameen Bank and disburse money to
poor in the form of micro – credit without the condition of giving a property or
asset as mortgage. This created opportunity for the poor and allowed for his
participation in the free market thereby relieving him of the handicap of relying
on the government for grants.
Finally there are two types of social businesses. The first type is the one that
purely exists for tackling a social problem. The second type is the one that is
owned by the poor and can make profits. The profits can then be distributed
between the poor (those who run the business).
Types of Social Entreprenuers
Social entrepreneurs represent an exceedingly diverse cross-section of
businessmen, both in the ways that they conduct business and in the goals
that they’re seeking to accomplish with their enterprises. They also differ both
in the various means that they employ to enhance social wealth and the
strategies that they utilize to facilitate those means. Social entrepreneurs work
exceptionally hard to produce lasting solutions that will effect permanent
change in the lives of the people they hope to impact. The following four are the
most common types of social entrepreneurs:
The Community Social Entrepreneur
This sort of social entrepreneur seeks to create ventures meant to serve the
social needs of a community within a relatively narrow geographical area.
These enterprises are generally structured around the active participation of
people living within the served community.
This sort of entrepreneur has an advantage in that his ventures become ever
more sustainable over time, as there are vested interests for all parties. One
sometimes significant associated disadvantage is that decision-making may be
a slower process due to the larger numbers of people involved.
The Non-Profit Social Entrepreneur
These social entrepreneurs are more focused on social wealth than material
wealth. Consequently, any profits made are reinvested into the business to
facilitate the further expansion of services offered. For this sort of social
entrepreneur, the social goal(s) are always more important than mere profit.
While the social entrepreneur is frequently better able to meet his social goals
due to the more ready availability of funds, the very motivation to generate
those monies may be correspondingly lower.
The Transformational Social Entrepreneur
Here, the focus extends to the creation of an enterprise able to meet those
social needs not adequately being met by governments and other businesses.
These businesses occasionally evolve into institutions and the involved social
entrepreneur must have the skills and capacity to administer a large team.
One advantage of being a transformational social entrepreneur is that it can be
easier to recruit excellent volunteers. A not insignificant disadvantage is that it
can be far more challenging to comply with an ever-larger web of interrelated
rules, regulations, and politics.
The Global Social Entrepreneur
The global social entrepreneur works toward complete transformation of a
social system in order to meet major social needs and to change the very fabric
of society worldwide. The scope of the global social entrepreneur is
international and his aim is to create an enterprise that will stand the test of
time.
If he’s successful, the net advantage will be that neglected or
inadequately-addressed social needs are met. The disadvantage is that there
will be far more scrutiny on the business and how it conducts its affairs. If the
enterprise fails to win the necessary support of the global community, all of its
efforts will be for naught.
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Within the main idea that the notion of social entrepreneurship advocates, it is
the usage of innovations that are being considered sufficient enough to deal
effectively with various social problems, such as for instance, to address
poverty, to limit the access to healthcare systems, especially in the case of
remote or underserved areas, to provide solution plans in relation to youth
unemployment, or even to reinforce the role of women in the modern societies
by defending women’s rights, by maintaining women’s access to credits, etc.
For the solution of similar to the aforementioned problems, social
entrepreneurs proceed to the usage of various technological innovations. To be
specific, we will substantiate this argument by providing a list of examples,
deriving from ordinary cases and which indicate ways in which technological
applications power social innovation.
For instance, in the majority of the so-called third countries, both farmers and
relative workers need to be provided with chronicle up-dates related with
weather condition, as well as sowing schedules in order to design their harvest
schedules, accordingly. Additionally, in the case of fishermen who live in
coastal areas need to be aware of the weather broadcasting, and especially the
storm forecast; for this purpose relevant mobile apps would be the most
effective to accomplish this task.
Furthermore, the example of specially-designed IT kiosks which have been
incorporated in many remoted (rural) areas of India, aiming at the provision of
technological capacity to both teenagers and young people, in order to increase
their possibilities to find a better job in the future, thus simultaneously
meliorating employability levels of individuals who have brought up in rural
areas. Another notable example, is the creation and usage of mobile apps, the
communication between microcredit institutions and the receivers of such
financial aid could be establish, therefore touching up both the processes of
repayment and credit utilization.
The Mobile Break-Through
Throughout the examples that have been provided within the previous
paragraph, one could investigate -even in brief- the prominent role of
technology as a way of resolution of different social problems. And exactly for
that reason, nowadays social entrepreneurs tend to employ technological
innovations for the development of social innovation, thus leading to the
creation of genuine social value. According to statistical features exhibited by
United Nations, nowadays, the percentage of individuals who own a personal
mobile phone has recently exceeded the percentage of those who have toilets, a
fact which undoubtedly constitutes the proof on the great extent to which the
mobile revolution has affected even the underserved or unprivileged social
groups.
Social and Professional Networks
It is well-known that in many countries, professionals with a variety of
specializations such as traders, drivers or handy persons and entrepreneurs
tend to use relevant technological application as means of communication with
customers or even with other professional they collaborate with, such as
suppliers, sellers and administrative personnel. In this case, technology
provides useful channels of communication and accomplishment of a series of
tasks, thus building a chain of individuals and operations that is capable to
serve the mode of working in the most beneficial way. However, there is a room
for improvement when it comes to such applications, in order for them to be
capable to guarantee ‘safety and security’ while using such innovations. At this
stage, we would like to mention that it is a matter of the creators of such apps
to set up the appropriate regulations and monitoring operations of such
platforms, whilst it is up to the user to employ the abundance of technological
innovations in a commonly-beneficial way.

Strong Alliances and Ecosystems composed of Organization of

Various Scales
Within the operations of many non-profits organizations or social enterprises is
the composition of synergies and strong alliances, or in other words, the
formation of an interactive Directory composed of a whole ecosystem of
domestic and global institutions -such as investors, innovators, consultants,
legal advisers, influencers, influential multipliers, intermediaries, leading
organizations, public and private stakeholders, simple users and target groups,
etc- who are collaborating in an holistic way, as they are under an enormous
on-line platform, whilst this digital umbrella could use many forms of
technological and social innovation in order to produce social value, in a more
transnational scale.
Also, this digital space could provide the opportunity to individuals and
organizations of a smaller economical or/and operational scale, or institutions
which -for various reasons- are being considered as unprivileged, to constitute
a part of a huge entirety, through which they could negotiate in conditions of
autonomy and equality at the same time. In this way, organization of a smaller
scale could be benefited from the sharing and subsequently, from the adoption
of common best practices, thus upgrading their resources, improving their
capacities and modernizing their mode of operation.

Reaching Global Audiences

Consider whether such usage of technology provides aid to marginalized social
groups of underserved individuals, thus reinforcing new social entrepreneurs to
set up their own venture. With the technological revolution and digital
technologies social entrepreneurs are getting able to operate in a transnational
way, thus reaching international audiences and eliminating factors such as
distance and scale, by giving them the opportunity to extend their microcredits,
a situations that led to the creation of networks and ecosystems of
organizations, thus creating both economic and social value, therefore
indicating the way that technological innovation could be adopted with the aim
to contribute to the formation of social capital.
Impact of Social Entrepreneurs in society
Entrepreneurs are risk takers. Earlier entrepreneurship was confined to
wealthy few but with the start of digital age entrepreneurship has become more
of a vocation than a lifestyle choice. There are different kinds of entrepreneurs
some are those who bring radical change in the conventional business that we
see around us and some are those who through their effort bring changes in
the society they are called social entrepreneurs. They are the people who start
business with an aim of solving social problems rather than building huge
conglomerate to maximize profits. They work on a grass root level of the
problem and come out with innovative solutions that can be used by the
society. They integrate latest technology to develop products or services and
make it affordable so that people with low income can easily afford them.
Young people in developing countries like India are becoming more aware of
social causes and how some of the pressing problems can be solved through
social enterprises. With government of India bringing some favorable policies
for social start-ups in its annual budget 2016 the social start-ups will further
grow and flourish. In recent years many international trusts, billionaires have
come forward to provide seed funds and mentorship to social enterprises who
are engaged in building products and services that can change lives of rural
populations.
Some of the most important issues that social Entrepreneurs can address
globally to bring about real transformation are mentioned below.
1. Food scarcity
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that about
795 million people of the world population are undernourished in 2014-2016.
Though globally food produced every year is sufficient to feed everyone yet
there is food scarcity at city, state, national and global level. There are many
reasons for food scarcity like drought, extreme weather, uneven distribution of
food, wastage of food due to lack of proper storage facilities etc. Social
entrepreneurs and innovators across the world are working on solutions to face
the issue head-on. They are taking help of latest technologies to accurately
predict weather condition so that farmers can sow seeds at right time and also
can protect their crops from extreme weather. They are also developing new
water harvesting method to provide water in drought-stricken areas. A social
start-up in India has developed solar conduction dryer that allows framer to
dry fruits and vegetables and preserve it for longer duration. These are some of
the ways social entrepreneurs can help solve reduce global food scarcity
problem.
2. Healthcare
In a 2015 report "Tracking universal health coverage" released by World Health
Organization and The World Bank estimate that 400 million people globally do
not have access to even basic healthcare services. Most of the people are from
developing countries residing in rural areas. Essential healthcare services like
child immunization, antiretroviral therapy, tuberculosis treatment, access to
proper sanitation and antenatal care are not in the reach of poor people. Social
entrepreneurs ​can help in offering basic healthcare services by using
technology. From building auto-disabled syringe, providing nutritious meals,
free medicine and better sanitation social enterprises are coming up with cost
effective innovative solutions. Aravind Eye Hospital and Narayana Health are
great example of social enterprise where poor patients can afford world class
medical facilities at a very nominal cost.

3. Education
According to UNESCO at present there are 775 million adults and 122 million
youth who are not literate. They lack basic education skills. Social
entrepreneurs are making inroads in the education sector through their
innovative approach. Many entrepreneurs are using technology to reach
masses and empower them with necessary education skills. Some of them are
forming a team of highly enthusiastic people who are passionate about
education. Teach for India is one such initiatives that has helped scores of
Indian children by imparting education. Some of the social enterprise in
education sector is taking help of technology by providing mobile devices like
tablet and laptop embedded with course content that can be accessed by
people even without internet. Some are starting labs where children can have
fun learning new things they can keep themselves engaged by practically doing
things they see and read in books. Today social entrepreneurs are defying all
odds to reach students and adults to educate them.
4. Financial services
One of the most fundamental issues of the developing economy is availability of
finance and financial services in the rural areas. There are no proper banks or
financial institutions that can help poor people with loans. Some of the reasons
why these people cannot procure loan include lack of collateral, lack of
necessary documents and lack of money to open bank account. Social
entrepreneurs are solving this problem by starting Microfinance companies and
reaching to poor. These companies provide basic loans and insurance to
farmers, poor women, artisans at a very low interest rate and give them flexible
payment option. This Microfinance scheme has given lease of life to many small
time entrepreneurs in rural areas by helping their business, and creating job
opportunities for local population. Technology has helped entrepreneurs to
reduce cost, improve efficiency and reach more people with their services.
The way forward
Today's social entrepreneurs are highly motivated and are ready to go that
extra mile to come up with innovative solutions for the betterment of society.
The technology will remain an indispensable part of future social enterprises.
Timely funding, mentorship and favorable policies will help the social
enterprise of the future to grow and flourish.
ENVIRONMENT AND
SOCIETY
Environment - Introduction
Environment as the term itself indicates is anything that surrounds or environs
us. Environment in this sense is made of all those things which though distinct
from us affect our life or activity in some way. It consists of all surroundings and
influences, whatsoever that are present whenever an event occurs.

The relation between individual and society is very close. Essentially, “society” is
the regularities, customs and ground rules of antihuman behavior. These
practices are tremendously important to know how humans act and interact
with each other. Society does not exist independently without individual.

Humans have needed to be sensitive to their surroundings to survive, which

means that we have an innate awareness of our environment and seek out
environments with certain qualities.

First of all, humans have a strong need for safety and security and look for those
attributes in their environment. We also look for physical comfort, such as an
environment with the right temperature. In addition, we seek an environment
that is psychologically comfortable: for example, environments that are familiar,
but offer the right amount of stimulus.

Environment can roughly defined as “the sum total of all conditions and
influences that affect the life and development of organisms. Life originated and
flourish on earth because of the environment. Every organism influences its
environment and in turn gets influenced by it. We are an integral part of the
environment.

Among all living organisms man influences environment the most and can also
modify the environment to some extent as per his needs. Changes in
environment affects us. Man has been influencing the environment since the
beginning of human civilization through his activities.

Rapid population growth, industrialization, faster modes of transport,

urbanization and increasing human activities has contributed to the pollution of
environment. Environmental pollution has several impacts on society.
Environmental pollution causes serious problems like global warming, depletion
of ozone layer, extinction of biodiversity etc. Large scale degradation of the
environment not only causes pollution but may jeopardize the very existence of
human society.

There is no end to human needs. Desire to develop is one of the basic need of
human beings. To satisfy his increasing needs and to develop man has been
exploiting nature vigorously which led to serious environmental degradation and
pollution. This may have the following impact on society.

1. Environmental pollution resulted in increase of temperature of atmosphere which

resulted in global warming.
2. Air pollution resulted in depletion of ozone layer which causes multiple health
hazards.
3. It may lead to acid rain and smog.
4. It spreads different kinds of diseases in society.
5. It affects the fertility of soil and resulted in food shortage.
6. Environmental pollution is a formidable threat to the quality of life and put a check
on development process.
7. It fosters environmental awareness among different sections of society.
8. It leads to climate change which affects production and life style.
9. It disturbs terrestrial ecosystems.
10. It led to frequent occurrence of environmental disaster and there by brings changes
in society.
11. It puts renewed emphasis on non-conventional energy sources.
12. It creates need for proper planning and efficient environmental management.
13. Economic development is replaced by sustainable development.
14. It creates need for conservation or protection of environment for a healthy living.
15. It creates need for compensating afforestation on the patita or non-forest lands.

Crisis and Responses:

Life originated and exists on earth because of environment. Because
environment provides all necessary conditions of existence. No living being can
survive without its environment. All living organisms influence its environment
and in turn get influenced by it. But man being the most intelligent creature
interacts with the environment more vigorously than other organisms.

With the rapid growth of population demand for materials increases rapidly.
Industrialization and urbanization further worsens the situation. It forces man
to exploit nature mercilessly. He devastated forests by cutting trees, killed
animals, pollutes the air, water and soil and upset the ecological balance. All this
resulted in pollution of environment and environmental crisis.

Environmental crisis refers to a catastrophic situation in which the normal

pattern of life or ecosystem has been disrupted which needs timely interventions
to save and preserve environment. It may be due to manmade causes, accident
or negligence and result in substantial damage to or deflection of environment.
Environmental crisis causes natural disaster and seriously affects life, economy,
agriculture and food security. Hence it is one of the greatest concern of the world
community. The cost of environmental crisis is too heavy to bear.

The threat to environment arises from different sources such as (1) the need to
meet the increasing energy requirements (2) the impact of industrialization (3)
the effect of expanding urbanization (4) the challenge of managing the huge
quantities of solid waste. (5) to meet the increasing requirements of huge
population.

Some of the environmental crisis of the present day are global warming,
greenhouse effect, climate change, acid rain, ozone depletion etc.
Global warming
Global warming is one of the much talked about environmental crises of the
recent years causing concern all over the world. Continuous increase in the
emission of Co, from different sources into the atmosphere affects the heat
balance of the earth. Continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere trap more heat and prevents the heat from the earth’s
surface to radiate back to the outer space.

This increases temperature of atmosphere. This increase in the global mean

temperature is known as global warming. Global warming is an effect of
continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. The increase of
Co, concentration in the troposphere led to the increase of temperature. This
phenomenon of increasing temperature of earth’s atmosphere along with the
increase in the concentration of CO2is called as global warming.

Greenhouse Effect:

Greenhouse effect is another environmental crisis facing our world. Chlorofluoro

carbons (Co2) carbon dioxide, Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N,0) are called
as greenhouse gases. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere has brought changes in the environment. The amount of heat
trapped in the atmosphere depends on the concentration of greenhouse gases
and the length of time they remain in the atmosphere.

The lower level of atmosphere traps heat by a natural process due to the presence
of greenhouse gases or radiatively active gases. This is called greenhouse effect.
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would trap
more and more long wave radiations or heat which resulted in enhanced
greenhouse effect. This increased greenhouse effect increases the global
temperature and resulted in global warming. The increasing concentration of
greenhouse gases is now a global concern.
Climate Change:
Climate refers to the average weather condition of an area. It ordinarily refers to
the changes in climate. It includes seasonal variations, atmospheric conditions
and weather extremes averaged over a long period of time. It is a truism that any
small changes in climatic condition may affect agricultural production, pattern
of rainfall, wind flow and migration of animal. Increased human activities along
with rapid population growth are mainly responsible for changes in climate.
Increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and global warming upset the
delicate balance between various components of environment and upset the
hydrological cycle which resulted in climate change in different regions of the
world.

Acid Rain:

Acid rain as the name implies is the acidic water received by the earth through
rain. Lightning produce oxides of nitrogen naturally. Nitrogen oxides are a group
of primary pollutants which are produced by automobile during combustion of
petroleum. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and also produced during
combustion of coal in industry.
Save the Environment
20 Easy Ways You Can Contribute To Save the Environment
We keep hearing about environmental pollutions, global warming every day; but
very few of us take actions to protect our environment, our planet. Have you ever
thought how you can contribute?

Here is a list of 20 ways you can contribute to save the environment:

1. Try to be careful using water, gas and electricity. Make sure you don’t waste water,
switch off electric and electronic machines when not necessary and use gas only as
little as you need.
2. Consider installing skylights and solar tubes and switching to LED or compact
fluorescent light bulbs.
3. Use air conditioning units as less as possible or consider not using at all because it
uses a lot of electricity.
4. From time to time, check for leaks in your home’s gas and water lines and repair as
required to ensure no water and gas is wasted.
5. Try to use the products that can be easily recycled and avoid using products that
generate a lot of waste. Consider avoiding disposable products.
6. Make a habit of recycling products and using products that are made of recycled
materials.
7. Consider buying products from companies that have eco-friendly policies and avoid the
ones without any such policies.
8. Try to use less packaging products because different packaging products are the
largest contributor to our municipal solid waste stream.
9. Do not waste food. Make sure you cook only as little as you eat. Try conserving the
leftover food and eat that in your next meal. This will allow you to keep your personal
expenses low at the same time will lessen the pressure of producing more using our
natural resources.
10. You can change your transportation habits as well. Consider walking and using bicycle
for local trips. Consider using mass transports such as public bus instead of using a
private car.
11. Consider making use of rainwater. Rainwater can be used effectively in different
purposes.
12. Give a lift to one of your colleagues if you drive alone to your office.
13. Avoid air travel because it generates 3 times more carbon dioxide per passenger than
rails.
14. Consider coloring your home’s roofs white to ensure you need less energy to lightening
your rooms.
15. Plant trees in your neighborhood as many as you can. Take care of the plants and
make your neighborhood animal and wildlife friendly.
16. Join an environmental movement; make people aware of different negative
environmental impacts of their activities. Join an environmental movement to make
necessary changes to the national and global policies.
17. Teach and encourage people to conserve natural resources.
18. Try to use less paper because papers are made from trees. Re-use file folders and
envelops. Copy or print on both sides of papers.
19. Consider using cloth diapers instead of paper diapers.
20. Try avoiding using electric exercise machines.
Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is an alternate term for garbage management. As long
as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has
been an issue, and modern societies generate far more solid waste than early
humans ever did.

Daily life in industrialized nations can generate several pounds of solid waste per
consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that
manufacture goods purchased by consumers.

The broad categories of garbage are:

i. Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.

ii. Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

iii. Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, and plastics.

iv. Hospital waste such as cloth with blood, syringes.

Effects of Solid Waste Pollution:

Municipal solid wastes heap up on the roads due to improper disposal system.
People clean their own houses and litter their immediate surroundings which
affect the community including themselves.

This type of dumping allows biodegradable materials to decompose under

uncontrolled and unhygienic conditions. This produces foul smell and breeds
various types of insects and infectious organisms besides spoiling the aesthetics
of the site. Industrial solid wastes are sources of toxic metals and hazardous
wastes, which may spread on land and can cause changes in physicochemical
and biological characteristics thereby affecting productivity of soils.
Toxic substances may leach or percolate to contaminate the ground water. In
refuse mixing, the hazardous wastes are mixed with garbage and other
combustible wastes. This makes segregation and disposal all the more difficult
and risky.

Various types of wastes like cans, pesticides, cleaning solvents, batteries (zinc,
lead or mercury), radioactive materials, plastics and e-waste are mixed up with
paper, scraps and other non-toxic materials which could be recycled. Burning of
some of these materials produces dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls,
which have the potential to cause various types of ailments including cancer.

Methods of Solid Wastes Disposal:

i. Sanitary Landfill

ii. Incineration

iii. Composting

iv. Pyrolysis

i. Sanitary Land Filling:

In a sanitary landfill, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered
with clay or plastic foam. In the modern landfills the bottom is covered with an
impermeable liner, usually several layers of clay, thick plastic and sand. The
liner protects the ground water from being contaminated due to percolation of
leachate.

Leachate from bottom is pumped and sent for treatment. When landfill is full it
is covered with clay, sand, gravel and top soil to prevent seepage of water. Several
wells are drilled near the landfill site to monitor if any leakage is contaminating
ground water. Methane produced by anaerobic decomposition is collected and
burnt to produce electricity or heat.

Sanitary Landfills Site Selection:

a. Should be above the water table, to minimize interaction with groundwater.

b. Preferably located in clay or silt.

c. Must not be placed in a rock quarry, as water can leech through the cracks
inherent in rocks into a water fracture system.

d. Must not be located in sand or gravel pits, as these have high leeching.

e. Must not be located in a flood plain. Most garbage tends to be less dense than
water, so if the area of the landfill floods, the garbage will float to the top and
wash away downstream.

Adverse impacts from landfill operations.

* Fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles).

* Infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles).

* Pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater

and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage,
as well as after landfill closure).

* Off gassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a

greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be
a danger to inhabitants of an area).

* Harboring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly
operated landfills.

ii. Incineration:

The term incinerates means to burn something until nothing is left but ashes.
An incinerator is a unit or facility used to burn trash and other types of waste
until it is reduced to ash. An incinerator is constructed of heavy, well-insulated
materials, so that it does not give off extreme amounts of external heat.

The high levels of heat are kept inside the furnace or unit so that the waste is
burned quickly and efficiently. If the heat were allowed to escape, the waste
would not burn as completely or as rapidly. Incineration is a disposal method in
which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them
into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue
of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water
management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 per
cent of the original volume.

Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes
described as “thermal treatment”. Incineration is carried out both on a small
scale by individuals and on a large scale by industries. It is recognized as a
practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials. Incineration
is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of
gaseous pollutants.

iii. Composting:

Due to shortage of space for landfill in bigger cities, the biodegradable yard waste
(kept separate from the municipal waste) is allowed to degrade or decompose in
a medium. A good quality nutrient rich and environmental friendly manure is
formed which improves the soil conditions and fertility.

Organic matter constitutes 35%-40% of the municipal solid waste. This waste
can be recycled by the method of composting, one of the oldest forms of disposal.
It is the natural process of decomposition of organic waste that yields manure or
compost, which is very rich in nutrients.

Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and

bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into humus like substance. This
finished product, which looks like soil, is high in carbon and nitrogen and is an
excellent medium for growing plants.

The process of composting ensures the waste that is produced in the kitchens is
not carelessly thrown and left to rot. It recycles the nutrients and returns them
to the soil as nutrients. Apart from being clean, cheap, and safe, composting can
significantly reduce the amount of disposable garbage.

The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better
specially when used for vegetables. It increases the soil’s ability to hold water
and makes the soil easier to cultivate. It also helps the soil retain more of the
plant nutrients.

Vermi-composting has become very popular in the last few years. In this method,
worms are added to the compost. These help to break the waste and the added
excreta of the worms makes the compost very rich in nutrients. A vermi-compost
pit can be easily made in schools or in the gardens at homes. To make a compost
pit, a cool, shaded corner of the garden or the school compound can be selected
and a pit can be dug, which ideally should be 3 feet deep. This depth is
convenient for aerobic composting as the compost has to be turned at regular
intervals in this process.

Preferably the pit should be lined with granite or brick to prevent nitrite pollution
of the subsoil water, which is known to be highly toxic. Each time organic matter
is added to the pit it should be covered with a layer of dried leaves or a thin layer
of soil which allows air to enter the pit thereby preventing bad odour. At the end
of 45 days, the rich pure organic matter is ready to be used

Benefits of composting:

* Compost allows the soil to retain more plant nutrients over a longer period.

* It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants.

* It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity, or the

excessive use of chemical fertilizer.

* It makes soil easier to cultivate.

*It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter.

* It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered.

* It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden.

iv. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials
by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and
at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F).

In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.

Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of
oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials are present in the waste,
thermal desorption will also occur.

Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid, and a
solid residue containing carbon and ash. The off-gases may also be treated in a
secondary thermal oxidation unit. Particulate removal equipment is also
required. Several types of pyrolysis units are available, including the rotary kiln,
rotary hearth furnace, and fluidized bed furnace. These units are similar to
incinerators except that they operate at lower temperatures and with less air
supply.

Limitations and Concerns:

a. The technology requires drying of soil prior to treatment.

b. Limited performance data are available for systems treating hazardous wastes
containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and other organics. There
is concern that systems that destroy chlorinated organic molecules by heat have
the potential to create products of incomplete combustion, including dioxins and
furans. These compounds are extremely toxic in the parts per trillion ranges.

c. The molten salt is usually recycled in the reactor chamber. However,

depending on the waste treated (especially inorganics) and the amount of ash,
spent molten salt may be hazardous and require special care in disposal.

d. Pyrolysis is not effective in either destroying or physically separating

inorganics from the contaminated medium. Volatile metals may be removed as a
result of the higher temperatures associated with the process, but they are not
destroyed. By-products containing heavy metals may require stabilization before
final disposal.
e. When the off-gases are cooled, liquids condense, producing an oil/tar residue
and contaminated water. These oils and tars may be hazardous wastes, requiring
proper treatment, storage, and disposal.

These disadvantages limit the scope of usage of Pyrolysis.

Liquid Waste Management

Liquid wastes mainly consist of waste water from residential, commercial and
industrial areas in towns and cities. This waste water contains many dissolvable
unwanted and rejected substances. In cities and towns, waste water is
transported through sewerage system having a network of underground pipes
called sewers.

Sewage is waste water containing solid and liquid excreta coming from houses,
streets, industries etc. Silage is another term applied to waste liquid not
containing excreta. Sewage water mainly has 99.9 percent of water and rest 0.1
percent of organic and inorganic substances.

This waste water carries many bacteria which cause diseases. Organic matter
decomposes to give different color to the water and it also gives bad odor to the
liquid. The sewage water is managed to get it free from pollution and can be
reused for agricultural and other uses.

The treatment to such sewage mainly focused on three things.

They are:

(a) Removal of the suspended matters

(b) Reduction of the organic matter through decomposition by bacterial action.

(c) Production of germ free water safe for environment.

Management of liquid waste through sewage treatment:

There are three stages for treatment of sewage water. They are:

1. Primary or physical treatment.

2. Secondary or Biological treatment.

3. Tertiary or chemical treatment.

1. Primary treatment:

It is the process of mechanically removing the solid materials present in water

through metal screening, Grid chambers and sedimentation. Metal screening
removes large floating objects such as small piece of woods, rags, masses of
garbage and dead insects and animals.

The Grit chamber allows the settlement of heavier solids such as sand into the
bottom layer. The waste water is then allowed to pass into a big sedimentation
tank where the liquid spends about 6- 8 hours. During this time about 50 to 70
percent of the solids settle down under the influence of gravitational force.

During this process a small amount of decomposition takes place by the

microorganisms present in sewage breaking down the organic matter present.
The organic matter after breaking down settles down into a layer called sludge.

This sludge is removed mechanically. Primary treatment removes about 60

percent of floating solid bodies, 30 percent of oxygen demanding wastes, 20
percent of nitrogen compounds, and 10 percent of phosphorous compounds.

2. Secondary Treatment:

It is a biological oxidation of organic matter. It is achieved by filter method or by

sludge process. In the filter method, the waste water is sprinkled over the surface
of a bed of small stones of one to two metres deep. When the water percolates
through the stone bed, a very complex biological growth of algae, fungi, protozoa
and bacteria occurs. By this formation, the waste water gets oxidised. The
oxidised waste water is then passed into the sedimentation tanks.

The sludge process is a modern method of management of waste water. The

liquid from the sedimentation tank is mixed with sludge collected from the final
tank. This sludge is called activated sludge as it is rich in aerobic bacteria
(bacterial which can survive only in presence of oxygen). This activated sludge is
then subjected to aeration. By aeration the organic matter of waste liquid gets
oxidized into carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. Organisms causing diseases
like typhoid, cholera are destroyed is the stage.

The oxidised waste liquid is then passed into a secondary sedimentation tank
where activated sludge is collected. The volume and characteristics of the sludge
is reduced through anaerobic (devoid of oxygen) auto digestion. In this process,
complex compounds are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and
ammonia. This substance works as a good fertiliser.

3. Tertiary Treatment:

The residue from earlier two treatment process still leave about 10 percent of
suspended solid bodies, 10 percent of the oxygen demanding wastes, 30 percent
of toxic metal compounds, 50 percent of Nitrogen and 70 percent of
phosphorous. This Tertiary Treatment method is an advanced form of chemical
and physical process.

The most common methods in this treatment is precipitation of suspended

particles, filtration with carbon to resolve dissolve organic compounds and
reverse osmosis by passage through a membrane to remove dissolve organic and
inorganic materials. Chlorination is also required at the end to remove disease
causing bacteria and other germs.

Waste water treatment method

Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes for the management of waste liquid:

The algae are a unicellular plant that mostly grows in upper layer of water or on
stones present in the water. These are very useful for waste liquid purification.
Algae and bacteria used together is an efficient method for recovery of waste
water over bacterial action. This process is also very inexpensive. In the algae-
bacteria combination, an alga provides oxygen to remove toxic elements. Bacteria
on the other hand degrade organic matter aerobically.
The aquatic plants are also used in the treatment of waste water. These plants
when grown in high nutrient water grow well and double their population in two
weeks time. It is able to clean waste water containing various organic materials.

E-Waste Management
"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of
their "useful life."E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of
some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on
their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a
threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions,
VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio
equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other
substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused,
refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are
less harmful to the ecosystem.

Considering the severity of the problem, it is imperative that certain management

options be adopted to handle the bulk e-wastes. Following are some of the
management options suggested for the government, industries and the public.

Responsibilities of the Government

Governments should be responsible for providing an adequate system of laws,

controls and administrative procedures for hazardous waste management (Third
World Network. 1991). Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed
and revamped. A comprehensive law that provides e-waste regulation and
management and proper disposal of hazardous wastes is required. Such a law
should empower the agency to control, supervise and regulate the relevant
activities of government departments.

Responsibility and Role of industries

Companies can and should adopt waste minimization techniques, which will
make a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and thereby
lessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production" system that
designs infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained within e-
wastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various plastics,
glass and wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system offers
a win-win situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined for raw
materials, and groundwater will be protected.

Responsibilities of the Citizen

Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management

option including recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of
valuable products and keeps them out of the waste management system for a
longer time. But care should be taken while donating such items i.e. the items
should be in working condition.

Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also

benefits society. By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations,
and lower-income families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could
not afford.

E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes.
This should be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various
organizations.
Zero Waste Management
Zero Waste is a philosophy and a design principle for the 21st Century. It
includes ‘recycling’ but goes beyond recycling by taking a ‘whole system’
approach to the vast flow of resources and waste through human society.

“Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient and visionary, to guide
people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural
cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others
to use.

Zero Waste maximizes recycling, minimizes waste, reduces consumption and

ensures that products are made to be reused, repaired or recycled back into
nature or the marketplace.

Benefits of Zero Waste

● redesigns the current, one-way industrial system into a circular system modeled on
Nature’s successful strategies
● challenges badly designed business systems that “use too many resources to make
too few people more productive”
● addresses, through job creation and civic participation, increasing wastage of
human resources and erosion of democracy
● helps communities achieve a local economy that operates efficiently, sustains good
jobs, and provides a measure of self-sufficiency.
● aims to eliminate rather than manage waste
 5R’s of Zero Waste Management
An article from a thoughtful person

Zero Waste starts by refusing things. Whatever you still have and use you
should reduce to save resources. Substitute disposables for reusable options,
and instead of tossing things repair them! Separate what little trash you have left
and make sure to recycle. Compost what’s left and let it rot.

1. Refuse
Refusing will eliminate most of your trash.

Learn to say no! Say no to produce wrapped in plastic! Say no to freebies and
bargains! Say no to disposables! Say not to participate in unsustainable practices!

The more we accept all those things that will inevitably end up in landfills, the
more demand we generate for those unsustainable things.

Easily disposable items of low quality are cheap and we buy them because we
didn’t have to spend a lot of money. But cheap things are cheap for a reason. To
cut the costs, they were produced using chemicals and materials from
questionable sourcing, which means very often they leech toxins! And they
couldn’t be sold at such low prices if workers – very often children – weren’t
exploited along the production process.

In the long run, those low-quality items will cost you even more than buying a good
quality one from the start, since most are made to break easily – so you will buy a
new one to replace it!

Tips
● Buying in big supermarkets often mean more packaging, even in the produce
section. Shop at the farmer’s market or at small local stores. They are usually
also very more open to individual solutions
● Take out your phone and take pictures of pamphlets or business cards. Accept
the information, but not the physical item! This way you have all the crucial
information on you at all times. I mean, cross my heart, I’d lose those cards
anyway, but I am very careful not to lose my phone!
● Freebies like pens or swag bags are tempting. VERY tempting. To be honest, I am
actually a cheap person. I was brought up in a bargain hunting crazed family.
We would spend a LOT of money on useless cheap things just because they were
a steal. What helped me resist the temptation to always grab everything free
within my arm’s reach was to remind myself of the horrible carbon footprint, the
exploitation of workers, and how in the end, those things will become clutter and
a problem. Too useless to keep, too “good” to throw away.

2. Reduce
I always thought that it was only me. Every time I opened my closet and I saw all
the unworn pieces of clothing, I felt bad. Just a while back when I started to get
rid of 80% of my wardrobe I asked around, and it turned out that it’s a very normal
phenomenon!

We all have a lot of things at home we never use. Some of them we haven’t even
ever unpacked! Why? Because we buy on impulse. We see something, in that
specific moment we like it, and bam, we bought it. However, the novelty and joy
of having it wears out very quickly and then it’s just another item we have at home
that doesn’t add any value to our life.

Also, reduce your overall consumption. But if you actually refuse everything that
comes packaged in plastic you will have anyway.

Pare down and give your things a second life

All those things you are not using or do not really need had to be produced at one
point. It’s a waste of resources to have them collect dust at your home. Donate or
sell them. This way, someone else can reuse your things instead of buying new
products, using up more resources.

You can donate your things to Good Will, or you can give them away using local
Facebook groups. You can also sell clothes and electronics on eBay, Craigslist, at
a flea market or host a garage sale. Nowadays, there are more and more swap
parties where you can swap your unwanted stuff with one another. Everybody
leaves happy and nobody had to spend a dime :).

Simplify your life

Clever marketing campaigns and TV ads have taught us that we have a lot of
needs, and that there is at least one uber specialized product for each of our crazy
needs. I used to have a face cream for daytime (for super sensitive skin), another
one for nighttime (extra rich), another one for winter (daytime), another one for
summer (daytime), another aqua-something one called night-repair, then an anti-
aging eye cream (with Q10), a daytime eye cream with SPF, a super moisturizing
eye cream (nighttime)… I could go on and on and on, but, you get the idea ;).

Now I only use oils we also use for cooking. Usually that’s sunflower seed, olive
and coconut oil. I usually break out very easily and some of those uber creams left
 my skin read and ichty for weeks. I’ve been using mainly oil (I did use up some of
my lotions and creams) for a year now and my skin has never been better!

We only use white vinegar and sometimes a bit of baking soda for cleaning, and
we use alep soap to wash our entire body (hands, face, body, feet – everything),
our clothes and our dishes (we make detergent out of alep soap and baking soda).
You can even use alep soap to wash your hair if you use vinegar (1/4 cup vinegar
+ 1 cup of water) to rinse it afterwards. That’s all you need to keep yourself and
your home clean. No more toxins and a lot more cupboard space where our army
of cleaning products used to be!

3. Reuse (and repair)

Disposables are, well, disposable. Which means you have to buy them over and
over. Which in turn means you keep spending money on things that you will throw
away. You might as well throw away your money directly. At least that would
have a better carbon footprint…

It’s very easy to replace disposables:

● Disposable razors – electric shaver, straight-edge razor, double-blade razor

● Cotton rounds – washable cotton rounds
● Tissues – handkerchiefs
● Paper towels – microfibre or cotton cloths
● Paper napkins – cloth napkins (or just use handkerchiefs)
● Dish sponge – cotton cloth
● Tea bags – loose tea and a tea strainer/ french press
● Coffee pads/ filter cones – french press/ reusable coffee filter cones or pads
● Baking parchment – grease the cake pan/ silicon mat
● Tin foil/ cling film – put it in a food container or jar, or wrap it in a dish towel
● Paper bags/ plastic bags – bring your own cloth/ tote bag
● Disposable lunch bags – stainless steel food containers, mason jars, dish
towels
● Bottled water – a good quality glass or stainless steel water bottle (preferably
plastic-free or at least BPA-free) and tap water; if you do not trust tap water cook
it beforehand (you use it for cooking anyway, right)
● Toothpics – turkey lacers
● Muffin paper liners – grease your muffin tray
● Trash bags/ bin liners – at some point you might not need those anymore ;),
until then go for newpaper origami
● Cleaning wipes – microfibre or cotton cloth and your homemade vinegar
cleaning solution (1/4 cup distilled vinegar + 1 cup of water)
● Toilet paper – a bottle, water, soap and a washcloth
Also, pack your lunches in reusable food containers and shop with reusables.

If things break, repair them or have them repaired. Mend clothes, upcycle items
you would otherwise toss. Buy second hand and remember: some things you don’t
have to actually own, it’s sufficient to have access (i.e. movies, music, library, tools,
or even cars or office space).

4. Recycle
After you have refused, reduced, and reused there shouldn’t be much left to
recycle. Still, make sure to separate your trash so that those resources can be
reused instead of filling our landfills.

5. Rot
Don’t just throw your kitchen scraps away! Get a worm bin and let those little
fellows turn your waste into high-quality fertilizer! It’s the most efficient and local
form of recycling where the trash doesn’t even need to be transported wasting fuel
and whatnot
Social Issues

A social cause is a problem that influences a considerable number of individuals

within a society. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an
individual's control, and is the source of a conflicting opinion on the grounds of
what is perceived as a morally just personal life or societal order.

Social Issues in India

India is an ancient country and according to some estimates, Indian civilization
is about five thousand years of age. Therefore, it is natural that its society will
also be very old and complex. Throughout its long period of history, India has
witnessed and received several waves of immigrants such as Aryans, Muslims
etc. These people brought with themselves their own ethnic varieties and
cultures and contributed to India’s diversity, richness and vitality.

Therefore, Indian society is a complex mix of diverse cultures, people, beliefs and
languages which may have come from anywhere but now is a part of this vast
country. This complexity and richness gives Indian society a unique appearance
of a very vibrant and colorful cultural country.

Major Problems in India

● Poverty
● Illiteracy
● Terrorism
● Casteism
● Untouchability
● Corruption
● Overpopulation
● Child Marriage
● Starvation
● Child Labour
● Gender Inequality
 ● Dowry
● Domestic Violence against Women
● Sexual Violence against Women
● Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
● Child Sexual Abuse
● Communalism
● Religious Violence
● Marital Rape
● Child Trafficking
● Bonded Labour

Reasons of Social Problems

But the very same complexity brings with itself complex nature of social
problems and issues. In fact every society of the world has their social issues
unique to their society. So does Indian society. Indian society is very rooted in
religious beliefs; there are people of different religious beliefs such as Hindus,
Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, Parsis etc. These all adds to the socio-cultural varieties
of the country. India’s social problems are also rooted in the religious practices
and beliefs of it people. Almost all forms of social issues and problems find their
origin in the religious and cultural practices of the people of India. These social
problems are developed in a long period of times and are still continuing in one
form or other.

Furthermore, India has witnessed several wars of large proportions; several

foreign invaders attacked India in its long history among whom few made this
country as their own and tried to force their socio-religious practices which also
deteriorated social conditions; the long period of British rule crippled the country
and had thrown it into backwardness. Thus, many such reasons may be cited
for India’s social problems but the fact remains that we have these issues and
only we can solve them.

Forms of Social Issues in India

Poverty
Poverty is a condition in which a household is not able to fulfill its basic needs
for survival i.e. food, clothing and shelter. Poverty is a widespread condition in
India. Since Independence, poverty is a prevalent concern. It is the twenty-first
century and poverty still is a persistent menace in the country. India happens to
be country wherein the disparities between the haves and the have-notes are
extremely wide. It needs to be taken into account that although the economy has
shown some visible signs of progress in the last two decades, this progress been
uneven across various sectors or areas. The growth rates are higher in Gujarat
and Delhi as compared to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of the population
doesn’t have proper shelter, access to a decent sanitation system, villages do not
have a nearby water source, and villages also do not have a secondary school
and lack of proper roads. Some sections of the society like the Dalits are not even
included in the poverty list maintained by the concerned authorities assigned by
the government. They’re groups that are marginalized in the society.

The element which further complicates and deteriorates the situation is the
government subsidies system which has leakages in the distribution system.
They never reach the households.

Illiteracy
Illiteracy is a condition which becomes a blot on the development of nation. India
possesses the largest illiterate population. Illiteracy in India is a problem which
has complex dimensions attached to it. Illiteracy in India is more or less
concerned with different forms of disparities that exist in the country. There are
gender imbalances, income imbalances, state imbalances, caste imbalances,
technological barriers which shape the literacy rates that exist in the country.
The Indian government though has launched several schemes to combat the
menace of illiteracy but due to the poor conditions of sanitation and expensive
private education and defective mid-day meal schemes, illiteracy still prevails.
Not only the government, but every literate person needs to accept the
eradication of illiteracy as a personal goal. Each and every contribution by a
literate person can make a contribution to eradicate the menace.
Child Marriage
According to the United Nations report, India has the second highest number of
child marriages. Marriage is considered to be a sacred union between two mature
and consenting individuals who are ready to accept each other and share
responsibilities for a lifetime. With respect to this context, child marriages
happen to be an unsound institution. Child marriage mars the innocence of
childhood. The Indian Constitution provides for prohibitions against child
marriage through various laws and enactments. The first law that was designed
was the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 which extended to the whole of
India except Jammu and Kashmir. This act defines the ages of an adult male
and female. Also, sex with minors is a criminal offence under Section 376 of the
Indian Penal Code. Proper media sensitization is required for a major change to
take place. While on one hand, it is stated that child marriage will still take nearly
fifty years to be eradicated, genuine efforts, strict enforcements of the legal
provisions and change the scenarios to a great extent.

Starvation
Starvation is a condition characterized by the deficiency in calorie energy intake
and is a serious form of malnutrition which ultimately leads to death if not taken
care about. Historically, starvation has been constant across various human
cultures apart from India. Starvation can take place in a country due to many
reasons like war, famine, the disparities between the rich and the poor and so
on. Malnutrition conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus can also develop
into serious causes of starvation. Generally, the conditions of kwashiorkor and
marasmus arise when people are taking diets which are not rich in nutrients
(proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and fiber). In the context of
India, it becomes needless to say that the food distribution system is flawed. The
Supreme Court has issued orders over the past decades directing the
government to take measures like mid-day meal schemes and the provision of
health care schemes for pregnant and lactating women. The National Food
Security Bill which has become a landmark act does seem to show promises with
respect to its measures of the identification of the poor and the needy, redressal
mechanisms for grievances and children’s entitlements. But, this bill also is not
without its cons. Clear mechanisms with respect to the identification of
beneficiaries have not been defined. The indicators of the poor need to be made
specific. They are vague in description.

Child Labour
Child labour typically means the employment of children in any work with or
without payment. Child labour is not only limited to India, it happens to be a
global phenomenon. As far as India is concerned, the issue is a vicious one as
children in India have historically been helping parents at their farms and other
primitive activities. Over population, illiteracy, poverty, debt trap are some of the
common causes which are instrumental in this issue. Overburdened, debt-
trapped parents fail to understand the importance of a normal childhood under
the pressures of their own troubles and thus it leads to the poor emotional and
mental balance of a child’s brain which is not prepared to undertake rigorous
field or domestic tasks. Multinational companies also recruit children in garment
industries for more work and less pay which is absolutely unethical. Child labour
as a global concern has been raised on international platforms as well. Abolition
of child trafficking, elimination of poverty, free and compulsory education, and
basic standards of living can reduce the problem to a great extent. The World
Band, International Monetary Fund can help in eradicating poverty by providing
loan to the developing countries. Strict implementation of labour laws is also
essential in order to prevent exploitation by parties or multinational companies.

Other varied forms of social problems related to issues such

as Casteism, Untouchability, Bonded Labour, Gender
Inequality, Dowry, Domestic Violence against Women, Sexual Violence against
Women, Child Sexual Abuse, Communalism, Religious Violence, Issues related
to SC/STs, Marital Rape, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace, Child
Trafficking , Overpopulation etc.
The list may go on and it is not a comprehensive list. There are several other
social issues and problems ailing the country but above mentioned ones are
really pressing issues which need immediate attention.

It is not so that social ills have not been fought with; in fact from the ancients
times in our country there have been various social-cultural reformers such as
Budha, Mahavira, Kabir, Gurunanak, Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Mahatma Gandhi,
Dr. Ambedkar, Vinoba Bhave etc who have tried to fight those evils throughout
their lives; they have succeeded also to a certain extent. But still the country is
facing these socio-cultural problems in various degrees which is an unfortunate
reality of 21st century India.

Present Scenario:
We try to present our country as a modern, forward looking nation of the world
and it’s true that India is making strides in the world as a nation with
encouraging developments in scientific, economic and technological fields, but
as far as social developments are concerned it is still one of the lowest ranked
countries of the world. India’s Human Development Index (HDI) rank for 2013 is
135 out of 187 countries of the world which are listed in the report. This shows
the sorry state of affairs as far as India’s situation on social indicators is
concerned. This also shows that we as a society are still people of orthodox beliefs
in a negative sense who do not want to believe in the concept of equality and
brotherhood of all.

Though several Governmental and non-governmental (NGOs) bodies are working

towards improving the existing situation in the social fields but results are not
very encouraging. Perhaps the problem lies in the very deep rooted beliefs in the
minds of people of the country which is not letting the situation to change.

For instance: the issue of Female Feticides is one of the shameful practices in
our country. Though there are various prohibitory measures the Government
and NGOs have taken but the practice is continuing. The real reason for this is
the Patriarchy system of society of our country which considers male as the
superior authority and women as subordinate to them. Therefore, very strong
desire of having a male child in comparison to female child led to the shameful
practice of female feticides. Thus, it is belief system or the cultural conditioning
of the people which is not letting the society to change at a fast pace.

Though there have been several positive changes in the society such as now girls
are also going to school in vast majority and their employment ratio is also
increasing; illiteracy as whole is decreasing; conditions of SC/STs are also
improving etc but situation is far from satisfactory.

We witness inequality against women in our own homes, sexual violence against
women can be heard on daily basis, female feticide is continuing, religious-
communal violence is on the rise, untouchability is still a reality, child labour is
widely practiced etc.

Therefore, there is a lot needs to be done for the situation to improve. And
without changing the mind-set and beliefs of the people it is a very difficult task.
For this purpose educating people about various social problems and sensitizing
them towards changing their way of thinking is the best way forward. Because
without people trying to change themselves, any governmental or non-
governmental efforts will prove as a half-measure. If we want to make India as a
true world leader and a modern 21 st country of the world, it is imperative that
that we make an improvement on our social front.
Social Marketing
Social marketing seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts with other
approaches to social change. Social marketing aims to influence behaviours that
benefit individuals and communities for the greater social good. Think about
some of the biggest challenges that face the world today: health issues like
obesity, or environmental problems like climate change. These issues are often
caused by human behaviour, and so can only be tackled if people change their
lifestyles and habits.

To give an idea of what is involved; here are eight features of social marketing.

1. Behaviour
Social marketing involves trying to change people’s actual behaviour – not just
their attitudes or awareness.

2. Customer orientation
As social marketers, we must stand in the shoes of the people whose behaviour
we are trying to change. We need to understand their lives and their behaviours
from their perspective, not based on what we might think or experience.

3. Theory
We use behavioural theories to help us understand behaviour and to inform the
interventions that we develop.

4. Insight
We conduct research into the behaviours of the people we are interested in to
develop actionable insights that inform the development of interventions to
change their behaviour.

5. Exchange
Changing behaviour usually involves people giving something up (costs) to gain
something else (benefits). We need to understand how people perceive rewards,
benefits, costs and barriers associated with both desired and problem
behaviours. We can then consider what might be done to incentivise the desired
behaviour and disincentivise the problem behaviour.

6. Competition
In designing behaviour change interventions, we need to consider what else
competes for our audience’s time, attention, and their tendency to behave in a
certain way.

7. Segmentation
Not everyone is the same, so a ‘one size fits all’ approach is rarely best. Good
customer insight allows us to identify audience segments, grouping together
people with common characteristics, and to tailor interventions accordingly.

8. Methods mix
Social marketing – like commercial marketing – involves using all of the
Marketing Mix i.e. the ‘7Ps’: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Process, Physical
Evidence and People. It’s about much more than just raising awareness.

What social marketing is not

Social marketing shouldn’t be confused with social media marketing, for example
using Facebook and Twitter. Social media is simply a tool or channel that is
sometimes used within social marketing.

According to Philip Kotler - Social Marketing is "the design, implementation, and

control of programs seeking to increase the acceptability of a social idea or
practise in a target group"

According to W. Smith, Academy for Educational Development - "Social

Marketing is a process for influencing human behaviour on a large scale, using
marketing principles for the purpose of societal benefit rather than commercial
profit."

Social marketing is based on tools and techniques of commercial marketing, it

uses principles of commercial marketing for the purpose of societal benefit. In
social marketing, advertising campaigns are designed, implemented, and
controlled by using the principles of commercial marketing. The key features of
social marketing are taken directly from commercial marketing, but the purpose
of social marketing differs form the purpose of commercial marketing. The
purpose of commercial marketing is to increase sales and revenue, but it is not
so in the case of social marketing.

The purpose of social marketing is societal benefit rather than commercial profit.
Its purpose is to bring about positive health and social change. Its ultimate
outcome is behavioural change rather than increased sales.

Social advertising campaigns are advertising tools that attempt to influence

attitude and behaviour related to social cause. For example, social advertising
campaigns have been used to influence behaviour related to energy
conservation, pollution, tobacco prevention, family planning, breast cancer
screening, and etc.

How Social Responsibility in Marketing Works

Recyclable packaging, promotions that spread awareness of societal issues and
problems, and directing portions of profits toward charitable groups or efforts
are examples of social responsibility marketing strategies. For example, a
clothing company's marketing team may launch a campaign that encourages
consumers to buy a bundle of its socks versus one pair; for every bundle sold,
the company donates a bundle of socks to military personnel overseas or to local
homeless shelters. As a result of these donations, the company brands itself as
socially responsible and ethical, which ultimately attracts customers who are
engaged in socially responsible commitments and who want to support the
welfare of the community.
Social platforms help you connect with customers, increase awareness about
your brand, and boost your leads and sales. With more than three billion people
around the world using social media every month, it's no passing trend.

Social marketing examples

Implementation: child car seats. Social marketing enables you to develop

products, services and communications that fit people's needs and
motivations. ...

Policy: water rationing. ...

Strategy: lung disease strategy. ...

Child car seats in Texas. ...

Water rationing in Jordan. ...

Consider the four “Ps” of marketing when designing your interventions

Product: Think about a tangible object or service you can provide to support or
facilitate behaviour change. Can you offer a new product/service or adapt one
that already exists? Product examples include in-home blood pressure
monitoring kits, improved HIV tests, journals to plan and track food intake,
cessation counselling.

Price: Consider interventions that would decrease the costs to the individual of
taking the desired action (not only monetary cost, but emotional, psychological
and time costs). List out the “price” or barriers for your audience segment to
carry out the desired behaviour, then brainstorm interventions to diminish those
barriers. For example, instituting a walking club program at the workplace for
those who cite lack of support and lack of time as barriers to regular exercise.

Place: Think about where and when the audience will perform the behaviour or
access the new or adapted product/service. How can you make it convenient and
pleasant (even more so than the competing behaviour)? Examples include
placing condom vending machines in bar restrooms, offering help lines that are
available 24 hours a day, having breastfeeding consultants check-in on new
mothers after they leave the hospital. Also think about your “sales force” – the
people that will take your program to the audience. Consider the need for peer
educators, counsellors or others who can make your program or its activities
more accessible.

Promotion: Use your market research to determine the communication

channels and activities that will best reach your audience to promote the benefits
of the desired behaviour. What advertising or public relations media do they pay
attention to (e.g., radio, newspaper, postcard racks)? What special promotional
items would they use (e.g., water bottles, refrigerator magnets, notepads)? What
special events do/would they attend (concerts, health fairs, conferences)? How
can you include influencing audiences? Be sure to promote the Product, Price
and Place features that you want the audience to know about.

6 Phases of a Social Marketing Process

Phase 1: Describe the problem

Based on thorough review of available data, current literature on behavioural

theory and best practices or programmes addressing similar problems
E.g. SWOT-Analysis: finding Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
Develop a strategy team to help develop and promote the program

Phase 2: Conduct the market research

Target audience?
What makes different consumer groups alike/different from each other?
🡪Need to approach different consumer groups in different ways (own priorities and
needs)
🡪E.g. for a general sanitation campaign you cannot have a standard product (e.g.
arborloo) and only promote through one channel (e.g. radio)

Phase 3: Create the market strategy

Heart of marketing program: WHAT you want to achieve and HOW

Based on research findings (Phase 1) select target audience and desired
behaviour
Specify benefits the target audience will receive for behaviour change (benefits
they really care about!)
 Specify key barriers that the program will help the target audience to
overcome

Phase 4: Adapt your marketing mix

Different marketing mix for all identified segments:

Different products
At different prices
Available at different places
Reach segments through different communication tools

Phase 5: Plan monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring data are used to ensure the program is implemented as planned and
whether strategy is suitable
Consider also environmental factors (e.g. policies, economic conditions, new
programmes, structural change): have they changed in ways that affect the
program?

Phase 6: Implement the intervention and evaluation

Implementation of the programme and evaluation takes:

Launching the programme

Producing materials
Procuring needed services
Sequencing, managing and coordinating the respective interventions
Staying on strategy
Fielding the evaluation
Capturing and disseminating findings and lessons learned
Modifying activities as warranted
Non-Government Organization
Definition of NGO
NGO is an abbreviation for Non-Government Organization, where refers
to an association formed by the citizens, that functions
completely autonomous from the government to perform a broad
spectrum of services and humanitarian functions. It is a non-profit
making entity; that operates at a regional, national or international level
depending on its reach and connectivity. It can be incorporated as a
trust, society or a company. These organisations raise its funds from
government, foundations, businesses and private people.
It performs a number of activities, to draw the attention of the
government towards the citizen’s grievances, advocating public policies,
promoting political participation by providing information.
There are many NGOs which work for specific issues like supporting
human rights, women and children’s rights, environmental or health
issues. International Committee Of The Red Cross, Rotary
International, International Air Transport Association (IATA),
International Chamber Of Commerce (ICC), International Organization
For Standardization (ISO) are some well known NGO’s
operating worldwide.
History of NGO
The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945,
when the United Nations (UN) was created and there were 1083 NGOs.
According to the UN any kind of private organization that is independent
from government control can be termed as ‘NGO’.
International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and
the movement for women's suffrage.
Based on Societies Registration Act (SRA) NGO was approved in 1860.
India is estimated to had around 2 million NGOs in 2014.
Definition of NPO
Non-Profit Organization or NPO is a legal entity formed by a group of
persons to promote cultural, religious, professional, or social objectives.
The initial funds are raised by the members or trustees of the NPO. As
the organisation is a non-profit making entity, it applies its surplus
funds on the promotion of the objectives of the organization rather than
distributing it among the members of the organisation. It is registered
under section 8 (old section 25) of the Companies Act. Such
organisation enjoys several privileges like tax exemption, not required
to use the term ‘Ltd’ or ‘Pvt Ltd’ at the end of its name.
n NPO may include a charitable organisation, membership groups like
a sports club or women’s club, social or recreational organisation,
public educational institutions, public hospitals, etc.

Difference between NGO and NPO

The difference between NGO and NPO can be drawn clearly on the
following grounds:

1. An NGO refers to a non-governmental organisation formed by

ordinary citizens that operates autonomously of government. On
the contrary, an NPO is an organisation set up to provide goods
and services to people and operates on the principle that no
member will receive share profits or losses by the entity.
2. An NGO can be registered by the following methods, i.e. as a
Trust under Public Trust Act, or as a Society as a Societies
Registration Act, 1860 or as a non-profit company under the
Companies Act, 1956. On the other hand, an NPO is
incorporated as a company under section 8 of the Companies
Act, 1956.
3. The area of operation of an NGO is comparatively wider than
NPO.
4. An NGO works for the betterment, upliftment and development
of society and economy as well, bring awareness of human
rights, women empowerment, etc. In contrast to NPO, is set up
to promote art, science, research, commerce or any other useful
purpose.
Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
NGO NPO
COMPARISON

Meaning An NGO refers to a non- An organization set up to

governmental organization provide goods and services to
formed by ordinary citizens people, and operates on the
that operates autonomously of principle that no member will
government. receive share profits or losses
of the entity is known as NPO.

Registration Can be registered as a Trust Under section 8 of the

under Public Trust Act, or as a Companies Act, 1956.
Society as a Socities
Registration Act, 1860 or as a
non-profit company under the
Companies Act, 1956.

Area of Large Limited

operation

Objective To work for the betterment of To promote art, science,

society and economy as well, research, commerce or any
bring awareness of human other useful purpose.
rights, women empowerment
etc.
An NGO is an association of person; that works for promoting
humanitarian or cooperative objective instead of a commercial one. On
the other hand, the NPO is an organisation which is set up to promote
art, science, education or any other social or cultural purpose; that
intends to use its profit in the promotion of its objectives instead of
dividing it among the members.

Orgnisational structure

Working of NGO
First tier :-

It is main source of funding. It includes government bodies, international

agencies or individuals etc.

Second tier: –

Main function of this tier is to distribute the funds provided by first tier.

Third tier :–

This tier includes NGOs. Its function is to link with fund applicant.

Fourth tier :–

This tier represents the recipient of funds provided by NGOs.

NGO types can be understood by their orientation and level of operation.

NGO types by orientation:
Charitable Orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little
participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed
toward meeting the needs of the poor -distribution of food, clothing or medicine;
provision of housing, transport, schools etc. Such NGOs may also undertake
relief activities during a natural or man-made disaster.

Service Orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of

health, family planning or education services in which the programme is
designed by the NGO and people are expected to participate in its
implementation and in receiving the service.

Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people

are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash,
tools, land, materials, labour etc. In the classical community development
project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the
planning and implementation stages. Cooperatives often have a participatory
orientation.

Empowering Orientation is where the aim is to help poor people develop a clearer
understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives,
and to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to control their
lives. Sometimes, these groups develop spontaneously aroud a problem or an
issue, at other times outside workers from NGOs play a facilitating role in their
development. In any case, there is maximum involvement of the people with
NGOs acting as facilitators.

Professional orientation: A group of people in a learned occupation who are

entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of the legitimate practice of the
occupation.

● To safeguard the public interest

● It's also represent the interest of the professional practitioners
NGO Types by level of operation:
Community-based Organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives.
These can include sports clubs, women's organizations, neighbourhood
organizations, religious or educational organizations. There are a large variety of
these, some supported by NGOs, national or international NGOs, or bilateral or
international agencies, and others independent of outside help. Some are
devoted to rising the consciousness of the urban poor or helping them to
understand their rights in gaining access to needed services while others are
involved in providing such services.

Citywide Organizations include organizations such as the Rotary or lion's Club,

chambers of commerce andindustry, coalitions of business, ethnic or
educational groups and associations of community organizations. Some exist for
other purposes, and become involved in helping the poor as one of many
activities, while others are created for the specific purpose of helping the poor.

National NGOs include organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs,

professional organizations etc. Some of these have state and cuty branches and
assist local NGOs.

International NGOs range from secular gencies such as Redda BArna and Save
the Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to
religiously motivated groups. Their activities vary from mainly funding local
NGOs, institutions and projects, to implementing the projects themselves.

Approaches under NGO

1. Grassroots development :

It targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based projects.

These projects usually involve training and education programs to transfer skills
and build the capacity and confidence of local organisations and
communities.
This approach at its most successful allows the benefits of a project to
continue beyond the duration of the project itself.
2.Humanitarian/Emergency Relief
• It focuses on relief in times of disaster such as earthquakes, floods and
cyclones.
• NGOs in this area aim to gain access to disaster zones as quickly as
possible to provide emergency health services and food aid.

3. Advocacy
It aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence government
policy either on behalf of, or alongside, a particular community interest
group.
It can be approached through high level policy dialogues, lobbying, or
through grassroots and community campaigning.
The level of involvement of affected communities differ with each
organisation.

4. Volunteer
Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers overseas to offer
technical assistance, project support and capacity building in a variety of
sectors such as nursing, education, engineering and agriculture.
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
COMPETENCIES
SRC - Introduction

Social responsibility involves the ability and disposition

● to consider the interdependence of people with each other and the

natural environment;
● to contribute positively to one’s family, community, society, and the
environment;
● to resolve problems peacefully;
● to empathize with others and appreciate their perspectives; and
● to create and maintain healthy relationships.

Social responsibility is one of three interrelated competencies that relate to the

broad area of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL):

I. Positive personal and cultural identity (PPCI) II. Personal awareness and
responsibility III. Social responsibility

Students who demonstrate social responsibility are active, caring, and

responsible members of society. They collaborate effectively with others,
demonstrate a strong sense of community-mindedness, and take actions to
support diversity and the environment. They show respect for everyone’s rights,
and demonstrate empathy and a sense of ethical care as they develop
relationships and consider differing perspectives.

Development of social responsibility begins within families, before students enter

formal schooling, and is expanded and enhanced at every stage of life and
schooling. At each stage, students maintain and enhance competencies from
previous stages, while developing new skills. Students move from demonstrating
social responsibility in relatively simple and highly supported situations, to
demonstrating increasing independence in more complex and varied social and
environmental contexts. They accept generational roles and responsibilities. The
development of competency in social responsibility does not end with school
graduation, but continues to develop in personal, social, educational, and
workplace contexts as adults take individual and collective responsibility for the
good of society and the environment.

The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and

interwoven with each other and with other competencies.

1. Contributing to community and caring for the environment

Students develop awareness and take responsibility for their social, physical,
and natural environments by working independently and collaboratively for the
benefit of others, communities, and the environment.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to improve the classroom,

school, community, or natural world.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom, school, community, or

natural world a better place.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect my community and
the natural environment and can work to make positive change.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from multiple perspectives.

I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive, sustainable change.

2. Solving problems in peaceful ways

Students identify and develop an appreciation of different perspectives on issues;
they generate, use, and evaluate strategies to resolve problems.

Sample “I” statements

I can solve some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-solving strategies.

 I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate strategies.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies, weigh

consequences, compromise to meet the needs of others, and evaluate actions.

3. Valuing diversity
Students value diversity, defend human rights, advocate for others, and act with
a sense of ethics in interactions, including online.

Sample “I” statements

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour.

I can explain when something is unfair.

I can advocate for others.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights, and can
identify how diversity is beneficial for my community, including online.

4. Building relationships
Students develop and maintain diverse, positive peer and intergenerational
relationships in a variety of contexts.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I am kind to others, can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help them feel included.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse people, including people
from different generations.
The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and interwoven
with each other and with other competencies.

Contributing to community and ✔ develop awareness

Caring for the environment ✔ take responsibility
✔ work independently/collaboratively
Solving problems in peaceful ways ✔ appreciate different perspectives
✔ resolve problems

Valuing diversity ✔ value diversity

✔ advocate for others
✔ interact ethically
Building relationships ✔ develop and maintain relationships
Social Responsibility Competency Profiles
These profile descriptions include the four facets that underpin the Social
Responsibility Competency: contributing to community and caring for the
environment, solving problems in peaceful ways, valuing diversity, and building
relationships. The four facets are interrelated and are embedded within the
profile descriptions, which are written from a student’s point of view.
 Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile 5

• Awareness • Interactio Contribution in group

activities
• Identification Analysis of complex
social or environmental
about n with of effect of
issues from multiple
others others own actions
perspectives
• Consideration and of others
• Interaction • Participat of others views
•
with friends ion in
and
expression of
• Identifying Thoughtful
Actions
group different
own views
activities perspectives
of issue • Clarify problems
• Sharing • Identification or issues,
my of problems
and potential
• Clarifying generating
multiple
feeling problems,
strategies strategies,
considering
weighing
• Listening
• Demonstration
alternatives,
and evaluating
consequences,
to others compromising to
of respectful strategies
views meet the needs
and inclusive of others and
• Identifyin
behaviour • Respect evaluating
Differences actions
g when to
ask help
• Explaning why
and when
it is unfair • Advocating for • Taking action to
others others support diversity
need • Building and and defending
help human rights and
sustaiing
relationships
• Empathy identifying how
diversity is
• Identifyin
• Maintaining beneficial for the
g what is community
unfair relationships
with other
generation • Building and
sustaining
positive
relationships with
diverse people
including people
from different
generations

• Empathy Driven
Action

Profile Description
1 I am aware that other people can be different than I am.

I can interact with my friends. With some support, I can be

part of a group.

2 In familiar and structured settings, I can interact with

others and the environment respectfully.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to

improve the classroom, school, community, or natural
world.

I can share my feelings and listen to others’ views. I can solve

some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can identify when something is unfair to me or others.

I can identify when others need help. I am kind to others,

can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

3 I can interact with others and the environment respectfully

and thoughtfully.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom,

school, community, or natural world a better place. I can
identify small things I can do that could make a difference.

I can consider others’ views and express a different opinion

in a peaceful way.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-

solving strategies.
 I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour,
including online.

I can explain why something is unfair.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I can build and sustain relationships.

I show care for elders.

4 I can take purposeful action to support others and the

environment.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect

my community and the natural environment and can work
to make positive change.

I can identify different perspectives on an issue.

I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate

strategies.

I respect differences, and demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can advocate for others.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help

them feel included.

I maintain relationships with people from different

generations.

5 I can initiate positive, sustainable change for others and the

environment.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from

multiple perspectives.
I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive,
sustainable change.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies,

weigh consequences, compromise to meet the needs of
others, and evaluate actions.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights,

and can identify how diversity is beneficial for my
community, including online.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse

people, including people from different generations.

I show empathy for others and adjust my behaviour to

accommodate their needs.
I
ntroducti
onto
SocialEngi
neer
ing

“
Engi
neer
ingt
hemi
ndst
owar
dsSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y”
 Soci
alChange

“
Insi
mpl
ewor
ds
soci
alengi
neer
ing Whati
sSoci
alEngi
neer
ing?
meanst
heuseof Soci
alengi
neer
ingi
sadi
sci
pli
nei
nsoci
alsci
encet
hatr
efer
sto
cent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng ef
for
tst
oinf
luencepar
ti
cul
arat
ti
tudesandsoci
albehav
ior
sona
t
omanagesoci
al l
argescal
e,whet
herbygov
ernment
s,medi
aorpr
ivat
egr
oupsi
n
changeandr
egul
ate or
dert
o pr
oducedesi
red char
act
eri
sti
csi
n at
argetpopul
ati
on.
t
hef
utur
e Soci
alengi
neer
ingcanal
sobeunder
stoodphi
l
osophi
cal
l
yasa
dev
elopmentand det
ermi
nist
icphenomenonwher
ethei
ntent
ionsandgoal
sof
behav
iourofa t
hear
chi
tect
soft
henewsoci
alconst
ructar
ereal
i
zed.
soci
ety
.”
I
n si
mpl
e wor
ds soci
alengi
neer
ing means t
he use of
cent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ngt
omanagesoci
alchangeandr
egul
atet
he
f
utur
edev
elopmentandbehav
iourofasoci
ety
.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingt
ri
gger
spl
annedsoci
alchangeandsoci
al
dev
elopment
;the i
dea t
hatgov
ernment
s can shape and
managekeyf
eat
uresofsoci
ety
,inmucht
hesamewayast
he
economyi
smanaged,assumi
ngt
hatadequat
einf
ormat
ionon
spont
aneous t
rends i
s av
ail
abl
e t
hroughsoci
al
i
ndi
cat
orsandsoci
alt
rends.

Kar
lPopperi
nhi
scl
assi
cpol
i
ticalsci TheOpen
encebook,
Soci
ety and I
ts Enemi
es, v
olume I
,The Spel
l of
Pl
ato(
1945)
,Kar
lPopperexami
ned t
he appl
i
cat
ion of t
he
cr
it
icalandr
ati
onalmet
hodsofsci
encet
othepr
obl
emsoft
he
opensoci
ety
.Int
hisr
espect
,hemadeacr
uci
aldi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weent
hepr
inci
plesofdemocr
ati
csoci
alengi
neer
ing(
what
hecal
l
ed "
piecemealsoci
alengi
neer
i )andUt
ng" opi
ansoci
al
engi
neer
ing.

Popperwr
ote:
 Soci
alChange

The pi
ecemealengi
neerwi
l
l,accor
dingl
y,adoptt
he met
hod of
sear
chi
ngf
or,
andf
ight
ingagai
nst
,thegr
eat
estandmostur
gentev
il
s
ofsoci
ety
,rat
hert
hansear
chi
ngf
or,andf
ight
ingf
or,i
tsgr
eat
est
ul
ti
mat
egood.

Accor
ding t
o Popper
,the di
ff
erence bet
ween "
piecemealsoci
al
engi
neer
ing"and"
Utopi
ansoci
alengi
neer
ing"i
s:

"
Iti
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenar
easonabl
emet
hodofi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hel
ot
ofman,andamet
hodwhi
ch,i
freal
l
ytr
ied,mayeasi
l
yleadt
oan
i
ntol
erabl
eincr
easei
nhumansuf
fer
ing.I
tist
hedi
ff
erencebet
weena
met
hodwhi
chcanbeappl
i
edatanymoment
,andamet
hodwhose
adv
ocacymayeasi
l
ybecomea meansofcont
inual
l
ypost
poni
ng
act
ionunt
ilal
aterdat
e,whencondi
ti
onsar
emor
efav
orabl
e.Andi
tis
al
sot
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heonl
ymet
hodofi
mpr
ovi
ngmat
ter
s
whi
chhassof
arbeenr
eal
l
ysuccessf
ul,
atanyt
ime,
andi
nanypl
ace,
andamet
hodwhi
ch,wher
everi
thasbeent
ri
ed,hasl
edonl
ytot
he
useofv
iol
encei
npl
aceofr
eason,
andi
fnott
oit
sownabandonment
,
atanyr
atet
othatofi
tsor
igi
nal
bluepr
int
.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingPl
annedsoci
alchangeandsoci
aldev
elopment
;
t
hei
deat
hatgov
ernment
scanshapeandmanagekeyf
eat
uresof
soci
ety
,in much t
he same way as t
he economy i
s managed,
assumi
ng t
hatadequat
einf
ormat
ion on spont
aneous t
rends i
s
av
ail
abl
ethr
oughsoci
ali
ndi
cat
orsandsoci
alt
rends r
epor
ts.For
exampl
e,t
heex
tentofwomen'
sempl
oymenti
scl
ear
lydet
ermi
nedi
n
par
tbygov
ernmentpol
i
cyt
opr
omot
eori
mpedewomen'
spai
dwor
k.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingoccur
sint
wof
orms:l
argescal
eandsmal
lscal
e.
Thedebat
esur
roundi
ngt
heset
woappr
oachest
othedesi
gnofsoci
al
 Soci
alChange

i
nst
it
uti
onsconst
it
utesaf
undament
ali
ssuei
ntheet
hicsofsci
ence
and t
echnol
ogy
.To whatext
enti
sitpossi
ble and l
egi
ti
mat
efor
sci
ent
if
icexper
ti
set
oser
veast
hebasi
sforsoci
alpol
i
cyandact
ion?
Can humans use sci
ence t
orat
ional
l
y desi
gn and successf
ull
y
i
mpl
ementan endur
ing soci
ety
? Di
ff
erentconcept
s ofsci
ent
if
ic
knowl
edgeandt
echnol
ogi
cal
act
ionsuppl
ydi
ff
erentanswer
stot
hese
quest
ions and v
ari
ousl
y suppor
tlar
ge scal
ever
sus smal
lscal
e
engi
neer
ingef
for
ts.

Lar
geScal
eSoci
alEngi
neer
ing

Lar
gescal
eef
for
tst
oimpr
ovet
hehumancondi
ti
onar
eamoder
n
phenomenon.Suchendeav
our
srequi
ret
echni
calknowl
edge,pol
i
tical
muscl
e,andeconomi
cresour
ces.I
nsuppor
ti
ngt
hesecl
aims,James
Scot
t(1998)char
act
eri
zest
her
iseofhi
gh moder
nism i
n soci
al-
pol
i
tical
,agr
icul
tur
al,i
ndust
ri
al,andar
chi
tect
uralcont
ext
sdur
ingt
he
l
astt
wo cent
uri
es.Hi
gh moder
nism encompasses a questf
or
aut
hor
it
ari
ancont
rolofbot
hhumanandnonhumannat
ure,abel
i
ef
t
hatcar
eful
l
ycr
aft
edsoci
alor
dersur
passeshappenst
ance,and a
conf
idence i
n sci
ence as a means t
o soci
alpr
ogr
ess.Once t
he
i
mpr
ovementofhumani
ty becomes a pl
ausi
ble st
ate goal
,the
conv
ergenceofr
isi
ngsoci
alsci
ence,st
atebur
eaucr
acy
,andmass
medi
aunder
gir
dsf
ive-
yearcol
l
ect
ivi
stpl
ans,col
oni
aldev
elopment
schemes,r
evol
uti
onar
y agr
icul
tur
alpr
ogr
ams,and t
he l
i
ke,of
ten
undert
hecont
rol
ofasi
ngl
epl
anni
ngent
it
y.

I
nur
banpl
anni
ng,
forexampl
e,Scot
tdet
ail
sthedesi
gnsoft
heSwi
ss
ar
chi
tect
, Char
les-
Edouar
d Jeanner
et, (
1887–1965)
, known
pr
ofessi
onal
l
y asLe Cor
busi
er. ForLe Cor
busi
er,ur
ban desi
gn
expr
essesuni
ver
salsci
ent
if
ict
rut
hs.Hi
sgeomet
ri
csy
mmet
ri
esof
ten
 Soci
alChange

st
ruct
uredhumanact
ivi
ty,
asi
nhabi
tant
sconf
ormedt
othedesi
gnr
athert
hanv
icev
ersa.
Thi
sappr
oachappl
i
edt
oent
ir
eci
ti
esaswel
lasi
ndi
vi
dual
homes(
"machi
nesf
orl
i
ving"
).
Le Cor
busi
er'
sfor
mul
aic concat
enat
ion ofsi
ngl
efunct
ion component
s pr
oduced
si
mpl
i
cit
yvi
awi
del
ysepar
atedspacesf
orl
i
ving,wor
king,shoppi
ng,andr
ecr
eat
ing.
Def
ini
ngt
hegoodoft
hepeopl
e,of
tent
hewor
kingpoor
,int
ermsofdet
ached,
sci
ent
if
ic
pr
inci
plesandt
hei
raut
hor
it
ari
ani
mposi
ti
oni
s,accor
dingt
oScot
t,embl
emat
icofhi
gh
moder
nist
,lar
gescal
eat
tempt
satsoci
alengi
neer
ing.

Smal
lScal
eSoci
alEngi
neer
ing

I
nconcei
vi
ngt
heper
fect
,non-
decay
ingst
ate,Pl
atoenv
isi
onsar
adi
caldepar
tur
efr
om
exi
sti
ng soci
ety
.Mar
xist
s,t
oo,as sel
f-
descr
ibed soci
alengi
neer
s,use hi
stor
ical
i
nter
pret
ati
on i
n ai
ming f
or r
evol
uti
onar
y,hol
i
sti
c change. The Angl
o-Aust
ri
an
Phi
l
osopher
,Kar
l Popper(
1902–1994) cont
rast
sthese ut
opi
an endeav
our
s wi
th
"
piecemeal
soci
alengi
neer
ing.
"Whensoci
etyneedsr
efor
ming,
thepi
ecemeal
engi
neer

Doesnotbel
i
evei
nthemet
hodofr
e-desi
gni
ngi
tasawhol
e.What
everhi
sends,
het
ri
es
t
oachi
evet
hem bysmal
ladj
ust
ment
sandr
e-adj
ust
ment
swhi
chcanbecont
inual
l
y
i
mpr
ovedupon..
..Thepi
ecemealengi
neerknows,
li
keSocr
ates,
howl
i
ttl
eheknows.He
knowst
hatwecanl
ear
nonl
yfr
om ourmi
stakes.Accor
dingl
y,hewi
l
lmakehi
sway
,st
ep
byst
ep,car
eful
l
ycompar
ingt
her
esul
tsexpect
edwi
tht
her
esul
tsachi
eved,andal
way
s
ont
hel
ook-
outf
ort
heunav
oidabl
eunwant
edconsequencesofanyr
efor
m;andhewi
l
l
av
oidunder
taki
ngr
efor
msofacompl
exi
tyandscopewhi
chmakei
timpossi
blef
orhi
m
t
odi
sent
angl
ecausesandef
fect
s,andt
oknowwhathei
sreal
l
ydoi
ng.(
Popper1957,
pp.66–67)

Thesecl
aimsr
esonat
ewi
thCamus'
sdi
str
ustofi
deol
ogi
cal
l
ycal
cul
atedr
evol
uti
onand
hi
s pr
efer
ence f
orl
i
mit
ed buti
nspi
red r
ebel
l
ion.I
n Popper
'sv
iew,mi
stakes ar
e
i
nev
itabl
e,andmor
eradi
cali
nnov
ati
onspr
oducemor
emi
stakes.Becausef
oolpr
oof
 Soci
alChange

soci
alf
ormsar
eunat
tai
nabl
e,somemechani
sm f
ori
dent
if
yingneededi
mpr
ovement
s
mustbeani
ntegr
alpar
tofanecessar
il
ygr
aduali
mpl
ement
ati
onpr
ocess.Thi
svi
ew
cont
rast
s wi
tht
hatofl
arge scal
e soci
alengi
neer
ing on sev
eraldi
mensi
ons and
hi
ghl
i
ght
smul
ti
plepoi
ntsofcont
ent
ion.

Spont
aneousv
ersusConsci
ousl
yCont
rol
ledChange

Popper
's conceptofev
olut
ionar
y epi
stemol
ogy suppor
ts notonl
ythe i
dea t
hat
adv
ancesar
esl
owandpi
ecemeal
butal
sot
hoset
heyar
egui
dedbynoov
erar
chi
ngpl
an.
Thi
svi
ew r
esembl
est
hatoft
het
went
iet
h-cent
uryBr
it
isheconomi
stFr
iedr
ichHay
ek.
Hay
ekemphasi
zest
hev
iew t
hatsi
gni
fi
cantsoci
alphenomenaemer
gespont
aneousl
y
v
iat
heuni
ntendedef
fect
sofi
ndi
vi
dualact
ions,
andhef
indssuppor
tfort
hebenef
it
sof
t
hispr
ocessi
nthei
deasoft
heBr
it
ishpol
i
ticaleconomi
st,Josi
ahTucker(
1711–1799)
,
andespeci
all
ytheAust
ri
aneconomi
stKar
lMenger(
1840–1921)
,thatsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons
compet
ewi
thoneanot
heri
naki
ndofsur
viv
aloft
hef
it
test
.Becauseknowl
edge
r
equi
redf
orl
arge-
scal
epl
anni
ngi
swi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edamongmanymi
ndsandcannotbe
nar
rowl
yconcent
rat
ed,Hay
ekr
eject
scent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng.Popperadv
ocat
es"
negat
ive
ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm,
"the v
iew t
hatpr
oposal
sforr
efor
m shoul
d be j
udged byhow l
i
ttl
e
suf
fer
ingi
scaused.Gov
ernmentshoul
dther
ebyamel
i
orat
eendur
ingsoci
ali
l
ls(
suchas
pov
ert
yand unempl
oyment
)and l
eav
e ef
for
tst
oincr
ease happi
nesst
oindi
vi
dual
ent
erpr
ise.Thesev
iewsshapet
hemet
hod(
moni
tor
ed,i
ncr
ement
alchange)andt
he
goal
s(amel
i
orat
ion)ofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.

The nat
ure ofsoci
alr
efor
m i
s al
so exami
ned byt
he Amer
ican phi
l
osopherand
educat
orJohn Dewey(
1859–1952)
.Butwhen Deweyspeaks aboutt
he need f
or
l
i
ber
ali
sm t
oadv
ancebey
ondi
tsear
lygai
nsi
nsecur
ingi
ndi
vi
dualf
reedom,
hisv
isi
oni
s
i
ncongr
uentwi
tht
hatofHay
ekandPopper
.ForDewey
,li
ber
ali
sm shoul
dadv
ance
asoci
alor
dert
hat"
cannotbeest
abl
i
shedbyanunpl
annedandext
ernalconv
ergenceof
t
he act
ions ofsepar
atei
ndi
vi
dual
s,each ofwhom i
s benton per
sonalpr
ivat
e
adv
ant
age"
.Thi
ssoci
alr
efor
m mustbet
hor
oughgoi
ngi
nit
squestf
ori
nst
it
uti
onal
 Soci
alChange

change.

Fort
hegul
fbet
weenwhatt
heact
ualsi
tuat
ionmakespossi
bleandt
heact
ualst
atei
tsel
f
i
ssogr
eatt
hati
tcannotbebr
idgedbypi
ecemealpol
i
ciesunder
takenadhoc.The
pr
ocessofpr
oduci
ngt
hechangeswi
l
lbe,i
nanycase,agr
adualone.But"
ref
orms"t
hat
dealnowwi
tht
hisabuseandnowwi
tht
hatwi
thouthav
ingasoci
algoalbaseduponan
i
ncl
usi
ve pl
an,
dif
ferent
ir
elyf
rom ef
for
ts atr
efor
ming,i
nit
sli
ter
alsense,t
he
i
nst
it
uti
onalschemeoft
hings.

Deweyseest
henecessi
tyofear
lypl
anni
ngi
nhi
sthi
nki
ngaboutsoci
alr
efor
m,andwhi
l
e
i
tiscl
eart
hatPopperr
est
ri
ctsnotpl
anni
ngpersebutonl
yit
sscopeandmet
hod,
Deweypr
oject
sawi
der
,mor
evi
brantuseofpl
anni
ngi
nachi
evi
ngsoci
alr
enov
ati
on.
Educat
ion,sci
ence(
themet
hodofi
ntel
l
igence)
,andwel
l
-desi
gnedgov
ernmentpol
i
cy
ar
ekey
stosoci
ali
mpr
ovement
.

TheNat
ureofSci
ent
if
icKnowl
edge

Anycal
lforsoci
alengi
neer
ingr
equi
ressomecl
ari
fi
cat
ionoft
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
sci
enceandengi
neer
ing.Popperdi
ff
erent
iat
esnat
uralandsoci
alsci
encei
nway
sthat
Deweydoesnot
.Innat
uralsci
ence,Popper
'sr
eal
i
stper
spect
ivedi
ctat
est
hatt
heor
ies
makecl
aimsaboutunobser
vabl
ereal
i
tiesr
esponsi
blef
orobser
vedr
egul
ari
ti
es.These
cl
aimsar
etest
edbymeansofcont
rol
l
edexper
iment
s.I
ncont
rast
,Popperconst
rues
soci
alsci
enceaspr
oduci
ngl
ow-
lev
elempi
ri
call
awsofanegat
ivesor
t("
youcannot
hav
eful
lempl
oymentwi
thouti
nfl
ati
on"
),whi
char
etest
edt
hroughpr
act
icei
nsoci
al
engi
neer
ing.Thi
samount
stoanar
row v
iew ofsoci
alsci
enceandcont
ri
but
est
othe
cont
rastbet
weenhi
ssci
ent
if
icr
adi
cal
i
sm,whi
chf
ocusesonnat
uralsci
ence,andhi
s
engi
neer
ingconser
vat
ism,whi
chi
sli
nkedt
osoci
alsci
ence.Thecont
rastbet
ween
Dewey t
he pr
agmat
istand Poppert
he r
eal
i
sti
sinst
ruct
ive her
e.Fr
om Dewey
's
pr
agmat
ic per
spect
ive,"
the ul
ti
mat
e obj
ect
s ofsci
ence ar
e gui
ded pr
ocesses of
change"
.Bot
hnat
uralsci
enceandsoci
alsci
encepr
ovi
deani
l
lust
rat
ionoft
hisconcept
.
 Soci
alChange

Popper
'sgener
alav
ersi
ont
oabst
ractt
heor
iesi
nsoci
alsci
encemaybel
i
nkedt
ohi
s
desi
ret
orej
ectcer
tai
ntheor
ies,
suchast
hatoft
heAust
ri
anpsy
chi
atr
istSi
gmundFr
eud,
ont
hebasi
sofunf
alsi
fi
abi
l
ty.Dewey
'saccept
anceofawi
derr
angeoft
heor
ypl
us
empi
ri
call
aw i
n soci
alsci
ence al
l
owsf
ort
est
ing t
o occuri
n a gr
eat
err
ange of
ci
rcumst
ances,
notonl
yinpr
act
ice(
whi
chi
sof
tenpr
obl
emat
ic:ev
enpi
ecemealchange
si
mul
taneousl
yint
roduces mul
ti
ple causalf
act
ors)butal
so i
n cont
rol
l
ed,ev
en
l
abor
ator
y,set
ti
ngs.Cont
empor
aryst
udi
esi
nsoci
alsci
enceembr
acesuchmet
hods,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hoseofsi
mul
ati
on.Mor
eov
er,
whengui
dedbyt
heor
yandexper
iment
alt
est
s,
changesi
ntr
oducedi
ntopr
act
iceneednotbesmal
lscal
e.Lar
ge-
scal
echangesmaybe
i
ntr
oducedf
orl
argerscal
epr
obl
ems(
sucht
heGr
eatDepr
essi
onordi
seaseepi
demi
cs)
.
Li
nki
ngSci
encet
oPr
act
icePopperandDeweydi
ff
erwhenr
elat
ingsci
encet
osoci
al
engi
neer
ing.I
ndi
sput
eswi
tht
heAmer
icanphi
l
osopherThomasKuhn(
1922–1996)
,
Popperemphasi
zest
hev
alueofcr
it
icalandr
evol
uti
onar
yact
ion(
bol
dconj
ect
uresand
sev
eret
est
s)ov
erandabov
etheuncr
it
icalpl
oddi
ngofnor
malsci
ence.Thi
scont
rast
s
wi
thhi
srecommendat
ionsf
orsoci
alengi
neer
ingwher
eact
ionshoul
dbepi
ecemeal
.
Thi
scont
rast
,acknowl
edgedbyPopper(
1976)hi
msel
f,mayar
isef
rom t
heuseoft
he
sci
ent
if
iccommuni
tyasamodelf
orsoci
etyatl
arge.Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
hedegr
eeof
opennessandf
rui
tf
ulnessofcr
it
ici
sm di
ff
erssi
gni
fi
cant
lywi
thi
ntheset
wor
eal
ms.
Rober
tAcker
mannpr
oposest
hatanexpl
anat
ion"
oft
her
elat
ivei
sol
ati
onoft
heor
eti
cal
sci
ent
if
icknowl
edgef
rom pr
act
icalconcer
nsi
srequi
redt
oexpl
ainhowaf
orm ofsoci
al
conser
vat
ism canbehel
dconsi
stent
lywi
thaf
orm oft
heor
eti
cal
radi
cal
i
sm"
.

Suchconcer
nsar
erel
atedt
oScot
t'
sanal
ysi
sofwhyl
argescal
eschemeshav
eof
ten
f
ail
ed t
oimpr
ovet
he human condi
ti
on.Scot
tsees knowl
edge ofhow t
o at
tai
n
wor
thwhi
l
e,sust
ainabl
esol
uti
onsasbei
ngder
ivednotf
rom sci
ent
if
ict
heor
y,norf
rom
t
hel
owl
evel
empi
ri
cal
lawsci
tedbyPopper
,butbyaf
or met
m ofknowhow( is,
from t
he
anci
entGr
eek)r
oot
edi
nlocal
i
zed,cul
ti
vat
edpr
act
ice.Li
keDewey
'sconcept
ion,whi
ch
bui
l
dsani
nher
entnor
mat
iveel
ement(
"gui
dedpr
ocesses"
)int
oknowl
edgei
tsel
f,t
her
e
i
snoneedt
osear
chf
ormeansofef
fect
ive"
appl
i
cat
ion.
"Thei
mpl
i
cat
ioni
sthatusef
ul
 Soci
alChange

knowl
edgespr
ingsf
rom cont
ext
ual
i
zedact
ivi
ti
es,notf
rom usi
ngl
ocalcondi
ti
onst
ofi
l
l
i
nthev
ari
abl
esofgener
alpr
inci
ples.Thi
svi
ewr
aisesser
iousdoubt
saboutt
hepr
act
ical
r
elev
ance ofsci
ent
if
ic exper
ti
se,i
nthe moder
n sense,and i
ts abi
l
ityt
o pr
oduce
sust
ainabl
esol
uti
onst
o soci
alpr
obl
ems.I
ndeed,somehav
esuggest
ed t
hatsuch
l
i
mit
ati
onsexi
stnotonl
yinl
argescal
eent
erpr
isesbutal
soi
nsmal
lscal
eef
for
ts
i
nvol
vi
ngmor
enar
rowl
yfocusedpr
obl
ems.Anar
rowf
ocuscanunder
minet
heneedt
o
addr
essl
argeri
ssuesandl
ongr
unconcer
nsandcanmi
ret
hepol
i
ticalpr
ocessi
n
gr
idl
ock.Fr
om t
heseconsi
der
ati
ons,i
tshoul
dbecl
eart
hatsmal
lscal
eengi
neer
ing
of
fer
snopanaceaandt
hatdi
ff
erentconcept
sofsmal
lscal
eent
erpr
isepoi
ntt
hewayi
n
somewhatdi
ff
erentdi
rect
ions.

I
mpactoft
heSoci
alEngi
neer
ingI
ssues

Quest
ionsconcer
ningappr
opr
iat
escal
eandt
hei
nter
act
ionofsoci
alsci
enceandsoci
al
engi
neer
inghav
ewi
dei
mpact
.Anent
ir
eschoolofsoci
alsci
ent
ist
susePopperasa
gui
dei
ntr
yingt
odesi
gnef
fect
ivesoci
alpol
i
cy.Thewor
ksoft
hei
ncr
ement
ali
stChar
les
Li
ndbl TheI
om ( ntel
l
igenceofDemocr
acy
;Usabl
eKnowl
edge:Soci
alSci
enceandSoci
al
Pr
obl
em Sol
vi
ng;
Inqui
ryandChange:TheTr
oubl
edAt
temptt
oUnder
standandShape
Soci
ety
;et
c.)pr
ovi
de,byt
it
leal
one,somemeasur
eoft
hei
mpactofPopperandDewey
andofsoci
alsci
ent
ist
s'pur
sui
tofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.Mor
eov
er,di
ff
erencesbet
ween
pl
anned, r
ule-
gov
erned (
top-
down) v
ersus unpl
anned, ev
olut
ionar
y (
bot
tom-
up)
appr
oachesi
nfor
m met
hodol
ogi
cal
l
ydi
ver
seex
plor
ati
onswi
thi
nsoci
alsci
encei
tsel
f.
Whet
herornothumanscanef
fect
ivel
ydesi
gnsoci
alsy
stemsi
sessent
ial
l
yaquest
ion
concer
ning human i
ntel
l
igence,and ef
for
tst
o bui
l
d aut
omat
ed i
ntel
l
igentsy
stems
conf
rontt
he same met
hodol
ogi
calcont
rov
ersy concer
ning r
ule-
gov
erned v
ersus
connect
ioni
st,
evol
uti
onar
ydesi
gns.Fi
nal
l
y,cont
rov
ersi
esov
ert
hepr
omi
sesofpl
anned
soci
eti
escont
inuet
oechot
hedi
sput
ebet
weenPopperandMar
xist
sov
ert
het
rue
nat
ureofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.
 Soci
alChange

Per
sonalAwar
eness

Per
sonalawar
enessandr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
ncl
udet
heski
l
ls,st
rat
egi
es,anddi
sposi
ti
ons
t
hathel
pust
ost
ayheal
thyandact
ive,setgoal
s,moni
torpr
ogr
ess,r
egul
ateemot
ions,
r
espectourownr
ight
sandt
her
ight
sofot
her
s,managest
ress,
andper
sev
erei
ndi
ff
icul
t
si
tuat
ions. Peopl
e who demonst
rat
e per
sonal awar
eness and r
esponsi
bil
i
ty
demonst
rat
esel
f-
respectandexpr
essasenseofper
sonal
wel
l
-bei
ng.

Personal awar
eness and r
esponsi
bil
i
ty ar
e one of thr
ee inter
rel
ated
competenciest
hatrel
atet
othebroadareaofSoci
alandEmoti
onalLear
ning
(SEL):

1.Posi
ti
veper
sonal
andcul
tur
ali
dent
it
y(PPCI
)
2.Per
sonal
awar
enessandr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
3.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Per
sonalawar enessandr esponsi
bil
it
yi ncl
udespersonaleffi
cacyandsel
f-
adv ocacy
—theabi l
it
iest hatweuset ounderst andandtaker esponsibi
l
ityf
orouract i
ons,
i
ncl
udingourlear ning;t
omakeconst r
uct i
veandethi
caldecisi
onsaboutourpersonal
andsocialbehav iour;andt orecognizeandacceptconsequences,under standing
howouractionsaf fectourownwel l
-beingandthatofothers.

Developmentofper sonalawar enessandr esponsibil

i
tybeginswi thinfami l
i
esand
communi ti
es,beforeweent erf ormalschooling,andexpandsatev erylev elof
schooli
ng.Ateachst age,wemai nt
ainandenhancecompet enciesfrom pr evious
stages,while developing new ski ll
s.We mov ef rom demonst rati
ng per sonal
responsi
bil
it
y i n r elati
vely si mple and hi ghly suppor t
ed si t
uations, t o
demonst r
ati
ngi ncreasingi ndependencei nmor ecompl exandv ar
iedcont exts.
Thedev el
opmentofcompet encyi npersonalawar enessandr esponsibil
it
ydoes
notendwi t
hschoolgr aduation,butcont i
nuest odev elopi nper sonal,soci al,
educati
onal,andwor kplacecont exts.
 Soci
alChange

1.Sel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion
People who are personal
lyaware and responsi
ble have a sense ofpersonal
effi
cacyandgr owingconfi
denceinav ari
etyofsit
uati
ons.Theyv aluethemsel
ves,
thei
rideas,andt hei
raccomplishments.Theycanexpr esstheirneedsandseek
helpwhent heyneedi t,t
of i
ndpurposeandmot i
vati
onandactoni t
,andto
advocatetothemselves.

1.Theycanshowasenseofaccompl
i
shmentandj
oy.
2.Theycancel
ebr
atet
hei
ref
for
tsandaccompl
i
shment
s.
3.Theycanadv
ocat
efort
hemsel
vesandt
hei
rideas.
4.Theycani
magi
neandwor
ktowar
dchangei
nthemsel
vesandt
hewor
ld.
5.Theyt
aket
hei
nit
iat
ivet
oinf
ormt
hemsel
vesaboutcont
rov
ersi
ali
ssues.

2.Sel
f-
regul
ati
on

Peoplewhoar eper sonal

l
yawar eandr esponsibletaker esponsi
bil
it
yforthei
rown
choicesandacti
ons.Theysetgoal s,monit
orpr ogress,andunderstandandregul
ate
thei
remot i
ons.Theyar eawaret hatl
earni
ngi nvolvespat i
enceandt i
me.Theycan
persever
ei n di
ffi
cultsituat
ions,and t o understand how t hei
r acti
ons aff
ect
themselvesandothers.

1.Theycansomet
imesr
ecogni
zeemot
ions.
2.Theycanusest
rat
egi
est
hathel
pthem managet
hei
rfeel
i
ngsandemot
ions.
3.Theycanper
sev
erewi
thchal
l
engi
ngt
asks.
4.Theycani
mpl
ement
,moni
tor
,andadj
ustapl
anandassesst
her
esul
ts.
5.Theycant
akeowner
shi
poft
hei
rgoal
s,l
ear
ning,
andbehav
iour
.

3.Wel
l-
bei
ng

Peopl
ewhoar
eper
sonal
l
yawar
eandr
esponsi
bler
ecogni
zehow t
hei
rdeci
sions
 Soci
alChange

andact i
onsaf fecttheirment al
,physical,emot i
onal
,soci al
,cognit
ive,andspir
itual
wellness,andt akei ncreasi
ngresponsi bil
i
tyf orcar
ingf orthemselves.Theykeep
themselvesheal thyandphy si
cal
lyact iv
e,managest ress,andexpressasenseof
personalwel l
-being.Theymakechoi cest hatcontributetot hei
rsaf et
yint heir
communi t
ies,including onli
ne int
eract i
ons.Theyr ecognize the import
ance of
happinessandhav est r
ategi
esthathelpt hem f i
ndpeacei nchall
engingsit
uati
ons.

1.Theycanparti
ci
patei
nact
ivi
ti
est
hatsuppor
tthei
rwel
l
-bei
ngandt
ell
/showhow
theyhel
pthemsel
ves.
2.Theycant
akesomer
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hei
rphy
sical
andemot
ional
wel
l
-bei
ng.
3.Theycanmakechoi
cesthatbenefi
tthei
rwell
-bei
ngandkeept
hem saf
eint
hei
r
communit
y,i
ncl
udi
ngthei
ronli
neinter
acti
ons.
4.Theycanusest
rat
egi
est
ofi
ndpeacei
nst
ressf
ult
imes.
5.Theycansust
ainaheal
thyandbal
ancedl
i
fest
yle.
 Soci
alChange

Prof
ile1:Wit
hsuppor t
,Icanshow asenseofaccompli
shmentandj
oy,andexpr
ess
somewant s,needs,and pr
eferences.Icansomet
imesrecogni
zeemoti
ons.Ican
part
ici
pat
einacti
vit
iest
hatsupportmywell-
bei
ng.

Profi
le2:Inasafe,suppor
ti
veenvi
ronment ,Icansharemyi deasandaccompl i
shments,
andacceptresponsibi
li
tyf
ormyactions.Icanusest r
ategi
est hati
ncreasemyfeeli
ngof
well-
beingandhelpmemanagemyf eeli
ngsandemot i
ons.Icanconnectmyact i
ons
withbothposi
tiv
eandnegat i
veconsequences.Imakedeci sionsaboutmyactivi
ti
esand,
withsupport
,takesomer esponsi
bil
it
yf ormyphy si
calandemot i
onalwell
-bei
ng.Ican
expressmywant sandneedsandcelebratemyef for
tsandaccompl ishment
s.
 Soci
alChange

Profi
le3:Icanrecognizemyst r
engthsandusest r
ategiestof ocus,managest ress,and
accomplishmygoal s.Icanbef ocusedanddet ermined.Icansetr eali
sti
cgoal s,use
str
ategi
est oaccomplishthem,andper sev
erewi
thchal l
engingt asks.IcantellwhenI
am becomi ngangry,upset,orfr
ustrated,andIhavest r
ategiest ocalm my self.Ican
makechoi cesthatbenefi
tmywel l
-beingandkeepmesaf einmycommuni t
y,includi
ng
myonl i
neinter
acti
ons.Iadvocat
ef ormy sel
fandmyideas; Iacceptmy self
.

Profile4:Icanr ecognizemyv alueandadv ocatef ormyrights.Itakeresponsi bi

li
tyfor
mychoi ces,myact i
ons,andmyachi evement s.Icansetpr i
orit
ies;i
mpl ement ,monit
or,
andadj ustaplan;andassesst heresults.It aker esponsi
bil
it
yf ormyl earning,seeki
ng
helpasIneedi t.Iusest rategiesf orwor kingt owardahealthyandbal ancedl if
estyl
e,for
dealingwithemot ionalchal l
enges, andf orf indi
ngpeacei nstressfulti
mes.Iknowhow
tofindthesocialsuppor tIneed.Ihav ev aluableideastoshar e;Icanimagi neandwor k
towar dchangeinmy selfandint hewor l
d.

Profil
e5:Icani denti
fymyst rengt hsandl imits,findinternalmot i
vati
on,andacton
opportuni
ti
esf orself-
growth.It aker esponsibili
t yformaki nget hicaldecisi
ons.Ican
takeownershipofmygoal s,learni ng,andbehav iour;Iactonwhati sbest ,ov
ertime,in
termsofmygoal sandaspi rations. Ir ecognizet hei mpli
cationsofmychoi cesand
consultwithot herswhomaybeaf fectedbymydeci sions.Isust ai
naheal thyand
balancedli
festyl
e.Iam awar eofmyper sonaljour neyandr efl
ectonmyexper i
encesas
awayofenhanci ngmywel l-bei nganddeal i
ngwi thchallenges.Icanadv ocat
ef or
my sel
finstressfulsi
tuati
ons.It aket hei ni
ti
ativet oinfor
m my selfaboutcont r
oversi
al
i
ssuesandt akeet hi
calposit
ions.
 Soci
alChange

Ty
pesofResponsi
bil
it
ies

Maj
orl
yresponsi
bil
i
tiescanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes:

1.Per
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty

2.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanbedef
inedas“
thei
deat
hathumanbei
ngschoose,
inst
igat
e,
orot
her
wisecauset
hei
rownact
ions”andsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanbedef
inedas“
an
et
hicalf
ramewor
kandsuggest
sthatanent
it
y,bei
tanor
gani
zat
ionori
ndi
vi
dual
,hasan
obl
i
gat
iont
oactf
ort
hebenef
itofsoci
etyatl
arge.
”

Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanbecont
rast
edt
othei
deat
hathumanact
ionsar
ecausedby
condi
ti
ons bey
ond t
he agent
’s cont
rol
. Si
nce t
he l
ate 19t
h-cent
ury
,per
sonal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyhas become i
ncr
easi
ngl
yassoci
ated wi
th pol
i
ticalconser
vat
ism and
l
i
ber
tar
iani
sm.Mor
erecent
ly,per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tyhasbeenassoci
ated wi
tht
he
r
efor
m ofsoci
alwel
far
epr
ogr
ams.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenPer
sonal
Responsi
bil
it
y&Soci
alResponsi
bil
it
y:

Di
ff
erentdi
cti
onar
iesdef
inet
het
ermsdi
ff
erent
ly.Webst
erdi
cti
onar
ydef
inessoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesast
heobl
i
gat
ionst
oful
fi
lthedut
iesassi
gned,i
nawayt
hatwoul
d
benef
itt
he soci
ety as a whol
e,r
athert
han as i
ndi
vi
dual
s.Wher
eas,per
sonal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesar
ethedut
iesassi
gnedt
oensur
eanov
eral
limageoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
concer
ninghi
s/hermor
alcodeasper
cei
vedbyt
hesoci
ety
.But
,theexpl
anat
ionof
per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanv
aryf
rom peopl
etopeopl
e,dependi
ngent
ir
elyont
hei
r
i
ndi
vi
dual
thoughtpr
ocess.
 Soci
alChange

Theet
hicalf
ramewor
kthatput
sev
eryi
ndi
vi
dualandor
gani
zat
ionunderobl
i
gat
iont
o
actf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hesoci
etyv
ari
esdependi
ngont
heageandbusi
ness.Asa
st
udent
,thei
rsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
stoacti
nsuchawayt
hati
tmi
nimi
zest
headv
erse
ef
fect
soft
hei
ract
ionont
hosei
mmedi
atel
ysur
roundi
ngt
hem.Wher
eas,t
hecor
por
ate
soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesr
equi
reacommi
tmentf
rom t
hecor
por
atest
owar
dst
hel
ocal
communi
ty,t
hecount
ry’
seconomy
,andt
hequal
i
tyofl
i
feoft
hewor
kfor
ce.Thesoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyofsci
ent
ist
sandengi
neer
sbi
ndsandhol
dst
hem r
esponsi
blef
ort
he
posi
ti
ve and negat
ive consequences of t
hei
r wor
k.Al
so,t
he combi
ned soci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hesei
ndi
vi
dual
sist
hechoi
ceandconductoft
hei
rwor
k.”

1.Per
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty
2.Mor
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
3.Legal
responsi
bil
i
ty
4.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Act
ivi
ty1:
Sur
ya’
schoi
ce

Sur
yawasnear
lyr
eadyt
oleav
eforschool
whenhi
sfat
hercamei
ntot
heki
tchen.

“
Sur
ya,Ir
eal
l
yneedy
ourhel
ptodayi
nthef
iel
ds.Can’
tyoust
ayathomeandnotgot
o
school
?Thecr
opswi
l
lbedamagedi
fwel
eav
ethem anyl
onger
.”

Sur
yawasnothappy
.

“
Dad,
Ineedt
ogot
oschoolt
oday
,”hesai
d,“
it
’st
hef
ir
stmeet
ingoft
hest
udentcounci
l
andI
’
vej
ustbeenel
ect
edasoneoft
he8t
hgr
ader
epr
esent
ati
ves.
”

“
Buty
ouwon’
tbet
heonl
yone,
wil
lyou?
”sai
dhi
sfat
her
,“i
twon’
tmat
teri
fyoudon’
tgo.
Ther
ear
eot
her8t
hgr
ader
eps,
aren’
tther
e?”
 Soci
alChange

“
Yes,butI
’
llbel
ett
ingdownt
hepeopl
ewhoel
ect
edmei
fIdon’
tgo.Besi
des,wehav
e
oursci
encel
essont
oday
.Idon’
twantt
omi
ssi
t.Ihav
egott
opassmyexamsi
fI’
m
goi
ngt
ogett
ouni
ver
sit
y.”

Sur
ya’
sfat
hergr
unt
edunhappi
l
y.

“
Yout
alkaboutgoi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
yasi
fyourf
ami
l
ydoesn’
tmat
ter
.Whycan’
tyousee
t
hatweneedy
ouathome?Whathel
pwi
l
lyoubet
ousi
fyougoawayt
ouni
ver
sit
y?And
wher
ewi
l
lyougowheny
ouhav
egoty
ourqual
i
ficat
ions?Youar
en’
tli
kel
ytocomeback
her
e,t
hat
’sf
orsur
e.”

“
Youshoul
dbepl
easedt
hatIwantt
ogetoni
nli
fe,
”Sur
yashout
edangr
il
y,“
unl
i
kemost
oft
heboy
sroundher
e.Theyhav
egotnoambi
ti
on.They
’l
lendupdoi
ngwhatt
hei
r
f
ather
sdi
d.”

“
Ther
e’snot
hingwr
ongwi
thabi
tofr
espectf
ort
heol
dergener
ati
on,
”Sur
ya’
sfat
her
r
epl
i
ed,hi
stemperr
isi
ng.“
Allt
hist
alkofeducat
iont
heseday
s,i
tmakesmesi
ck.I
t
seemst
omey
ouhav
efor
got
tensomeoft
heol
dval
ues,wher
eweal
lpul
l
edt
oget
her
.
You’
rej
ustoutf
ory
our
sel
f.
”

Sur
yasi
ghed.Hehadhear
dal
lthi
sbef
ore.

“
Dad,
ifIdogetagoodj
ob,
Iwon’
tfor
gety
ouandt
hef
ami
l
y.Howcoul
dyout
hinkI
’
ddo
t
hat
?Doy
our
eal
l
ywantmet
oleav
eschool
andnotachi
evewhatIknowI
’
m capabl
eof
?
Al
lmyt
eacher
ssayIcoul
dbeagoodsci
ent
ist
.May
beonedayI
’
llmakedi
scov
eri
est
hat
wi
l
lhel
pev
ery
onei
nthewor
ld.
”

Sur
ya’
sfat
herbangedt
het
abl
e.

“
Yourf
ir
stdut
yist
othef
ami
l
yandt
hiscommuni
ty,especi
all
ynowt
imesar
esohar
d.
You’
ref
il
li
ngy
ourheadwi
thdr
eams.Whatdoy
oucar
eaboutt
her
eal
wor
ld?
”

Thi
shur
tSur
yabuthedi
dn’
twantt
oshow i
t.Forasecondhest
aredathi
sfat
heri
n
si
l
entdef
iance.Thent
heol
dmant
urnedr
oundandl
eftt
hehouse,
slammi
ngt
hedooras
 Soci
alChange

hewent
.

Sur
yasatdownandsi
ghed.Het
houghtf
orami
nut
eandt
henmadeuphi
smi
nd.He
pi
ckeduphi
sschoolbagandt
urnedt
owar
dst
hedoor
.Thenhest
opped,t
ookouta
sheetofpaperandsatdownt
owr
it
eanot
etohi
sfat
her
.Itwast
hehar
destt
hinghehad
donei
nhi
sli
fe.

Di
scussi
onpoi
nts:

1.Whatdoest hestorysayaboutt hekindofresponsibil

i
tiesSur
yahas?How many
dif
fer
entkindsofresponsibi
li
tycanyousee(responsibi
li
tytohi
msel
f,t
ohisf
amily
,
totheschool,
tot
hel ocalcommunityort
othewi derworl
d) ?

2.Whatdoy
out
hinkSur
yashoul
ddoandwhy
?Doesev
ery
onei
nthecl
assagr
ee?

3.Howdi
ff
icul
tadeci
siondoy
out
hinkSur
yahas?Whatmakesi
tdi
ff
icul
t?

4.Whatr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesdoesSur
ya’
sfat
herhav
eint
hest
ory
?Howmanycany
ousee?

5.Doy
out
hinkt
hatSur
ya’
sfat
herwasr
ightt
oaskhi
mtost
ayathome?

6.How seri
ouswoul
ditbei
fSury
adi sobeyedhisfather
?Woul
dthi
sbeadi
ff
icul
t
deci
sionf
orSur
yat
omake?Gi
vereasonsforyouranswer.

Task:

I
nyourownwor
ds,wr
it
edownwhaty
out
hinkMi
l
anwr
otet
ohi
sfat
her
.Compar
eyour
v
ersi
onwi
tht
hoseofot
her
sint
hecl
ass.Thest
udent
sshar
ethei
rideaswi
tht
hecl
ass.

Thet
eacherr
espondst
otheset
hought
soraskst
hecl
asst
othi
nkmor
egener
all
yabout
t
heki
ndsofr
esponsi
bil
i
typeopl
ehav
etowar
ds:

•t
hemsel
ves;
 Soci
alChange

•t
hei
rfami
l
y;
•t
hei
rlocalcommuni
ty;
•t
henat
ionalcommuni
ty;
•t
hewi
derwor
ld.

Li
stofI
ndi
vi
dualResponsi
bil
it
iest
oFul
fi
l

1.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYoursel
f
2.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYourFamil
y
3.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsWork
4.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsCountry
5.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsHumanity

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYour
sel
f

 Doi
ngthingsforyoursel
f.
 Ear
ntobecomesel f-
reli
anti
.e.payf
orf
ood,
clot
hing,
shel
ter
,tr
avel
,et
c..
 Beheal
thy,wealt
hy,andhappy .
Youful
fi
lthisResponsi
bil
it
yasaSel f
-i
nter
estedPerson.
Bei
ngself
-inter
est
edisabsolut
elyf
ine,j
usttr
ynottobecomesel
fi
sh.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsFami
ly

 Spendquali
tyti
meandt akecareofthefamil
y.
 Takecareofparentsinol dage.
 Alsolookaf
terin-l
awsi nol dage.
 Teachgoodv al
uest oy ourchil
dren.
 I
fy ouhavechil
dren,thent heyareyourbi
ggestandmosti
mpor
tantr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaFami
lyMember
.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsWor
k

 Ful
fil
responsi
bil
it
iestowardsyourjob,
busi
ness,bl
ogging,consul
tancy
,et
c.
 Ify
ouar eapersoni nauthori
ty,youar
eresponsi
bleforyourownact i
onsaswel
l
asthatofthepeopledownt heline.
 Soci
alChange

Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaPr
ofessi
onal
.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYourCount
ry

 Paytaxtocontri
butetowar dsbet
ter
mentofthenation.
 Votetoelectr
epresentat
ives,whoworkforbet
termentofall
.
 Provi
defeedbacktothegov er
nmenti
ntheform ofsuggest
ionsandcompl
aint
s.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaCi
ti
zen.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsHumani
ty

 Donatetohelpt
heneedyandl esspri
vil
eged.
 Rai
sev oi
ceagainstal
lki
ndsofi nj
usti
cewhichi
saGoodHabi
taswel
lasaGood
Karma.
 RespectRi
ghtsofanIndi
vidual.
 Abovealll
ove,l
i
ke,car
e,share,andacceptot
her
sast
heyar
e.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaHumanBei
ng.
 Soci
alChange

Soci
alChange

Changehasbeenanev erpresentuni
ver
salreali
ty.GreekPhi
losopherHer
acl
itushas
wri
tten.i
simpossibl
eforamant ojumpi nt
ot hesamer iv
ertwice”.I
tisimpossibl
e
becauseint
heinterv
albetweentwojumps,ther i
verandthepersonbothgetnatur
all
y
changed.

Changeisthelawofli
fe.Natureal
wayschanges.Soi sthecaseofsociety.Nosoci
etyis
orcanbeast ati
csociety.Li
kenatur
e,itissubjectt
oacont i
nuouspr ocessofchange.
A.W.Gr ew has ri
ghtly observ
ed that“ Each societ
yi si n a state ofconstant
disequi
l
ibr
ium andsocialchangecharacter
ist
icseachsociety.Not
hingsocialremains
thesame,itl
iv
eswithacont i
nuousprocessofsocialchange”
.

Eachsoci et
yi ssubjecttoacont i
nuouschange,andchangemeansanyal terat
ion
di
fferenceormodi fi
cati
onthatcomesi nasituati
onorinanobjectt hr
ought ime.It
means,asFi tcherwrit
es“avari
ati
onf r
om pr
ev i
ousmodeofexistence”,changeasa
processofsocialev
oluti
onfr
om simpletoamorecomplexfor
m ofsociety.

Her egardschangesi nadapt

ati
onasamaj ordri
vingforceofsoci
alchange.Human
bei
ngsar ealwaysi nvol
vedintheprocessofadaptati
onalongthechangesint heir
natural
,social
,cultural
,economicandpoli
ti
calcondit
ionsandintheprocess,social
changecomesov eraper i
odofti
me.

MacIverandPagehav ewrit
ten,Societyisawebofsoci alrel
ationshi
ps.Socialchange
i
mpl i
eschangesi nthenat ureand f unct
ioning oftheser elati
onshi
ps.Sincet hese
rel
ati
onshi
psarebasedonsoci alnor msandv al
ues,socialchangei mpli
eschangesi n
soci
alnorms,values,st
ruct
ures,insti
tuti
ons,processes,funct i
ons,pat
tersofhuman
behavi
ourcondi
ti
onsoflif
eandt hewhol esocialsetup.Socialchangeisav er
ycompl ex
phenomenon.

Sociol
ogistsare mostinter
est
ed in understandi
ng changesthatinf
luence ex
isti
ng
patt
ernsofsociali
nst
ructi
onsandrel
ations.Theyareconcernedwit
hchangesinvalues,
norms,rolesandi
nsti
tut
ions.Al
lsoci
eti
esev ol
v eandchangeoveraperi
odoftime.

Socialchangeisanat uralpartofthepr ocessofhumangr owthandevoluti

on.Several
i
nternalandext ernalfactorsplayamaj orr ol
eint hi
spr ocess.Furt
her,thenatureof
socialchangecanbepr ogressiveorr egressi
ve,temporaryorper manent,plannedor
unplanned,unidir
ect i
onalormul ti
-di
recti
onalbenef i
cialorhar mful
.Itcan beswi ft
radi
calandr ev
olutionaryorasl ow,gradualandev olut
ionary.“Thesoci
etyhast oadj
ust
withswiftandradicalchanges,howev eriteasi
lyabsorbst heslowandst eadychanges
whichkeeponcomi ngcontinuousl
yov ertime.”
 Soci
alChange

I
tmustbehowev ercl
earlyunderstoodthatsoci
alchangeisdif
ferentfr
om evoluti
onand
revoluti
on.I
tisav er
ycompl exandper plexi
ngphenomenon.Soci ologi
stshav ebeen
adv ocati
ngseveraldi
ffer
enttheor i
esofsocialchange.Letusdefinesocialchangeand
discussthecharacter
isti
csfactors,pat
ternsandtheori
esofsocialchange.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofsoci
alchanges:
Onthebasisoftheabov edef
ini
ti
onsandconsi
deri
ngtheviewsofal ar
genumberof
well
-knownsoci
ologi
sts,
wecanident
if
ythef
oll
owingessent
ialchar
act
eri
sti
csofSoci
al
Change.

1.Uni
ver
sal
it
yofSoci
alChange:

Socialchangei suniver
sal
.Itcharact
erisesever
ysoci ety.Nosoci et
yisst ati
c.Itis
continuouslyinf
lux.Thi
sbecomesev identfr
om thefactt hateachmoder nsocietyis
todaydi ff
erentf
rom it
spastf or
m.Undert heimpactofsev er
alinter
nalandext er
nal
factors,eachsociet
yexper
ienceschangesinitsstr
uctures,funct
ions,i
nsti
tuti
onsand
processes.

2.Soci
alChangei
snotuni
for
m:

SocialChangedi f
fer
sf r
om societ
ytosociety.Changeisthelaw ofnatur
e.Changei s
thespiceofl if
e.Howev er,i
tcanbepr ogressiv
eorr egressi
ve,posi
ti
veornegat iv
e,
permanentort emporary,pl
anned orunplanned,unidi
recti
onalormul t
i¬di
rect
ional,
benefi
cialorharmful
.

Eachsociet
yhasi
tsownhistoryandcul
tur
eandhencet heprocessandnatureofsoci
al
changealwaysdi
ff
ersfrom societ
ytosociet
y.Thi
smakesi tessent
ialforthesoci
al
sci
enti
ststost
udythepr
ocessandnatureofsoci
alchangeineachsociet
y.

3.Soci
alChangei
nvol
vesCommuni
tyChange:

Soci
alChange does notmean the change inthe l
i
fe ofan i
ndi
vi
dualorsever
al
i
ndiv
idual
sorsomegr oupsofindi
vi
duals.Iti
sachangeinvol
vi
ngtheli
feoft
heenti
re
community.I
tcharact
eri
sesandinfl
uencest heli
feofthewholecommunit
y.I
tisa
communitychangeandnotani
ndivi
dualchange.

4.Nat
ureandSpeedofSoci
alChangei
nVar
iousSoci
eti
esi
sDi
ff
erent
:

I
nal lsoci
eti
esthenat ureandspeedofsoci alchangev ari
es.Eachsoci
etyhasitown
hi
storyandcult
ur e.Natural
l
y,itexper
iencessocialchangewhichisdif
fer
entinnatur
e
andspeedf r
om thesocialchangewhichcomesi nev er
yothersoci
ety
.

Thespeedofchangei
nsomesoci
eti
esi
ssl
ow whi
l
einot
her
siti
sfastandr
api
d.I
n
 Soci
alChange

soci
eti
eswit
hlowlev
elsofl
iter
acyanddevel
opment,t
hespeedofsoci
alchangei
nsl
ow.
Inadevel
opedandhi
ghlyl
it
eratesoci
etyt
hesoci
alchangespeedi
l
ycomes.

5.Soci
alChangei
sagai
nrel
ati
vet
oTi
me:

SocialChangecharact
eri
seseachsociet
y.It
sspeed,however,al
waysdi
ff
ersfr
om ti
me
toti
meandi snotessential
l
yunif
orm.Itkeepsonchangingfrom t
imetoti
me.Before
1947,whenourcount rywasl i
vi
ngunderBr it
ishimper
ial
ism,thespeedofchange
remainedslow.Howev er,aft
eri
ndependence,thespeedofchangeinIndiansoci
ety
becamev eryf
ast.

Rapidindustri
alisat
ion,developmentofagr icul
tureand ini
ti
ati
onoft heprocessof
pl
annedsoci o-economicdev elopmentincreasedthespeedofsoci alchange.Undert
he
i
mpactofi nformat i
on and communi cationsr evol
uti
on ofcontempor aryti
mes,the
speedofchangehasbecomev er
yf ast.Thust hespeedofchangei neachsociet
y
conti
nuestov aryfrom ti
met ot i
me.

6.Soci
alChangeshowsaChai
n-React
ionSequence:

Sincesoci alchangeal way scomesundert hei mpactofsev eralsocial

,economi c,
technologicalandsit
uationalfact
ors,
itveryoftenshowsaChai n-
Reactionsequencei.e.
changei nonepar t/f
actorleadstochangesi notherpart
s/factorsandt henachangei n
the way ofl i
fe ofthe communi t
y ofpeopl etakes place.I ndustr
ial
i
sation and
urbanisati
onl eadtochangesi nfamilyl
i
f eandv il
l
agelif
e.Increasedneedf orlabourto
runthef actori
esencouragest hewoment ojointheworkforce.

Thisint urn changesthef amilyli

feand genderr elati
ons.Need forski l
l
ed labour
encouragesbot hmenandwoment ogoi nfortechnicaleducat
ionandt rai
ning.This
agai
nl eadst ochangesinal lpar
tsofsocialrel
ations.Thus,socialchangeisal ways
character
izedbyachain-
reactionsequence.

7.Sev
eral
Int
erdependentandI
nter
act
ingFact
orsofSoci
alChange:

SocialChangealwayscomesundert hei
nfluenceofsev
eralsocial
,economi
c,cul
tur
al,
andpolit
icalandsci
ence-technol
ogi
calf
actors.Ev
enthenature,speedandpr
ocessof
soci
alchangei not hersoci
eti
esalwaysinfl
uencethenatureandpr ocessofsocial
changeinasociety.

Theprocessofsoci
alchangeinwester
nsocieti
esal
waysact
shasani
mpactonsoci
al
changeindev
elopi
ngsociet
iesofAsi
a,Afr
icaandLat
inAmeri
can.

8.Noonecanpr
edi
ctSoci
alChange:

I
tisi
ndeedv
erydi
ff
icul
ttopr
edi
ctt
henat
ureofsoci
alchanget
hatmi
ghtcomei
na
 Soci
alChange

society.Nosociol
ogi
stcanr eal
l
ypredi
cti
t.Therecanbesomepr obabl
eorpossi bl
e
predict
ionbutnocanpresentanyval
i
danddeter
mini
sti
cpr
edict
ionaboutsoci
alchange
i
nsoci ety.

Theprocessofsocialchangeisver
ycomplexanddynami
canditmakespredi
cti
on-
makingverydi
ff
icul
tandpr obl
emati
c.Noonecanreal
lypr
edi
ctt
heexactnatur
eand
cont
entofsoci
alchangewhichcancomeinasoci
ety
.

Theseeightcharact
eristi
csar ethemaj oressent
ial
/naturalfeatur
esofsocialchange.
Tosum up,wecansayt hatsocialchanger ef
erstomodi f
icati
onsorrepl
acementsi n
soci
alst
ructur
e,soci
al process,socialpat
ter
nsociali
nteracti
onandsocialor
ganisati
on.
Iti
schangeinthestructureandpr ocessofenti
resoci
ety.

Ty
pesofsoci
alchange
Accor
dingt
ocul
tur
alant
hropol
ogi
stDav
idF.Aber
le,t
hef
ourt
ypesofsoci
alchange
i
ncl
ude al
ter
nat
ive, r
edempt
ive, r
efor
mat
ive and r
evol
uti
onar
y. These di
ff
erent
mov
ement
sar
edi
sti
ngui
shedbyhow muchchanget
heyadv
ocat
eandwhet
hert
hey
t
argeti
ndi
vi
dual
sort
heent
ir
etyofasoci
ety
.

Al
ter
nat
ivesoci
alchangeoper
atesatt
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evelandseekst
ochangemi
nor
aspect
s ofbehav
ior
.Campai
gns agai
nstt
ext
ing and dr
ivi
ng ar
e an exampl
e of
al
ter
nat
ivesoci
alchangei
nthesenset
hatt
heyadv
ocat
easmal
lchangei
nbehav
ior
andadv
ocat
ethi
schangeonaf
air
lysmal
lscal
e.

Redempt
ivesoci
alchangef
unct
ionsont
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evelbutadv
ocat
esadr
amat
ic
changewi
thi
nthei
ndi
vi
dual
.Thespr
eadofr
eli
gioni
sanexampl
eofr
edempt
ivesoci
al
change.Recov
ery pr
ogr
ams l
i
ke Al
cohol
i
cs Anony
mous ar
e al
so exampl
es of
r
edempt
ivesoci
alchangeast
heyadv
ocat
edr
amat
icper
sonalchangef
oraspeci
fi
c
por
ti
onoft
hepopul
ati
on.

Ref
ormat
ivesoci
alchangeseekst
oenactaspeci
fi
cchangeonabr
oadscal
e.Chi
pko
mov
ement
,1973canbeanexampl
eforr
efor
mat
ivesoci
alchange.Thr
oughChi
pko
mov
ementanat
ion-
wideawar
enessandi
mpor
tancewascr
eat
edr
egar
dingpr
otect
ion
oft
reesandaf
for
est
ati
on.Thi
smov
ementseeksav
eryspeci
fi
csetofchangesbut
 Soci
alChange

desi
rest
hesechangesonawi
descal
e.

Rev
olut
ionar
ysoci
alchangei
ndi
cat
esdr
amat
icchangeonal
argescal
e.Rev
olut
ionar
y
mov
ement
sseekt
ofundament
all
yrest
ruct
uresoci
ety
.Exampl
esofr
evol
uti
onar
ysoci
al
changei
ncl
udet
heAmer
icanCi
vi
lRi
ght
sMov
ementandt
heRussi
anRev
olut
ionoft
he
ear
ly-
20t
hcent
ury
.

Causesofsoci
alchange

Therearefew i
dentifi
abl
echar actersofsoci alchange.Someoft hem ar easf ol
lows:
thatsoci
alchangehappensev ery where,butther at
eofchangev ari
esf r
om pl aceto
place;t
hatsocialchangei ssomet imesi nt
entionalbutoftenunplanned;t hatsocial
changemaygener atecontroversy;thatsomechangesmat termorethanot hersdo.For
example,t
heinventi
onofper sonal computerswasmor ei
mpor t
antthan,say,patchdoll
s.
Thesearesomeoft hemaj orfactorsthathighli
ghtthecausesofsocialchange:

1.Alargepartofchangei
nsociet
yiscausedbychangei ncult
ure.Cul
tur
eisasyst
em
thatconst
antlyl
osesandgainscomponent s.Invent
ion,di
scoveryanddif
fusi
onare
consi
deredtobethemainsour
cesofcult
uralchange.

I
nv ent
ionspr oducenewpr oducts,ideas,andsoci alpatt
erns.I
tisanewcombi nati
onor
anewuseofexi sti
ngknowledge.Inv enti
onsmaybecl assif
iedint
omat er
ial(
telephone,
aeroplane)
,andsoci ali
nventions(alphabet,language,government,et
c.).Eachinventi
on
i
s new i nf orm,f unct
ion and meani ng and has long-t
erm possibi
liti
es ofi mpact.
Discoveryi
sf i
ndingsomethingthathasnev erbeenf oundbef or
e,orfindingsomet hi
ng
newi nsomet hingthatal
readyexists.

Adiscover
yaddssomethingnewtothecul
tureandbecomesaf act
orinsocialchange
onl
ywheni ti
sputtouse.Dif
fusi
onisaprocessoft hespreadi
ngofideas,cul
tur
eand
obj
ectstoothersoci
eti
es.Itoperat
esbothwi thi
nsoci et
iesandbet weensocieti
es
i
nvolvi
ngtr
adi
ng,migr
ati
on,andmasscommuni cati
on.Iti
sindeedatwowaypr ocess:

2.Newi deasandmodi f
icat
ionofol
dideasinanewcont extbr
ingwide-
scal
echangesin
societ
y.Forexampl e,MaxWeberest abli
shedt hatrat
ional
i
sati
onofr el
igi
ousideas
broughtaboutphenomenalchangeinProt
estantworl
d.
 Soci
alChange

3.Demographi
cchangeiscausedbyani ncr
easei
nbirt
handdecli
nei
ndeathand
migr
ati
onofpopul
ati
ons.Changeoccur
sfr
om t
hedemogr
aphi
ctr
ansi
ti
oni
nsoci
ety
.

4.Soci
alchangei salsocausedbyt ensi
onandconf l
ict
.St
ructur
alstr
ain,depri
vati
on,
cul
tur
alrevi
tal
isati
onhav ebeent hemaj orcausesofconfli
ct.Agai
nsoci aldivi
sion
basedonclass,caste,gender
,et
hnicit
y,est
ate,et
c.haveal
sobeeni mportantsources
ofconf
li
cti
nsoci et
y.

5.Soci
almovement
sareorgani
sedeff
ortsofgroupsofpeoplet obr
ingaboutdel
i
ber
ate
changeintheval
ues,norms,i
nsti
tut
ions,cul
turerel
ati
onshipsandt radi
ti
onsofthe
soci
ety
.Theyal
sogenerat
enewidenti
ti
esandanewper specti
v e.

Soci
alMov
ement
s

Whil
et echnology,popul
ati
on,env
ironmentfactor
s,andr aci
alinequali
tycanpr ompt
soci
alchange,onlywhenmember sofasoci etyorgani
zeintosocialmov ement
sdoes
tr
uesoci alchangeoccur.Thephrasesocialmov ementsref
ertocol l
ectiv
eactivi
ti
es
desi
gnedt obringaboutorr
esi
stpri
marychangesinanexisti
ngsocietyorgroup.

Wherevertheyoccur ,socialmovement scandramat ical

lyshapethedirect
ionofsociety.
Wheni ndi
v i
dualsandgr oupsofpeopl e—civi
lrightsactivi
stsandotherv i
sionari
es,f
or
i
nstance—t r
anscendt r
aditi
onalbounds,t heymaybr i
ngaboutmaj orshi f
tsi nsocial
poli
cyandst ruct
ures.Ev enwhent heyproveini
tiall
yunsuccessful
,socialmov ementsdo
aff
ectpubl i
copinion.Inherday ,peopleconsideredMar gar
etSanger'
sef f
ortstomake
bi
rthcontrolavai
lableext r
emeandev eni mmor al,y
ettodayintheUnitedStates,onecan
easi
lypurchasecont raceptiv
eproducts.

Socialscienti
stsinter
estthemselvesinwhysocialmov ementsemer ge.Dof eel
i
ngsof
discontent,desi
resfora“changeofpace,”orevenyear
ningsfor“changef ort
hesakeof
change”causet heseshifts?Sociol
ogi
stsuset wo theor
iest o explai
n whypeople
mobi l
izeforchange: r
elat
ivedepr
ivati
onandresour
cemobi l
izat
ion.

Rel
ati
vedepr
ivat
ion
When member s ofa soci etybecome di ssatisfi
ed orf rustr
ated wi ththei
rsoci al,
economi c,andpol i
ti
calsituati
on,theyy earnforchanges.Soci alscienti
stshavel ong
noted thatt he act
ualcondi ti
ons thatpeopl el ive undermaynotbe atf ault
,but
people'spercepti
onsoft heircondit
ionsare.Relativedepr i
vati
onr ef
erst othenegat i
ve
perceptionthatdif
ferencesexistbetweenwant sandact uali
ti
es.Inotherwor ds,people
maynotact uall
ybedepr ivedwhent heybeli
evet heyare.Ar el
ativel
ydepr i
vedgroupi s
disgruntl
edbecauset heyf eellessent i
tl
edorpr ivi
l
egedt hanapar t
icul
arreference
 Soci
alChange

group.Forexample,a mi
ddle‐cl
assfamil
ymayf eelrel
ati
vel
ydepr
ived when t
hey
comparethei
rhousetot
hatofthei
rupper
‐cl
assphy
sici
an.

Forsoci aldi
scont
enttot r
anslat
eintosocialmovement,member softhesoci et
ymust
feelthattheydeserv
e,orhav earightt
o,mor ewealt
h,power,orstat
ust hantheyhav e.
The di ssati
sfi
ed gr
oup mustal so conclude t
hatitcannotat t
aini ts goal
sv i
a
conv enti
onalmethods,whetherornott hi
si st
hecase.Thegr oupwillorganizeint
oa
socialmov ementonlyi
fitfeel
sthatcol
lect
iveacti
onwil
lhel
pi t
scause.

Therel
ati
ve‐
deprivat
iontheorytakescrit
ici
sm fr
om acoupleofdiff
erentangles.Fir
st,
somesociol
ogistsnotethatfeeli
ngsofdepr i
vati
ondonotnecessaril
ypr omptpeople
i
ntoacti
ng.Normustpeopl efeeldepr
ivedbefor
eacting.Mor
eover,
thi
st heorydoesnot
addr
esswhyper cept
ionsofpersonalorgroupdepri
vati
oncausesomepeopl etoreform
soci
ety
,andwhyot herpercept
ionsdonot .

Resour
cemobi
li
zat
ion

Resourcemobili
zati
ondealswi t
hhow soci
almovementsmobili
zer esources:pol
i
tical
pul
l,mass medi a,personnel,money,and so forth. A part
icular mov ement'
s
eff
ecti
venessandsuccesslargel
ydependsonhowwel
litusesi
tsresour ces.

Member sofasoci almov ementnormal lyfol

l
ow acharismat
icleader
,whomobi l
i
zes
peopl
ef oracause.Chari
smacanf ade, andmanysocialmovementscoll
apsewhenthi
s
happens.Othermov ement s,such asbur eaucr
ati
cones,managet olast
,however,
usual
lybecausetheyarehighlyor
ganized.

Norms ofbehav i
ordev elop as peopl
e become par tofa soci almov ement .The
movementmayr equireit
smember stodressinspecialways,boycottcert
ainpr oducts,
paydues,attendmar chesorr al
li
es,recrui
tnew member s,andusenew l anguage.
Concerni
ng the l
atter
,r ecentsocialmov ement s have giv
en rise to new t er
ms
l
ikeHispani
cAmerican,Afri
canAmer i
can,femini
sts,andpsychiat
ri
call
ydisabled.

Forasoci almovementt osucceed,l

eadersmusthei
ghtenthei
rfol
l
ower
s'awarenessof
oppression.Tost i
mulatet hei
rsocialmovementinthe1960sand1970s,f eminist
s
convinced women t hatt hey wer
e being di
scr
imi
nated agai
nstinvari
ous arenas,
i
ncludingwor k,
school,andhome.

Unli
kether el
ati
ve‐
depr i
vati
ontheor y,theresource‐mobili
zati
ontheoryemphasizesthe
str
ategi
cproblemsf acedbysoci almov ement s.Specif
ical
ly,
anymov ementdesignedto
sti
mulatefundament alchangeswi llsurelyfaceresist
ancet oit
sactivi
ti
es.Crit
icsfeel
thetheorydoesnotadequat elydi scusst heissueofhow opposi ti
oni nf
luencesthe
acti
onsanddi r
ecti
onofsoci almov ement s.
 Soci
alChange

Concl
usi
on

Thecausesofsoci
alchangear
ediv
erse,andthepr
ocessesofchangecanbeident
if
ied
aseit
hershort
-t
ermtrendsorl
ong-
term devel
opment
s.Changecanbeei t
hercycl
i
cor
one-
dir
ecti
onal
.

The mechani sms of socialchange can be v ari

ed and i
nter
connected.Sev
eral
mechanisms may be combi ned i
n one expl
anator
y modelofsocialchange.For
example,i
nnov at
ionby business might be stimulat
ed by competiti
on and by
gover
nmentr egulat
ion.

Tot hedegr eet hatchangepr ocessesar eregularandinterconnect

ed,socialchange
i
tselfi
sstructured.Sinceabout1965t herehasbeenashi f
tinemphasi sfrom “
structur
e”
to“change”insoci alt
heory.Changeondi ff
erentlevel
s—socialdynamicsinever
y dayli
fe
andshor t
-termt ransfor
mat i
onsandl ong-term devel
opment sinsocietyatlarge—has
becomet hef ocusofmuchat t
enti
onint hestudyofsociet
y.

VI
SIONANDMI
SSI
ONTOWARDSSOCI
ETY

A Mi
ssi
onSt
atementdef
inest
hecompany
'sbusi
ness,i
tsobj
ect
ivesandi
tsappr
oach
t
oreacht
hoseobj
ect
ives.AVi
sionSt
atementdescr
ibest
hedesi
redf
utur
eposi
ti
onoft
he
company
.El
ement
sofMi
ssi
onandVi
sionSt
atement
sar
eof
tencombi
nedt
opr
ovi
dea
st
atementoft
hecompany
'spur
poses,
goal
sandv
alues.

I
ngener
al,ami
ssi
onst
atementdef
ineswhatanor
gani
zat
ioni
scur
rent
lydoi
ng,whi
l
e
av
isi
onst
atementi
s basi
cal
l
ythe ul
ti
mat
e goal
ofwhatt
hey
'dl
i
ke t
o accompl
i
sh.
Themi
ssi
oni
swhatpeopl
edoi
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hev
isi
on.I
tist
hehow(
missi
on)v
ersus
t
hewhy(
visi
on)
.

Thedomi
nantv
aluesi
nourcommuni
ty,
soci
ety
,andwor
ldar
eshapedbyhumanbei
ngs,
and
canbechangedbypeopl
eofgoodwi
l
ltobet
termeett
heneedsofal
lhumanbei
ngson
ear
th.Justaspeopl
ear
ecr
eat
ionsofgi
vensoci
alcondi
ti
onsandv
alues,
thesesamesoci
al
condi
ti
onsandv
aluesar
eshapedandchangedbyhumanbei
ngs,
byt
hei
ror
gani
zedact
ivi
ty.
Fort
heser
easonsi
tisessent
ialt
oenv
isi
ondi
ff
erentsoci
alcondi
ti
onst
hatwoul
dbet
ter
 Soci
alChange

meett
heneedsofal
lhuman bei
ngsand cr
eat
ea mor
ecompassi
onat
eand humane
wor
ld.Weneedt
oaskt
hequest
ion:“
Whatdoesi
ttaket
odev
elopast
abl
esetofr
epeat
abl
e
condi
ti
ons wher
ebyal
lhuman bei
ngs hav
e access t
o f
ulf
il
li
ng,car
ing,meani
ngf
ul,
empower
ed,
bal
ancedl
i
ves?
”

I
nanswer
ingt
hisquest
ion,weposi
tthatweneedt
ocr
eat
ethet
ime,ci
rcumst
ances,and
pr
ior
it
yfori
ndi
vi
dual
stor
ecogni
ze and under
stand human needs.We st
artf
rom t
he
per
spect
ivet
hatbasi
chumanneedsandi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
sar
eident
if
iabl
eandcan
bef
ulf
il
ledi
ndi
ff
erentcul
tur
all
ysensi
ti
veway
s,butt
heycanonl
ybef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
est
hat
consci
ousl
yor
gani
zet
oal
l
ow al
lindi
vi
dual
sthet
imeandr
esour
cest
omeett
hei
rbasi
c
humanneeds,i
ncl
udi
ngr
educedwor
kinghour
sandpar
it
yofaccesst
oresour
cesand
r
esponsi
bil
i
ties;soci
eti
est
hatr
espectnat
ureandsust
aint
heenv
ironment
;soci
eti
est
hat
pr
omot
edi
ver
sit
yandpar
it
yofaccessandr
esour
cesf
orwomen,
raci
alandet
hni
cmi
nor
it
ies,
andal
lhi
stor
ical
l
yunder
repr
esent
edgr
oups;soci
eti
est
hati
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zepar
ti
cipat
oryand
democr
ati
cst
ruct
uresatal
llev
els;soci
eti
est
hatt
akeadeepl
ookatt
her
ootcausesof
i
nequal
i
tyandaddr
esst
heser
ootcauses.

Basi
chumanneedsandi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
scannotbef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
eswher
e
unsust
ainabl
eenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,pat
ri
archy
,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,aut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm and
expl
oit
ati
onpr
edomi
nat
e.

Goali
stocr
eat
econdi
ti
onst
omeett
hephy
sical
,emot
ional
,andspi
ri
tual
needsofal
lhumanbei
ngs

Thei
rphy
siol
ogi
calneedssuchasnut
ri
ti
ousf
ood,cl
eanai
randwat
er,shel
terf
rom t
he
el
ement
s,l
if
epr
otect
ionser
vices,
andsexualgr
ati
fi
cat
ion.

Thei
rpsy
chol
ogi
calneedssuchast
heneedf
orl
oveandemot
ionalsecur
it
y,t
heneedf
or
spi
ri
tual
i
tyandconnect
ion,t
heneedf
orf
indi
ngpur
poseandmeani
ngi
nli
fe,sensualneeds,
 Soci
alChange

andt
imef
orr
efl
ect
ion.

Thei
rfami
l
yneedssuchascar
ingf
orchi
l
drenandel
der
s,f
oodpr
epar
ati
on,cl
eani
ng,home
mai
ntenance,
andpr
ocr
eat
ion.

Thei
rneedsf
orpr
oduci
ngsust
ainabl
egoodsandser
vices(
suchasheal
thcar
e,t
eachi
ng,
di
str
ibut
ion of r
esour
ces, exchange, l
i
fe pr
otect
ion ser
vices, t
ranspor
tat
ion, and
communi
cat
ion)i
nway
sthatdi
gni
fywor
kandpr
ovi
def
ami
l
y-sust
aini
ngsal
ari
es.

Thei
rneedf
orl
i
fe-
longl
ear
ningandr
eli
abl
einf
ormat
ion.

Thei
rneedf
ordemocr
ati
cdeci
sion-
maki
ngst
ruct
uresgui
dedbyet
hicalchoi
cesatal
llev
els
of l
i
fe,i
ncl
udi
ng t
he f
ami
l
y,school
,nei
ghbour
hood,wor
kpl
ace,l
ocal
,nat
ional
,and
i
nter
nat
ional
lev
els.

Thei
rneedf
or“
freet
ime”di
scr
eti
onar
yact
ivi
ti
essuchasar
t,spor
t,r
ecr
eat
ion,
vol
unt
eer
ism,
andent
ert
ainmentt
oengagei
nthei
rpassi
ons.

Weasser
tthat

1)al
lhumanbei
ngspossesssuchneeds,

2)t
heyhav
ebot
hther
ightandt
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
ocr
eat
ethecondi
ti
onsf
ormeet
ingal
l
t
heseneeds,
and

3)Soci
eti
esmustwor
ktoconsci
ousl
yor
gani
zesot
hatt
heneedar
easar
ebei
ngmetand
i
ntegr
atedi
ntot
hel
i
vesofal
li
ndi
vi
dual
s.

Wer
ecogni
zet
hatt
hisr
equi
rest
hei
mpr
oveddi
str
ibut
ionanduseofr
esour
ces.I
mpr
oved
bal
ancei
nourl
i
vespr
emi
seduponar
easonabl
eandr
educednumberofpai
dwor
kinghour
s
 Soci
alChange

i
smor
eimpor
tantt
hanexcessi
vemat
eri
ali
sm.

Wer
ecogni
zet
hatwear
enotsecur
eont
hispl
anetunt
ilt
her
ealhumanneedsofal
lper
sons
ar
eaddr
essed.Weknow t
hati
ssuesoft
hir
dwor
ldunder
dev
elopmentar
epal
pabl
eand
r
eal
.Unt
ill
ocalcommuni
ti
es,nat
ion-
stat
es,andgl
obalr
egi
onswor
ktoget
herwi
thmut
ual
r
espect
,wewi
l
lnotachi
evet
hehar
monyweseek.

Env
isi
oni
ngawor
ldwher
eal
lhumanbei
ngscanl
i
vewi
thoutf
earseemsut
opi
an.Si
nce
Wor
ldWarI
Iwehav
enothadasi
ngl
edaywi
thoutwaront
hepl
anet
,despi
tet
hecr
eat
ionof
manyi
nter
nat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
opr
eventsuchasi
tuat
ion.

Humanneedscannotbemetwi
thoutmaki
ngper
sonalchange,i
nst
it
uti
ngr
efor
ms,and
pr
omot
ingst
ruct
uralchange.Wemustactandt
akeact
ionpat
ter
nedont
het
ypeofsoci
ety
wewoul
dli
ket
ocr
eat
e;seeki
ngr
efor
msal
onei
sinsuf
fi
cient
.

Weunder
standt
hati
nor
dert
oimpr
oveourownl
i
vesandt
hel
i
vesofot
her
s,i
tisul
ti
mat
ely
necessar
yto engage i
n di
sci
pli
ned,pr
inci
pled pol
i
ticalact
ivi
ty,i
mpr
ovi
ng pol
i
tical
account
abi
l
ity
.Inor
dert
obesoengaged,wemustsuppor
teachot
heral
ongt
hewayt
o
pr
ovi
deheal
i
ngandhope.Wemustencour
agepeopl
etobebol
dinwor
kingf
orchanget
o
i
mpr
ovet
hewor
ld.

Cor
eVal
ues

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
ver
espect
,compar
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nal
lspher
esofl
i
fe,
and
accesst
omeet
ingt
hef
ull
rangeoft
hei
rhumanneedsandhumanr
ight
s.

 Humanneedsar
eident
if
iabl
eandwemustf
indt
hecondi
ti
onst
hatmeett
heneeds.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vef
reeofal
lfor
msofoppr
essi
onanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
 Soci
alChange

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vesoci
alcondi
ti
onst
hatf
avouri
ndi
vi
dual
,gr
oupandsoci
al
dev
elopmentt
owar
dsbui
l
dingabasef
orbal
anced,
meani
ngf
ulandf
ulf
il
li
ngl
i
ves.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vei
naheal
thynat
ural
env
ironment
.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vei
npeaceandwi
thoutf
ear
.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
dbej
udgedbyt
hei
rhumanchar
act
er,
notbyt
hei
rski
ncol
our
,
nat
ionaloret
hni
c or
igi
n,gender
,sexual
i
ty,pol
i
ticalper
suasi
on,possessi
ons of
mat
eri
alweal
th,
power
,orcont
rol
.

 Basi
chumanneedscannotbef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
eswher
eenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,
pat
ri
archy
,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,
aut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm,
orexpl
oit
ati
onpr
edomi
nat
e.

 Peopl
ear
oundt
hewor
lddeser
veanequalamountofi
nfl
uencei
ndeci
sion-
maki
ng
aboutt
hei
rown soci
ety and an equalamountofpowerwi
thi
nint
ernat
ional
or
gani
zat
ionsandgl
obal
net
wor
ks.

 Oursecur
it
ydependsupont
hesecur
it
yofpeopl
esar
oundt
hewor
ld,whomusthav
e
t
her
ightt
osel
f-
det
ermi
nat
iont
omeett
hei
rneeds.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
dbeempower
edt
ounder
standt
hathumanbei
ngsar
enot
onl
ypr
oduct
sofsoci
alcondi
ti
ons,butt
hatt
heyal
so cr
eat
eand changesoci
al
condi
ti
ons.

 I
nthest
ruggl
ebet
weenv
aluesandpower
,wechoosev
aluesov
erpower
.

 Weactandt
akeact
ionpat
ter
nedont
het
ypeofsoci
etywewoul
dli
ket
ocr
eat
e.We
needt
obet
hechangewewantt
osee.
 Soci
alChange

 Wewantt
obeaposi
ti
vef
orcef
orchange.
 Soci
alChange

I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y

Thet
heor
yorphi
l
osophyofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
sbasedonet
hicsandv
alues.Ev
ery
i
ndi
vi
dualoror
gani
zat
ioni
sboundt
oexecut
eadequat
eser
vicest
ohel
psoci
etybyal
l
means.Thei
deol
ogyofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
typr
omot
esexcl
usi
vedut
iest
hatev
ery
or
gani
zat
ion ori
ndi
vi
dualhast
o execut
ein or
dert
o st
ri
kea r
emar
kabl
ebal
ance
bet
ween v
ari
ous sy
stems pr
esenti
n a soci
ety
.Gener
all
y,i
tindi
cat
es t
he actof
mai
ntai
ningst
abi
l
itybet
weent
heecosy
stem andt
heeconomy
.

Theconceptofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
snotonl
yval
i
dforbusi
ness,economi
c,orot
her
cor
por
ati
ons,butal
so f
orev
erysi
ngl
eper
son whoseper
for
manceoract
ionscan
i
nfl
uencet
heenv
ironment
.Whi
l
eindi
vi
dualorcor
por
atesoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanbe
di
rect
lyex
ecut
edi
nthef
orm ofv
ari
oussoci
alact
ivi
ti
es,
itcanal
sobeper
for
medbynot
get
ti
ngi
nvol
vedi
nsoci
all
yadv
erseact
s.

I
mpor
tanceofSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y

Thedut
iesandact
ivi
ti
esi
nvol
vedi
nsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyar
enotonl
yval
uabl
efor
busi
nessandsoci
alor
gani
zat
ions,
butar
eal
sobenef
ici
alf
ort
heent
ir
esoci
ety
.Var
ious
busi
nessor
gani
zat
ions,
bei
ngsoci
etalmember
s,consi
deri
tthei
rdut
ytol
endahel
ping
handt
osoci
etyi
nor
dert
odeal
wit
hcompl
i
cat
edi
ssuesandpr
obl
ems.

I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
tyenabl
es an i
ndi
vi
dualt
oint
roduce mi
norormaj
or
changesi
nhi
sorhersoci
alenv
ironment
.Itmakesaper
sonmor
eresponsi
blei
nhi
sor
heract
ionst
hatar
ebel
i
evedt
oimpactcommuni
ti
est
hatmayormaynotber
elat
edt
o
hi
sorheri
mmedi
atesur
roundi
ngs.I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
tyi
samor
albel
i
ef
wher
eweasi
ndi
vi
dual
s,hav
ear
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsoci
ety
.Bei
ng"
soci
al
lyr
esponsi
ble"
 Soci
alChange

i
saboutal
lindi
vi
dual
sbehav
inget
hical
l
yandsensi
ti
vel
ytowar
dssoci
al
,economi
c,and
env
ironment
ali
ssues.I
tisaboutbei
ngaccount
abl
eforouract
ionsandbei
ngconsci
ous
oft
hei
mpacty
ouract
ionshav
eonot
her
s,ourcommuni
ti
es,
andt
heenv
ironment
.

Byt
aki
nganact
ivepar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
nresol
vi
ngsomeoft
hei
ssues,
weasi
ndi
vi
dual
sshoul
d
al
lst
ri
vet
osetgoodex
ampl
esbyappl
yi
ngandadher
ingt
osoci
al
lyr
esponsi
blepr
act
ices,
suchasi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyofl
i
vesf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
sandt
hei
rfami
l
ies,v
olunt
eerener
gy
andt
imet
owar
dsi
mpr
ovi
ngandbenef
it
ingsoci
ety
.

Asi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ioni
smadet
osoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tybyt
heki
ndofchoi
cesand
deci
si
onst
hatpeopl
emake.Ev
ent
hei
rcodeofconduct
,thei
rwayoft
reat
ingot
her
s,
andt
hepr
oduct
s,ser
vices,
andr
esour
cest
heypr
eferar
erel
atedt
othedomai
nofsoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.I
ndi
vi
dualsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
smaj
orl
yaboutt
reat
ingot
her
sint
he
samewayasy
ouwanty
our
sel
fto bet
reat
ed.Youar
econsi
der
ed t
o besoci
all
y
r
esponsi
blei
fyouconsi
dery
our
sel
faccount
abl
efory
ourpar
ti
cul
aract
ionsanddeal
i
ngs.
Yourconst
antat
tempt
stohav
eaposi
ti
vei
nfl
uenceony
ourf
ell
owsandt
oimpr
ovey
our
env
ironmentmakey
ousoci
all
yresponsi
bleaswel
lasappr
eci
abl
e.

Enhancet
heenv
ironmentbyadopt
ingabeachorpar
ktomai
ntai
nandbeaut
if
y.Pr
ovi
dea
good"
li
steni
ngear
"fort
hosewhohav
epr
obl
emsmanagi
ngper
sonalemot
ions,suchas
f
eel
i
ngofsepar
ati
onandl
oss,pai
nandsuf
fer
ing,andcopi
ngwi
tht
hei
mmi
nenceof
deat
h.Chi
l
drenwi
thoutapar
entorpar
ent
s.Ther
ear
emanyway
sofdonat
ing,f
or
ex
ampl
e,donat
ing goods,ser
vices,ormonet
ari
l
y.You can al
so i
nvesti
n soci
al
ly
r
esponsi
blef
unds,consumegr
eenpr
oduct
s,gi
vebl
oodt
othe'
RedCr
oss'
,orgi
vet
hei
r
t
imeandl
i
fef
orgoodcauses.

Asi
ndi
vi
dual
s,ouremot
ionali
ntel
l
igenceski
l
ls,
suchassoci
alawar
enessandempat
hy,
canbeshownt
hroughouruseofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyef
for
tswi
thi
nanor
gani
zat
ionbut
 Soci
alChange

al
so t
hrough our per
sonal soci
al r
esponsi
bil
i
ty ef
for
ts.I
SR (
indi
vi
dual soci
al
r
esponsi
bil
it
y)i
sdef
inedasani
ndi
vi
dualbei
ngawar
eofhowper
sonalact
ionshav
ean
ef
fectont
hecommuni
ty.I
SRcani
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Char
it
abl
eact
s,i
ncl
udi
ngphi
l
ant
hropysuchasdonat
ionofmoney
.

Wor
kingf
ort
hecommuni
ty,suchasv
olunt
eer
ing,gi
vi
ngbl
ooddonat
ions,andwor
king
ataf
oodbankorani
mal
shel
ter
.

Suppor
ti
ngi
ssuest
hataf
fectsoci
ety
,suchasadv
ocat
ingpol
i
ticalorsoci
ali
ssuest
hat
canhel
pot
her
s—f
orexampl
e,adv
ocat
ingf
orchi
l
dlabourl
aws,pur
chasi
ngf
airt
rade
pr
oduct
s,r
ecy
cli
ng.

I
ndi
vi
dualet
hics,
suchasi
ntegr
it
yandhonest
y.Thesei
ndi
vi
dualet
hicscanal
soi
ncl
ude
t
he“
gol
denr
ule”
:tr
eatot
her
show y
ouwi
sht
obet
reat
ed.Thi
smi
ghtmeanwi
th
empat
hyandasenseoff
air
ness.
 Soci
alChange

Engagi
ngi
nISRact
ivi
ti
essuchast
hesecanhel
pusdev
elopouremot
ionali
ntel
l
igence
ski
l
lst
hrought
heuseofsoci
alawar
eness—t
hati
s,under
standi
nghowouract
ionscan
af
fectot
her
sandengagi
ngi
nempat
hyf
orot
her
s.I
naddi
ti
on,wecanbui
l
doursel
f-
est
eem andsel
f-
per
cept
ionbyhel
pingot
her
sBénabou,R.&Ti
rol
e,J(
2010)
.Indi
vi
dual
and cor
por
ate soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.Economi
ca,
77,1–19and engagi
ng i
n soci
all
y
r
esponsi
bleact
ivi
ti
es.Aswehav
edi
scussedt
hroughoutt
hechapt
er,
toi
mpr
ovehuman
r
elat
ionsski
l
ls,wemustunder
standt
hatet
hics,soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,andemot
ional
i
ntel
l
igenceski
l
lsar
eint
ert
winedwi
theachot
her
.Thosewhocont
inual
l
ydev
elopt
hei
r
emot
ionali
ntel
l
igence ski
l
ls wi
l
lli
kel
y engage i
n et
hicaland soci
all
yresponsi
ble
behav
iour
,bot
hper
sonal
l
yandasl
eader
soft
hei
ror
gani
zat
ions.
Soci
alChange
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
COMPETENCIES
SRC - Introduction

Social responsibility involves the ability and disposition

● to consider the interdependence of people with each other and the

natural environment;
● to contribute positively to one’s family, community, society, and the
environment;
● to resolve problems peacefully;
● to empathize with others and appreciate their perspectives; and
● to create and maintain healthy relationships.

Social responsibility is one of three interrelated competencies that relate to the

broad area of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL):

I. Positive personal and cultural identity (PPCI) II. Personal awareness and
responsibility III. Social responsibility

Students who demonstrate social responsibility are active, caring, and

responsible members of society. They collaborate effectively with others,
demonstrate a strong sense of community-mindedness, and take actions to
support diversity and the environment. They show respect for everyone’s rights,
and demonstrate empathy and a sense of ethical care as they develop
relationships and consider differing perspectives.

Development of social responsibility begins within families, before students enter

formal schooling, and is expanded and enhanced at every stage of life and
schooling. At each stage, students maintain and enhance competencies from
previous stages, while developing new skills. Students move from demonstrating
social responsibility in relatively simple and highly supported situations, to
demonstrating increasing independence in more complex and varied social and
environmental contexts. They accept generational roles and responsibilities. The
development of competency in social responsibility does not end with school
graduation, but continues to develop in personal, social, educational, and
workplace contexts as adults take individual and collective responsibility for the
good of society and the environment.

The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and

interwoven with each other and with other competencies.

1. Contributing to community and caring for the environment

Students develop awareness and take responsibility for their social, physical,
and natural environments by working independently and collaboratively for the
benefit of others, communities, and the environment.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to improve the classroom,

school, community, or natural world.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom, school, community, or

natural world a better place.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect my community and
the natural environment and can work to make positive change.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from multiple perspectives.

I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive, sustainable change.

2. Solving problems in peaceful ways

Students identify and develop an appreciation of different perspectives on issues;
they generate, use, and evaluate strategies to resolve problems.

Sample “I” statements

I can solve some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-solving strategies.

 I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate strategies.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies, weigh

consequences, compromise to meet the needs of others, and evaluate actions.

3. Valuing diversity
Students value diversity, defend human rights, advocate for others, and act with
a sense of ethics in interactions, including online.

Sample “I” statements

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour.

I can explain when something is unfair.

I can advocate for others.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights, and can
identify how diversity is beneficial for my community, including online.

4. Building relationships
Students develop and maintain diverse, positive peer and intergenerational
relationships in a variety of contexts.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I am kind to others, can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help them feel included.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse people, including people
from different generations.
The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and interwoven
with each other and with other competencies.

Contributing to community and ✔ develop awareness

Caring for the environment ✔ take responsibility
✔ work independently/collaboratively
Solving problems in peaceful ways ✔ appreciate different perspectives
✔ resolve problems

Valuing diversity ✔ value diversity

✔ advocate for others
✔ interact ethically
Building relationships ✔ develop and maintain relationships
Social Responsibility Competency Profiles
These profile descriptions include the four facets that underpin the Social
Responsibility Competency: contributing to community and caring for the
environment, solving problems in peaceful ways, valuing diversity, and building
relationships. The four facets are interrelated and are embedded within the
profile descriptions, which are written from a student’s point of view.
 Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile 5

• Awareness • Interactio Contribution in group

activities
• Identification Analysis of complex
social or environmental
about n with of effect of
issues from multiple
others others own actions
perspectives
• Consideration and of others
• Interaction • Participat of others views
•
with friends ion in
and
expression of
• Identifying Thoughtful
Actions
group different
own views
activities perspectives
of issue • Clarify problems
• Sharing • Identification or issues,
my of problems
and potential
• Clarifying generating
multiple
feeling problems,
strategies strategies,
considering
weighing
• Listening
• Demonstration
alternatives,
and evaluating
consequences,
to others compromising to
of respectful strategies
views meet the needs
and inclusive of others and
• Identifyin
behaviour • Respect evaluating
Differences actions
g when to
ask help
• Explaning why
and when
it is unfair • Advocating for • Taking action to
others others support diversity
need • Building and and defending
help human rights and
sustaiing
relationships
• Empathy identifying how
diversity is
• Identifyin
• Maintaining beneficial for the
g what is community
unfair relationships
with other
generation • Building and
sustaining
positive
relationships with
diverse people
including people
from different
generations

• Empathy Driven
Action

Profile Description
1 I am aware that other people can be different than I am.

I can interact with my friends. With some support, I can be

part of a group.

2 In familiar and structured settings, I can interact with

others and the environment respectfully.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to

improve the classroom, school, community, or natural
world.

I can share my feelings and listen to others’ views. I can solve

some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can identify when something is unfair to me or others.

I can identify when others need help. I am kind to others,

can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

3 I can interact with others and the environment respectfully

and thoughtfully.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom,

school, community, or natural world a better place. I can
identify small things I can do that could make a difference.

I can consider others’ views and express a different opinion

in a peaceful way.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-

solving strategies.
 I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour,
including online.

I can explain why something is unfair.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I can build and sustain relationships.

I show care for elders.

4 I can take purposeful action to support others and the

environment.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect

my community and the natural environment and can work
to make positive change.

I can identify different perspectives on an issue.

I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate

strategies.

I respect differences, and demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can advocate for others.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help

them feel included.

I maintain relationships with people from different

generations.

5 I can initiate positive, sustainable change for others and the

environment.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from

multiple perspectives.
I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive,
sustainable change.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies,

weigh consequences, compromise to meet the needs of
others, and evaluate actions.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights,

and can identify how diversity is beneficial for my
community, including online.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse

people, including people from different generations.

I show empathy for others and adjust my behaviour to

accommodate their needs.
Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)

Evolution Of CSR In India

India has the world’s richest tradition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The term CSR may be
relatively new to India, but the concept dates back to Mauryan history, where philosophers like Kautilya
emphasized on ethical practices and principles while conducting business. CSR has been informally practiced
in ancient times in form of charity to the poor and disadvantaged. Indian scriptures have at several places
mentioned the importance of sharing one’s earning with the deprived section of society. We have a deep rooted
culture of sharing and caring.
Religion also played a major role in promoting the concept of CSR. Islam had a law called Zakaat, which rules
that a portion of one’s earning must be shared with the poor in form of donations. Merchants belonging to
Hindu religion gave alms, got temples and night shelters made for the poorer class. Hindus followed Dharmada
where the manufacturer or seller charged a specific amount from the purchaser, which was used for charity.
The amount was known as charity amount or Dharmada. In the same fashion, Sikhs followed Daashaant.
Here, we can understand that the history of CSR in India runs parallel to the historical development of India.
CSR has evolved in phases like community engagement, socially responsible production, and socially
responsible employee relations. Therefore, the history of Corporate Social responsibility in India can be
broadly divided into four phases:
The first phase of CSR was driven by noble deeds of philanthropists and charity. It was influenced by family
values, traditions, culture and religion along with industrialization. Till 1850, the wealthy businessmen shared
their riches with the society by either setting up temples or religious institutions. In times of famines, they
opened their granaries for the poor and hungry. The approach towards CSR changed with the arrival of
colonial rule in 1850. In the Pre-independence era, the pioneers or propagators of industrialization also
supported the concept of CSR. In 1900s, the industrialist families like Tatas, Birlas, Modis, Godrej, Bajajs and
Singhanias promoted this concept by setting up charitable foundations, educational and healthcare institutions,
and trusts for community development. It may also be interesting to note that their efforts for social benefit
were also driven by political motives.
The second phase was the period of independence struggle when the industrialists were pressurized to show
their dedication towards the benefit of the society. Mahatma Gandhi urged to the powerful industrialists to
share their wealth for the benefit of underprivileged section of the society. He gave the concept of trusteeship.
This concept of trusteeship helped in the socio-economic growth of India. Gandhi regarded the Indian
companies and industries as “Temples of Modern India”. He influenced the industrialists and business houses
to build trusts for colleges, research and training institutes. These trusts also worked to enhance social reforms
like rural development, women empowerment and education. In the third phase from 1960-1980, CSR was
influenced by the emergence of Public sector undertakings to ensure proper distribution of wealth. The policy
of industrial licensing, high taxes and restrictions on the private sector resulted in corporate malpractices. This
led to enactment of legislation regarding corporate governance, labor and environmental issues. Still the PSUs
were not very successful. Therefore there was a natural shift of expectation from the public to the private
sector and their active involvement in the socio-economic growth. In 1965, the academicians, politicians and
businessmen set up a national workshop on CSR, where great stress was laid on social accountability and
transparency.
In the fourth phase from 1980 onwards, Indian companies integrated CSR into a sustainable business strategy.
With globalization and economic liberalization in 1990s, and partial withdrawal of controls and licensing
systems there was a boom in the economic growth of the country. This led to the increased momentum in
industrial growth, making it possible for the companies to contribute more towards social responsibility. What
started as charity is now understood and accepted as responsibility.
In the current scenario in India, the new companies act amended in December 2012 mandates the corporate to
spend 2% of their average net profits of the last three financial years towards CSR. This is applicable for
companies with a turnover of 1000 Cr/ PAT of 5 Cr/ or net worth of 500 cr. The new bill replaces the
Companies act 1956 and emphasizes carrying forward the agenda of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Government Policies on CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby companies not only

consider their profitability and growth, but also the interests of society and the
environment by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on stakeholders,
environment, consumers, employees, communities, and all other members of the public
sphere. The basic premise is that when the corporations get bigger in size, apart from the
economic responsibility of earning profits, there are many other responsibilities attached
to them which are more of non-financial/social in nature. These are the expectations of
the society from these corporate to give something in return to the society with whose
explicit or implicit help these entities stand where CSR is understood to be the way
firms integrate social, environmental and economic concerns into their values, culture,
decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent and accountable manner and
thereby establish better practices within the firm, create wealth and improve society.

Corporate Social Responsibility is nothing but what an organisation does, to positively

influence the society in which it exists. It could take the form of community
relationship, volunteer assistance programmes, special scholarships, preservation of
cultural heritage and beautification of cities.

The term Corporate Social responsibility refers to the concept of business being
accountable for how it manages the impact of its processes on stakeholders and takes
responsibility for producing a positive effect on society.

Why CSR at All?

Business cannot exist in isolation; business cannot be oblivious to societal development.

The social responsibility of business can be integrated into the business purpose so as to
build a positive synergy between the two.
1. CSR creates a favourable public image, which attracts customers. Reputation or
brand equity of the products of a company which understands and demonstrates its
social responsibilities is very high. Customers trust the products of such a company and
are willing to pay a premium on its products. Organizations that perform well with
regard to CSR can build reputation, while those that perform poorly can damage brand
and company value when exposed. Brand equity, is founded on values such as trust,
credibility, reliability, quality and consistency.

2. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities have its advantages. It builds up a

positive image encouraging social involvement of employees, which in turn develops a
sense of loyalty towards the organization, helping in creating a dedicated workforce
proud of its company. Employees like to contribute to the cause of creating a better
society. Employees become champions of a company for which they are proud to work.

3. Society gains through better neighbourhoods and employment opportunities, while

the organization benefits from a better community, which is the main source of its
workforce and the consumer of its products.

4. Public needs have changed leading to changed expectations from consumers. The
industry/ business owes its very existence to society and has to respond to needs of the
society.

5. The company's social involvement discourages excessive regulation or intervention

from the Government or statutory bodies, and hence gives greater freedom and
flexibility in decision-making.

6. The internal activities of the organisation have an impact on the external

environment, since the society is an interdependent system.

7. A business organization has a great deal of power and money, entrusted upon it by
the society and should be accompanied by an equal amount of responsibility. In other
words, there should be a balance between the authority and responsibility.
8. The good public image secured by one organization by their social responsiveness
encourages other organizations in the neighbourhood or in the professional group to
adapt themselves to achieve their social responsiveness.

9. The atmosphere of social responsiveness encourages co-operative attitude between

groups of companies. One company can advise or solve social problems that other
organizations could not solve.

10. Companies can better address the grievances of its employees and create
employment opportunities for the unemployed.

11. A company with its “ear to the ground” through regular stakeholder dialogue is in
a better position to anticipate and respond to regulatory, economic, social and
environmental changes that may occur.

12. Financial institutions are increasingly incorporating social and environmental

criteria into their assessment of projects. When making decisions about where to place
their money, investors are looking for indicators of effective CSR management.

13. In a number of jurisdictions, governments have expedited approval processes for

firms that have undertaken social and environmental activities beyond those required by
regulation.

The Corporate Social Responsibility Voluntary Guidelines issued by the MCA in

December 2009 was the first step towards mainstreaming the concept of Business
Responsibilities. Through these Guidelines, the Ministry urged the business sector to
adopt the principles contained in the Guidelines for responsible business practices. The
document also said that “after considering the experience of the adoption of these
Guidelines by the Indian corporate sector and consideration of relevant feedback and
other related issues, the Government may initiate the exercise for review of these
Guidelines and further improvement after one year.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY UNDER THE COMPANIES
ACT, 2013

The Companies Act, 2013 has introduced the concept of Corporate Social
Responsibility in India to the forefront. It aims to promote greater transparency
and disclosure. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs notified Section
135 and Schedule VII of the Companies Act 2013 as well as the Companies
(Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014 which came into effect from
April 1, 2014. The MCA further issued Circular No. 21/2014 and 36/2014 to
clarify on certain matters. Notification making further amendments in Schedule VII was
issued on August 2014 and Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy).

Amendment Rules, 2015 were released on January 2015. The provisions of the Act and
the Rules amended till July 2015 are given below-

Definition of CSR

The term ‘CSR’ is defined in the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy)
Rules to mean and include but not limited to:

-projects or programs relating to activities specified in the Schedule VII of the Act; or

-projects or programs relating to activities undertaken by the Board in pursuance of

recommendations of the CSR Committee as per the declared CSR policy subject to the
condition that such policy covers subjects enumerated in the Schedule VII of the Act.
Corporate Social Reporting: [mandatory Disclosure Requirements]

It is mandatory for companies to disclose in Board’s Report, an annual report on CSR.

The report of the Board of Directors attached to the financial statements of the
Company would also need to include an annual report on the CSR activities of the
company in the format prescribed containing following particulars –

○ A brief outline of the company's CSR policy, including overview of projects or

programs proposed to be undertaken and a reference to the web-link to the CSR
policy and projects or programs.

○ The Composition of the CSR Committee.

○ Average net profit of the company for last three financial years

○ Prescribed CSR Expenditure

○ Details of CSR spent during the financial year.

○ In case the company has failed to spend the two per cent of the average net profit of
the last three financial years or any part thereof, the company shall provide the
reasons for not spending the amount in its Board report.

○ A responsibility statement of the CSR Committee that the implementation and

monitoring of CSR Policy, is in compliance with CSR objectives and Policy of the
company. If the company has been unable to spend the minimum required on its
CSR initiatives, the reasons for not doing so are to be specified in the Board Report.
If a company has a website, the CSR policy and the report containing details of
such activities have to be made available on the company’s website for
informational purposes.
Tata Steel [TISCO] – A company that also makes steel

Tata Steel’s Vision strikes a balance between economic value as well as ecological and
societal value by aspiring to be "a Global Benchmark in Value Creation and Corporate
Citizenship". In the initial years, Tata Steel's CSR interventions were more as a
'provider' to society where the community was given support for its

Overall needs, both for sustenance and development. Gradually, the shift in approach
led to Tata Steel being an 'enabler' focusing on building community capacity through
training programmes; focusing on providing technical support rather than giving aid. At
present, CSR interventions of Tata Steel focus on 'sustainable development' to enhance
the quality of life of people. It guides the Company in its race to excel in all areas of
sustainability. J R D Tata the Chairman of the Tata Group believed that, "to create good
working conditions, to pay the best wages to its employees and provide decent housing
to its employees are not enough for the industry, the aim of an industry should be to
discharge its overall social responsibilities to the community and the society at large,
where industry is located." Guided by this mandate, Tata Steel has for decades uses its
skills and resources, to the extent it can reasonably afford, to give back to the
community a fair share of the product of its efforts.

The Company supports and propagates the principles of the United Nations Global
Compact as a Founder Member, is a signatory to the World steel Sustainability Charter
and supports the Affirmative Action programme of the Confederation of Indian
Industry. Tata Steel’s approach to business has evolved from the concept that the wealth
created must be continuously returned to society. The responsibility of combining the
three elements of society - social, environmental, and economic - is of utmost
importance to the way of life at Tata Steel.
Today, Tata Steel’s CSR activities in India encompass the Company’s Steel Works, Iron
ore mines and collieries, reaching out to the city of Jamshedpur, its peri-urban areas and
over 800 villages in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Community
involvement is a characteristic of all Tata Steel Group companies around the world. It
can take the form of financial support, provision of materials and the involvement of
time, skills and enthusiasm of employees. The Group contributes to a very wide range of
social, cultural, educational, sporting, charitable and emergency assistance programmes.
The Company works in partnership with the Government, national and international
development organisations, local NGOs and the community to ensure sustainable development.

The Corporate Services Division delivers these responsibilities through several

institutionalized bodies:

• Tata Steel Corporate Social Responsibility and Accountability Policy

• Corporate Social Responsibility

• Tata Steel Rural Development Society (TSRDS)

• Tribal Cultural Society (TCS)

• Tata Steel Family Initiatives Foundation (TSFIF)

• Tata Steel Skill Development Society (TSSDS)

• Education

• Medical Services

• Urban Services

• Sports Department

• Tata Steel Adventure Foundation

• JUSCO
• Other societies like Ardeshir Dalal Memorial Hospital, Blood Banks, Kanti Lal
Gandhi Memorial

Hospital etc.)

• Tata Relief Committee

To assess the effectiveness of its social initiatives Tata Steel has innovatively devised a
Human Development Index (HDI). In 2012-13, HDI assessment was completed for 230
villages. The Corporate Social Responsibility Advisory Council was also created with
the objective that this apex body along with the results of the measurement of HDI will
enable the Group to direct its social initiatives better and allocate resources more
efficiently.
ENVIRONMENT AND
SOCIETY
Environment - Introduction
Environment as the term itself indicates is anything that surrounds or environs
us. Environment in this sense is made of all those things which though distinct
from us affect our life or activity in some way. It consists of all surroundings and
influences, whatsoever that are present whenever an event occurs.

The relation between individual and society is very close. Essentially, “society” is
the regularities, customs and ground rules of antihuman behavior. These
practices are tremendously important to know how humans act and interact
with each other. Society does not exist independently without individual.

Humans have needed to be sensitive to their surroundings to survive, which

means that we have an innate awareness of our environment and seek out
environments with certain qualities.

First of all, humans have a strong need for safety and security and look for those
attributes in their environment. We also look for physical comfort, such as an
environment with the right temperature. In addition, we seek an environment
that is psychologically comfortable: for example, environments that are familiar,
but offer the right amount of stimulus.

Environment can roughly defined as “the sum total of all conditions and
influences that affect the life and development of organisms. Life originated and
flourish on earth because of the environment. Every organism influences its
environment and in turn gets influenced by it. We are an integral part of the
environment.

Among all living organisms man influences environment the most and can also
modify the environment to some extent as per his needs. Changes in
environment affects us. Man has been influencing the environment since the
beginning of human civilization through his activities.

Rapid population growth, industrialization, faster modes of transport,

urbanization and increasing human activities has contributed to the pollution of
environment. Environmental pollution has several impacts on society.
Environmental pollution causes serious problems like global warming, depletion
of ozone layer, extinction of biodiversity etc. Large scale degradation of the
environment not only causes pollution but may jeopardize the very existence of
human society.

There is no end to human needs. Desire to develop is one of the basic need of
human beings. To satisfy his increasing needs and to develop man has been
exploiting nature vigorously which led to serious environmental degradation and
pollution. This may have the following impact on society.

1. Environmental pollution resulted in increase of temperature of atmosphere which

resulted in global warming.
2. Air pollution resulted in depletion of ozone layer which causes multiple health
hazards.
3. It may lead to acid rain and smog.
4. It spreads different kinds of diseases in society.
5. It affects the fertility of soil and resulted in food shortage.
6. Environmental pollution is a formidable threat to the quality of life and put a check
on development process.
7. It fosters environmental awareness among different sections of society.
8. It leads to climate change which affects production and life style.
9. It disturbs terrestrial ecosystems.
10. It led to frequent occurrence of environmental disaster and there by brings changes
in society.
11. It puts renewed emphasis on non-conventional energy sources.
12. It creates need for proper planning and efficient environmental management.
13. Economic development is replaced by sustainable development.
14. It creates need for conservation or protection of environment for a healthy living.
15. It creates need for compensating afforestation on the patita or non-forest lands.

Crisis and Responses:

Life originated and exists on earth because of environment. Because
environment provides all necessary conditions of existence. No living being can
survive without its environment. All living organisms influence its environment
and in turn get influenced by it. But man being the most intelligent creature
interacts with the environment more vigorously than other organisms.

With the rapid growth of population demand for materials increases rapidly.
Industrialization and urbanization further worsens the situation. It forces man
to exploit nature mercilessly. He devastated forests by cutting trees, killed
animals, pollutes the air, water and soil and upset the ecological balance. All this
resulted in pollution of environment and environmental crisis.

Environmental crisis refers to a catastrophic situation in which the normal

pattern of life or ecosystem has been disrupted which needs timely interventions
to save and preserve environment. It may be due to manmade causes, accident
or negligence and result in substantial damage to or deflection of environment.
Environmental crisis causes natural disaster and seriously affects life, economy,
agriculture and food security. Hence it is one of the greatest concern of the world
community. The cost of environmental crisis is too heavy to bear.

The threat to environment arises from different sources such as (1) the need to
meet the increasing energy requirements (2) the impact of industrialization (3)
the effect of expanding urbanization (4) the challenge of managing the huge
quantities of solid waste. (5) to meet the increasing requirements of huge
population.

Some of the environmental crisis of the present day are global warming,
greenhouse effect, climate change, acid rain, ozone depletion etc.
Global warming
Global warming is one of the much talked about environmental crises of the
recent years causing concern all over the world. Continuous increase in the
emission of Co, from different sources into the atmosphere affects the heat
balance of the earth. Continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere trap more heat and prevents the heat from the earth’s
surface to radiate back to the outer space.

This increases temperature of atmosphere. This increase in the global mean

temperature is known as global warming. Global warming is an effect of
continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. The increase of
Co, concentration in the troposphere led to the increase of temperature. This
phenomenon of increasing temperature of earth’s atmosphere along with the
increase in the concentration of CO2is called as global warming.

Greenhouse Effect:

Greenhouse effect is another environmental crisis facing our world. Chlorofluoro

carbons (Co2) carbon dioxide, Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N,0) are called
as greenhouse gases. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere has brought changes in the environment. The amount of heat
trapped in the atmosphere depends on the concentration of greenhouse gases
and the length of time they remain in the atmosphere.

The lower level of atmosphere traps heat by a natural process due to the presence
of greenhouse gases or radiatively active gases. This is called greenhouse effect.
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would trap
more and more long wave radiations or heat which resulted in enhanced
greenhouse effect. This increased greenhouse effect increases the global
temperature and resulted in global warming. The increasing concentration of
greenhouse gases is now a global concern.
Climate Change:
Climate refers to the average weather condition of an area. It ordinarily refers to
the changes in climate. It includes seasonal variations, atmospheric conditions
and weather extremes averaged over a long period of time. It is a truism that any
small changes in climatic condition may affect agricultural production, pattern
of rainfall, wind flow and migration of animal. Increased human activities along
with rapid population growth are mainly responsible for changes in climate.
Increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and global warming upset the
delicate balance between various components of environment and upset the
hydrological cycle which resulted in climate change in different regions of the
world.

Acid Rain:

Acid rain as the name implies is the acidic water received by the earth through
rain. Lightning produce oxides of nitrogen naturally. Nitrogen oxides are a group
of primary pollutants which are produced by automobile during combustion of
petroleum. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and also produced during
combustion of coal in industry.
Save the Environment
20 Easy Ways You Can Contribute To Save the Environment
We keep hearing about environmental pollutions, global warming every day; but
very few of us take actions to protect our environment, our planet. Have you ever
thought how you can contribute?

Here is a list of 20 ways you can contribute to save the environment:

1. Try to be careful using water, gas and electricity. Make sure you don’t waste water,
switch off electric and electronic machines when not necessary and use gas only as
little as you need.
2. Consider installing skylights and solar tubes and switching to LED or compact
fluorescent light bulbs.
3. Use air conditioning units as less as possible or consider not using at all because it
uses a lot of electricity.
4. From time to time, check for leaks in your home’s gas and water lines and repair as
required to ensure no water and gas is wasted.
5. Try to use the products that can be easily recycled and avoid using products that
generate a lot of waste. Consider avoiding disposable products.
6. Make a habit of recycling products and using products that are made of recycled
materials.
7. Consider buying products from companies that have eco-friendly policies and avoid the
ones without any such policies.
8. Try to use less packaging products because different packaging products are the
largest contributor to our municipal solid waste stream.
9. Do not waste food. Make sure you cook only as little as you eat. Try conserving the
leftover food and eat that in your next meal. This will allow you to keep your personal
expenses low at the same time will lessen the pressure of producing more using our
natural resources.
10. You can change your transportation habits as well. Consider walking and using bicycle
for local trips. Consider using mass transports such as public bus instead of using a
private car.
11. Consider making use of rainwater. Rainwater can be used effectively in different
purposes.
12. Give a lift to one of your colleagues if you drive alone to your office.
13. Avoid air travel because it generates 3 times more carbon dioxide per passenger than
rails.
14. Consider coloring your home’s roofs white to ensure you need less energy to lightening
your rooms.
15. Plant trees in your neighborhood as many as you can. Take care of the plants and
make your neighborhood animal and wildlife friendly.
16. Join an environmental movement; make people aware of different negative
environmental impacts of their activities. Join an environmental movement to make
necessary changes to the national and global policies.
17. Teach and encourage people to conserve natural resources.
18. Try to use less paper because papers are made from trees. Re-use file folders and
envelops. Copy or print on both sides of papers.
19. Consider using cloth diapers instead of paper diapers.
20. Try avoiding using electric exercise machines.
Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is an alternate term for garbage management. As long
as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has
been an issue, and modern societies generate far more solid waste than early
humans ever did.

Daily life in industrialized nations can generate several pounds of solid waste per
consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that
manufacture goods purchased by consumers.

The broad categories of garbage are:

i. Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.

ii. Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

iii. Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, and plastics.

iv. Hospital waste such as cloth with blood, syringes.

Effects of Solid Waste Pollution:

Municipal solid wastes heap up on the roads due to improper disposal system.
People clean their own houses and litter their immediate surroundings which
affect the community including themselves.

This type of dumping allows biodegradable materials to decompose under

uncontrolled and unhygienic conditions. This produces foul smell and breeds
various types of insects and infectious organisms besides spoiling the aesthetics
of the site. Industrial solid wastes are sources of toxic metals and hazardous
wastes, which may spread on land and can cause changes in physicochemical
and biological characteristics thereby affecting productivity of soils.
Toxic substances may leach or percolate to contaminate the ground water. In
refuse mixing, the hazardous wastes are mixed with garbage and other
combustible wastes. This makes segregation and disposal all the more difficult
and risky.

Various types of wastes like cans, pesticides, cleaning solvents, batteries (zinc,
lead or mercury), radioactive materials, plastics and e-waste are mixed up with
paper, scraps and other non-toxic materials which could be recycled. Burning of
some of these materials produces dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls,
which have the potential to cause various types of ailments including cancer.

Methods of Solid Wastes Disposal:

i. Sanitary Landfill

ii. Incineration

iii. Composting

iv. Pyrolysis

i. Sanitary Land Filling:

In a sanitary landfill, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered
with clay or plastic foam. In the modern landfills the bottom is covered with an
impermeable liner, usually several layers of clay, thick plastic and sand. The
liner protects the ground water from being contaminated due to percolation of
leachate.

Leachate from bottom is pumped and sent for treatment. When landfill is full it
is covered with clay, sand, gravel and top soil to prevent seepage of water. Several
wells are drilled near the landfill site to monitor if any leakage is contaminating
ground water. Methane produced by anaerobic decomposition is collected and
burnt to produce electricity or heat.

Sanitary Landfills Site Selection:

a. Should be above the water table, to minimize interaction with groundwater.

b. Preferably located in clay or silt.

c. Must not be placed in a rock quarry, as water can leech through the cracks
inherent in rocks into a water fracture system.

d. Must not be located in sand or gravel pits, as these have high leeching.

e. Must not be located in a flood plain. Most garbage tends to be less dense than
water, so if the area of the landfill floods, the garbage will float to the top and
wash away downstream.

Adverse impacts from landfill operations.

* Fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles).

* Infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles).

* Pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater

and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage,
as well as after landfill closure).

* Off gassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a

greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be
a danger to inhabitants of an area).

* Harboring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly
operated landfills.

ii. Incineration:

The term incinerates means to burn something until nothing is left but ashes.
An incinerator is a unit or facility used to burn trash and other types of waste
until it is reduced to ash. An incinerator is constructed of heavy, well-insulated
materials, so that it does not give off extreme amounts of external heat.

The high levels of heat are kept inside the furnace or unit so that the waste is
burned quickly and efficiently. If the heat were allowed to escape, the waste
would not burn as completely or as rapidly. Incineration is a disposal method in
which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them
into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue
of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water
management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 per
cent of the original volume.

Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes
described as “thermal treatment”. Incineration is carried out both on a small
scale by individuals and on a large scale by industries. It is recognized as a
practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials. Incineration
is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of
gaseous pollutants.

iii. Composting:

Due to shortage of space for landfill in bigger cities, the biodegradable yard waste
(kept separate from the municipal waste) is allowed to degrade or decompose in
a medium. A good quality nutrient rich and environmental friendly manure is
formed which improves the soil conditions and fertility.

Organic matter constitutes 35%-40% of the municipal solid waste. This waste
can be recycled by the method of composting, one of the oldest forms of disposal.
It is the natural process of decomposition of organic waste that yields manure or
compost, which is very rich in nutrients.

Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and

bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into humus like substance. This
finished product, which looks like soil, is high in carbon and nitrogen and is an
excellent medium for growing plants.

The process of composting ensures the waste that is produced in the kitchens is
not carelessly thrown and left to rot. It recycles the nutrients and returns them
to the soil as nutrients. Apart from being clean, cheap, and safe, composting can
significantly reduce the amount of disposable garbage.

The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better
specially when used for vegetables. It increases the soil’s ability to hold water
and makes the soil easier to cultivate. It also helps the soil retain more of the
plant nutrients.

Vermi-composting has become very popular in the last few years. In this method,
worms are added to the compost. These help to break the waste and the added
excreta of the worms makes the compost very rich in nutrients. A vermi-compost
pit can be easily made in schools or in the gardens at homes. To make a compost
pit, a cool, shaded corner of the garden or the school compound can be selected
and a pit can be dug, which ideally should be 3 feet deep. This depth is
convenient for aerobic composting as the compost has to be turned at regular
intervals in this process.

Preferably the pit should be lined with granite or brick to prevent nitrite pollution
of the subsoil water, which is known to be highly toxic. Each time organic matter
is added to the pit it should be covered with a layer of dried leaves or a thin layer
of soil which allows air to enter the pit thereby preventing bad odour. At the end
of 45 days, the rich pure organic matter is ready to be used

Benefits of composting:

* Compost allows the soil to retain more plant nutrients over a longer period.

* It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants.

* It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity, or the

excessive use of chemical fertilizer.

* It makes soil easier to cultivate.

*It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter.

* It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered.

* It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden.

iv. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials
by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and
at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F).

In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.

Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of
oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials are present in the waste,
thermal desorption will also occur.

Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid, and a
solid residue containing carbon and ash. The off-gases may also be treated in a
secondary thermal oxidation unit. Particulate removal equipment is also
required. Several types of pyrolysis units are available, including the rotary kiln,
rotary hearth furnace, and fluidized bed furnace. These units are similar to
incinerators except that they operate at lower temperatures and with less air
supply.

Limitations and Concerns:

a. The technology requires drying of soil prior to treatment.

b. Limited performance data are available for systems treating hazardous wastes
containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and other organics. There
is concern that systems that destroy chlorinated organic molecules by heat have
the potential to create products of incomplete combustion, including dioxins and
furans. These compounds are extremely toxic in the parts per trillion ranges.

c. The molten salt is usually recycled in the reactor chamber. However,

depending on the waste treated (especially inorganics) and the amount of ash,
spent molten salt may be hazardous and require special care in disposal.

d. Pyrolysis is not effective in either destroying or physically separating

inorganics from the contaminated medium. Volatile metals may be removed as a
result of the higher temperatures associated with the process, but they are not
destroyed. By-products containing heavy metals may require stabilization before
final disposal.
e. When the off-gases are cooled, liquids condense, producing an oil/tar residue
and contaminated water. These oils and tars may be hazardous wastes, requiring
proper treatment, storage, and disposal.

These disadvantages limit the scope of usage of Pyrolysis.

Liquid Waste Management

Liquid wastes mainly consist of waste water from residential, commercial and
industrial areas in towns and cities. This waste water contains many dissolvable
unwanted and rejected substances. In cities and towns, waste water is
transported through sewerage system having a network of underground pipes
called sewers.

Sewage is waste water containing solid and liquid excreta coming from houses,
streets, industries etc. Silage is another term applied to waste liquid not
containing excreta. Sewage water mainly has 99.9 percent of water and rest 0.1
percent of organic and inorganic substances.

This waste water carries many bacteria which cause diseases. Organic matter
decomposes to give different color to the water and it also gives bad odor to the
liquid. The sewage water is managed to get it free from pollution and can be
reused for agricultural and other uses.

The treatment to such sewage mainly focused on three things.

They are:

(a) Removal of the suspended matters

(b) Reduction of the organic matter through decomposition by bacterial action.

(c) Production of germ free water safe for environment.

Management of liquid waste through sewage treatment:

There are three stages for treatment of sewage water. They are:

1. Primary or physical treatment.

2. Secondary or Biological treatment.

3. Tertiary or chemical treatment.

1. Primary treatment:

It is the process of mechanically removing the solid materials present in water

through metal screening, Grid chambers and sedimentation. Metal screening
removes large floating objects such as small piece of woods, rags, masses of
garbage and dead insects and animals.

The Grit chamber allows the settlement of heavier solids such as sand into the
bottom layer. The waste water is then allowed to pass into a big sedimentation
tank where the liquid spends about 6- 8 hours. During this time about 50 to 70
percent of the solids settle down under the influence of gravitational force.

During this process a small amount of decomposition takes place by the

microorganisms present in sewage breaking down the organic matter present.
The organic matter after breaking down settles down into a layer called sludge.

This sludge is removed mechanically. Primary treatment removes about 60

percent of floating solid bodies, 30 percent of oxygen demanding wastes, 20
percent of nitrogen compounds, and 10 percent of phosphorous compounds.

2. Secondary Treatment:

It is a biological oxidation of organic matter. It is achieved by filter method or by

sludge process. In the filter method, the waste water is sprinkled over the surface
of a bed of small stones of one to two metres deep. When the water percolates
through the stone bed, a very complex biological growth of algae, fungi, protozoa
and bacteria occurs. By this formation, the waste water gets oxidised. The
oxidised waste water is then passed into the sedimentation tanks.

The sludge process is a modern method of management of waste water. The

liquid from the sedimentation tank is mixed with sludge collected from the final
tank. This sludge is called activated sludge as it is rich in aerobic bacteria
(bacterial which can survive only in presence of oxygen). This activated sludge is
then subjected to aeration. By aeration the organic matter of waste liquid gets
oxidized into carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. Organisms causing diseases
like typhoid, cholera are destroyed is the stage.

The oxidised waste liquid is then passed into a secondary sedimentation tank
where activated sludge is collected. The volume and characteristics of the sludge
is reduced through anaerobic (devoid of oxygen) auto digestion. In this process,
complex compounds are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and
ammonia. This substance works as a good fertiliser.

3. Tertiary Treatment:

The residue from earlier two treatment process still leave about 10 percent of
suspended solid bodies, 10 percent of the oxygen demanding wastes, 30 percent
of toxic metal compounds, 50 percent of Nitrogen and 70 percent of
phosphorous. This Tertiary Treatment method is an advanced form of chemical
and physical process.

The most common methods in this treatment is precipitation of suspended

particles, filtration with carbon to resolve dissolve organic compounds and
reverse osmosis by passage through a membrane to remove dissolve organic and
inorganic materials. Chlorination is also required at the end to remove disease
causing bacteria and other germs.

Waste water treatment method

Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes for the management of waste liquid:

The algae are a unicellular plant that mostly grows in upper layer of water or on
stones present in the water. These are very useful for waste liquid purification.
Algae and bacteria used together is an efficient method for recovery of waste
water over bacterial action. This process is also very inexpensive. In the algae-
bacteria combination, an alga provides oxygen to remove toxic elements. Bacteria
on the other hand degrade organic matter aerobically.
The aquatic plants are also used in the treatment of waste water. These plants
when grown in high nutrient water grow well and double their population in two
weeks time. It is able to clean waste water containing various organic materials.

E-Waste Management
"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of
their "useful life."E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of
some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on
their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a
threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions,
VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio
equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other
substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused,
refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are
less harmful to the ecosystem.

Considering the severity of the problem, it is imperative that certain management

options be adopted to handle the bulk e-wastes. Following are some of the
management options suggested for the government, industries and the public.

Responsibilities of the Government

Governments should be responsible for providing an adequate system of laws,

controls and administrative procedures for hazardous waste management (Third
World Network. 1991). Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed
and revamped. A comprehensive law that provides e-waste regulation and
management and proper disposal of hazardous wastes is required. Such a law
should empower the agency to control, supervise and regulate the relevant
activities of government departments.

Responsibility and Role of industries

Companies can and should adopt waste minimization techniques, which will
make a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and thereby
lessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production" system that
designs infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained within e-
wastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various plastics,
glass and wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system offers
a win-win situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined for raw
materials, and groundwater will be protected.

Responsibilities of the Citizen

Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management

option including recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of
valuable products and keeps them out of the waste management system for a
longer time. But care should be taken while donating such items i.e. the items
should be in working condition.

Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also

benefits society. By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations,
and lower-income families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could
not afford.

E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes.
This should be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various
organizations.
Zero Waste Management
Zero Waste is a philosophy and a design principle for the 21st Century. It
includes ‘recycling’ but goes beyond recycling by taking a ‘whole system’
approach to the vast flow of resources and waste through human society.

“Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient and visionary, to guide
people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural
cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others
to use.

Zero Waste maximizes recycling, minimizes waste, reduces consumption and

ensures that products are made to be reused, repaired or recycled back into
nature or the marketplace.

Benefits of Zero Waste

● redesigns the current, one-way industrial system into a circular system modeled on
Nature’s successful strategies
● challenges badly designed business systems that “use too many resources to make
too few people more productive”
● addresses, through job creation and civic participation, increasing wastage of
human resources and erosion of democracy
● helps communities achieve a local economy that operates efficiently, sustains good
jobs, and provides a measure of self-sufficiency.
● aims to eliminate rather than manage waste
 5R’s of Zero Waste Management
An article from a thoughtful person

Zero Waste starts by refusing things. Whatever you still have and use you
should reduce to save resources. Substitute disposables for reusable options,
and instead of tossing things repair them! Separate what little trash you have left
and make sure to recycle. Compost what’s left and let it rot.

1. Refuse
Refusing will eliminate most of your trash.

Learn to say no! Say no to produce wrapped in plastic! Say no to freebies and
bargains! Say no to disposables! Say not to participate in unsustainable practices!

The more we accept all those things that will inevitably end up in landfills, the
more demand we generate for those unsustainable things.

Easily disposable items of low quality are cheap and we buy them because we
didn’t have to spend a lot of money. But cheap things are cheap for a reason. To
cut the costs, they were produced using chemicals and materials from
questionable sourcing, which means very often they leech toxins! And they
couldn’t be sold at such low prices if workers – very often children – weren’t
exploited along the production process.

In the long run, those low-quality items will cost you even more than buying a good
quality one from the start, since most are made to break easily – so you will buy a
new one to replace it!

Tips
● Buying in big supermarkets often mean more packaging, even in the produce
section. Shop at the farmer’s market or at small local stores. They are usually
also very more open to individual solutions
● Take out your phone and take pictures of pamphlets or business cards. Accept
the information, but not the physical item! This way you have all the crucial
information on you at all times. I mean, cross my heart, I’d lose those cards
anyway, but I am very careful not to lose my phone!
● Freebies like pens or swag bags are tempting. VERY tempting. To be honest, I am
actually a cheap person. I was brought up in a bargain hunting crazed family.
We would spend a LOT of money on useless cheap things just because they were
a steal. What helped me resist the temptation to always grab everything free
within my arm’s reach was to remind myself of the horrible carbon footprint, the
exploitation of workers, and how in the end, those things will become clutter and
a problem. Too useless to keep, too “good” to throw away.

2. Reduce
I always thought that it was only me. Every time I opened my closet and I saw all
the unworn pieces of clothing, I felt bad. Just a while back when I started to get
rid of 80% of my wardrobe I asked around, and it turned out that it’s a very normal
phenomenon!

We all have a lot of things at home we never use. Some of them we haven’t even
ever unpacked! Why? Because we buy on impulse. We see something, in that
specific moment we like it, and bam, we bought it. However, the novelty and joy
of having it wears out very quickly and then it’s just another item we have at home
that doesn’t add any value to our life.

Also, reduce your overall consumption. But if you actually refuse everything that
comes packaged in plastic you will have anyway.

Pare down and give your things a second life

All those things you are not using or do not really need had to be produced at one
point. It’s a waste of resources to have them collect dust at your home. Donate or
sell them. This way, someone else can reuse your things instead of buying new
products, using up more resources.

You can donate your things to Good Will, or you can give them away using local
Facebook groups. You can also sell clothes and electronics on eBay, Craigslist, at
a flea market or host a garage sale. Nowadays, there are more and more swap
parties where you can swap your unwanted stuff with one another. Everybody
leaves happy and nobody had to spend a dime :).

Simplify your life

Clever marketing campaigns and TV ads have taught us that we have a lot of
needs, and that there is at least one uber specialized product for each of our crazy
needs. I used to have a face cream for daytime (for super sensitive skin), another
one for nighttime (extra rich), another one for winter (daytime), another one for
summer (daytime), another aqua-something one called night-repair, then an anti-
aging eye cream (with Q10), a daytime eye cream with SPF, a super moisturizing
eye cream (nighttime)… I could go on and on and on, but, you get the idea ;).

Now I only use oils we also use for cooking. Usually that’s sunflower seed, olive
and coconut oil. I usually break out very easily and some of those uber creams left
 my skin read and ichty for weeks. I’ve been using mainly oil (I did use up some of
my lotions and creams) for a year now and my skin has never been better!

We only use white vinegar and sometimes a bit of baking soda for cleaning, and
we use alep soap to wash our entire body (hands, face, body, feet – everything),
our clothes and our dishes (we make detergent out of alep soap and baking soda).
You can even use alep soap to wash your hair if you use vinegar (1/4 cup vinegar
+ 1 cup of water) to rinse it afterwards. That’s all you need to keep yourself and
your home clean. No more toxins and a lot more cupboard space where our army
of cleaning products used to be!

3. Reuse (and repair)

Disposables are, well, disposable. Which means you have to buy them over and
over. Which in turn means you keep spending money on things that you will throw
away. You might as well throw away your money directly. At least that would
have a better carbon footprint…

It’s very easy to replace disposables:

● Disposable razors – electric shaver, straight-edge razor, double-blade razor

● Cotton rounds – washable cotton rounds
● Tissues – handkerchiefs
● Paper towels – microfibre or cotton cloths
● Paper napkins – cloth napkins (or just use handkerchiefs)
● Dish sponge – cotton cloth
● Tea bags – loose tea and a tea strainer/ french press
● Coffee pads/ filter cones – french press/ reusable coffee filter cones or pads
● Baking parchment – grease the cake pan/ silicon mat
● Tin foil/ cling film – put it in a food container or jar, or wrap it in a dish towel
● Paper bags/ plastic bags – bring your own cloth/ tote bag
● Disposable lunch bags – stainless steel food containers, mason jars, dish
towels
● Bottled water – a good quality glass or stainless steel water bottle (preferably
plastic-free or at least BPA-free) and tap water; if you do not trust tap water cook
it beforehand (you use it for cooking anyway, right)
● Toothpics – turkey lacers
● Muffin paper liners – grease your muffin tray
● Trash bags/ bin liners – at some point you might not need those anymore ;),
until then go for newpaper origami
● Cleaning wipes – microfibre or cotton cloth and your homemade vinegar
cleaning solution (1/4 cup distilled vinegar + 1 cup of water)
● Toilet paper – a bottle, water, soap and a washcloth
Also, pack your lunches in reusable food containers and shop with reusables.

If things break, repair them or have them repaired. Mend clothes, upcycle items
you would otherwise toss. Buy second hand and remember: some things you don’t
have to actually own, it’s sufficient to have access (i.e. movies, music, library, tools,
or even cars or office space).

4. Recycle
After you have refused, reduced, and reused there shouldn’t be much left to
recycle. Still, make sure to separate your trash so that those resources can be
reused instead of filling our landfills.

5. Rot
Don’t just throw your kitchen scraps away! Get a worm bin and let those little
fellows turn your waste into high-quality fertilizer! It’s the most efficient and local
form of recycling where the trash doesn’t even need to be transported wasting fuel
and whatnot
Social Issues

A social cause is a problem that influences a considerable number of individuals

within a society. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an
individual's control, and is the source of a conflicting opinion on the grounds of
what is perceived as a morally just personal life or societal order.

Social Issues in India

India is an ancient country and according to some estimates, Indian civilization
is about five thousand years of age. Therefore, it is natural that its society will
also be very old and complex. Throughout its long period of history, India has
witnessed and received several waves of immigrants such as Aryans, Muslims
etc. These people brought with themselves their own ethnic varieties and
cultures and contributed to India’s diversity, richness and vitality.

Therefore, Indian society is a complex mix of diverse cultures, people, beliefs and
languages which may have come from anywhere but now is a part of this vast
country. This complexity and richness gives Indian society a unique appearance
of a very vibrant and colorful cultural country.

Major Problems in India

● Poverty
● Illiteracy
● Terrorism
● Casteism
● Untouchability
● Corruption
● Overpopulation
● Child Marriage
● Starvation
● Child Labour
● Gender Inequality
 ● Dowry
● Domestic Violence against Women
● Sexual Violence against Women
● Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
● Child Sexual Abuse
● Communalism
● Religious Violence
● Marital Rape
● Child Trafficking
● Bonded Labour

Reasons of Social Problems

But the very same complexity brings with itself complex nature of social
problems and issues. In fact every society of the world has their social issues
unique to their society. So does Indian society. Indian society is very rooted in
religious beliefs; there are people of different religious beliefs such as Hindus,
Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, Parsis etc. These all adds to the socio-cultural varieties
of the country. India’s social problems are also rooted in the religious practices
and beliefs of it people. Almost all forms of social issues and problems find their
origin in the religious and cultural practices of the people of India. These social
problems are developed in a long period of times and are still continuing in one
form or other.

Furthermore, India has witnessed several wars of large proportions; several

foreign invaders attacked India in its long history among whom few made this
country as their own and tried to force their socio-religious practices which also
deteriorated social conditions; the long period of British rule crippled the country
and had thrown it into backwardness. Thus, many such reasons may be cited
for India’s social problems but the fact remains that we have these issues and
only we can solve them.

Forms of Social Issues in India

Poverty
Poverty is a condition in which a household is not able to fulfill its basic needs
for survival i.e. food, clothing and shelter. Poverty is a widespread condition in
India. Since Independence, poverty is a prevalent concern. It is the twenty-first
century and poverty still is a persistent menace in the country. India happens to
be country wherein the disparities between the haves and the have-notes are
extremely wide. It needs to be taken into account that although the economy has
shown some visible signs of progress in the last two decades, this progress been
uneven across various sectors or areas. The growth rates are higher in Gujarat
and Delhi as compared to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of the population
doesn’t have proper shelter, access to a decent sanitation system, villages do not
have a nearby water source, and villages also do not have a secondary school
and lack of proper roads. Some sections of the society like the Dalits are not even
included in the poverty list maintained by the concerned authorities assigned by
the government. They’re groups that are marginalized in the society.

The element which further complicates and deteriorates the situation is the
government subsidies system which has leakages in the distribution system.
They never reach the households.

Illiteracy
Illiteracy is a condition which becomes a blot on the development of nation. India
possesses the largest illiterate population. Illiteracy in India is a problem which
has complex dimensions attached to it. Illiteracy in India is more or less
concerned with different forms of disparities that exist in the country. There are
gender imbalances, income imbalances, state imbalances, caste imbalances,
technological barriers which shape the literacy rates that exist in the country.
The Indian government though has launched several schemes to combat the
menace of illiteracy but due to the poor conditions of sanitation and expensive
private education and defective mid-day meal schemes, illiteracy still prevails.
Not only the government, but every literate person needs to accept the
eradication of illiteracy as a personal goal. Each and every contribution by a
literate person can make a contribution to eradicate the menace.
Child Marriage
According to the United Nations report, India has the second highest number of
child marriages. Marriage is considered to be a sacred union between two mature
and consenting individuals who are ready to accept each other and share
responsibilities for a lifetime. With respect to this context, child marriages
happen to be an unsound institution. Child marriage mars the innocence of
childhood. The Indian Constitution provides for prohibitions against child
marriage through various laws and enactments. The first law that was designed
was the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 which extended to the whole of
India except Jammu and Kashmir. This act defines the ages of an adult male
and female. Also, sex with minors is a criminal offence under Section 376 of the
Indian Penal Code. Proper media sensitization is required for a major change to
take place. While on one hand, it is stated that child marriage will still take nearly
fifty years to be eradicated, genuine efforts, strict enforcements of the legal
provisions and change the scenarios to a great extent.

Starvation
Starvation is a condition characterized by the deficiency in calorie energy intake
and is a serious form of malnutrition which ultimately leads to death if not taken
care about. Historically, starvation has been constant across various human
cultures apart from India. Starvation can take place in a country due to many
reasons like war, famine, the disparities between the rich and the poor and so
on. Malnutrition conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus can also develop
into serious causes of starvation. Generally, the conditions of kwashiorkor and
marasmus arise when people are taking diets which are not rich in nutrients
(proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and fiber). In the context of
India, it becomes needless to say that the food distribution system is flawed. The
Supreme Court has issued orders over the past decades directing the
government to take measures like mid-day meal schemes and the provision of
health care schemes for pregnant and lactating women. The National Food
Security Bill which has become a landmark act does seem to show promises with
respect to its measures of the identification of the poor and the needy, redressal
mechanisms for grievances and children’s entitlements. But, this bill also is not
without its cons. Clear mechanisms with respect to the identification of
beneficiaries have not been defined. The indicators of the poor need to be made
specific. They are vague in description.

Child Labour
Child labour typically means the employment of children in any work with or
without payment. Child labour is not only limited to India, it happens to be a
global phenomenon. As far as India is concerned, the issue is a vicious one as
children in India have historically been helping parents at their farms and other
primitive activities. Over population, illiteracy, poverty, debt trap are some of the
common causes which are instrumental in this issue. Overburdened, debt-
trapped parents fail to understand the importance of a normal childhood under
the pressures of their own troubles and thus it leads to the poor emotional and
mental balance of a child’s brain which is not prepared to undertake rigorous
field or domestic tasks. Multinational companies also recruit children in garment
industries for more work and less pay which is absolutely unethical. Child labour
as a global concern has been raised on international platforms as well. Abolition
of child trafficking, elimination of poverty, free and compulsory education, and
basic standards of living can reduce the problem to a great extent. The World
Band, International Monetary Fund can help in eradicating poverty by providing
loan to the developing countries. Strict implementation of labour laws is also
essential in order to prevent exploitation by parties or multinational companies.

Other varied forms of social problems related to issues such

as Casteism, Untouchability, Bonded Labour, Gender
Inequality, Dowry, Domestic Violence against Women, Sexual Violence against
Women, Child Sexual Abuse, Communalism, Religious Violence, Issues related
to SC/STs, Marital Rape, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace, Child
Trafficking , Overpopulation etc.
The list may go on and it is not a comprehensive list. There are several other
social issues and problems ailing the country but above mentioned ones are
really pressing issues which need immediate attention.

It is not so that social ills have not been fought with; in fact from the ancients
times in our country there have been various social-cultural reformers such as
Budha, Mahavira, Kabir, Gurunanak, Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Mahatma Gandhi,
Dr. Ambedkar, Vinoba Bhave etc who have tried to fight those evils throughout
their lives; they have succeeded also to a certain extent. But still the country is
facing these socio-cultural problems in various degrees which is an unfortunate
reality of 21st century India.

Present Scenario:
We try to present our country as a modern, forward looking nation of the world
and it’s true that India is making strides in the world as a nation with
encouraging developments in scientific, economic and technological fields, but
as far as social developments are concerned it is still one of the lowest ranked
countries of the world. India’s Human Development Index (HDI) rank for 2013 is
135 out of 187 countries of the world which are listed in the report. This shows
the sorry state of affairs as far as India’s situation on social indicators is
concerned. This also shows that we as a society are still people of orthodox beliefs
in a negative sense who do not want to believe in the concept of equality and
brotherhood of all.

Though several Governmental and non-governmental (NGOs) bodies are working

towards improving the existing situation in the social fields but results are not
very encouraging. Perhaps the problem lies in the very deep rooted beliefs in the
minds of people of the country which is not letting the situation to change.

For instance: the issue of Female Feticides is one of the shameful practices in
our country. Though there are various prohibitory measures the Government
and NGOs have taken but the practice is continuing. The real reason for this is
the Patriarchy system of society of our country which considers male as the
superior authority and women as subordinate to them. Therefore, very strong
desire of having a male child in comparison to female child led to the shameful
practice of female feticides. Thus, it is belief system or the cultural conditioning
of the people which is not letting the society to change at a fast pace.

Though there have been several positive changes in the society such as now girls
are also going to school in vast majority and their employment ratio is also
increasing; illiteracy as whole is decreasing; conditions of SC/STs are also
improving etc but situation is far from satisfactory.

We witness inequality against women in our own homes, sexual violence against
women can be heard on daily basis, female feticide is continuing, religious-
communal violence is on the rise, untouchability is still a reality, child labour is
widely practiced etc.

Therefore, there is a lot needs to be done for the situation to improve. And
without changing the mind-set and beliefs of the people it is a very difficult task.
For this purpose educating people about various social problems and sensitizing
them towards changing their way of thinking is the best way forward. Because
without people trying to change themselves, any governmental or non-
governmental efforts will prove as a half-measure. If we want to make India as a
true world leader and a modern 21 st country of the world, it is imperative that
that we make an improvement on our social front.
Social Marketing
Social marketing seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts with other
approaches to social change. Social marketing aims to influence behaviours that
benefit individuals and communities for the greater social good. Think about
some of the biggest challenges that face the world today: health issues like
obesity, or environmental problems like climate change. These issues are often
caused by human behaviour, and so can only be tackled if people change their
lifestyles and habits.

To give an idea of what is involved; here are eight features of social marketing.

1. Behaviour
Social marketing involves trying to change people’s actual behaviour – not just
their attitudes or awareness.

2. Customer orientation
As social marketers, we must stand in the shoes of the people whose behaviour
we are trying to change. We need to understand their lives and their behaviours
from their perspective, not based on what we might think or experience.

3. Theory
We use behavioural theories to help us understand behaviour and to inform the
interventions that we develop.

4. Insight
We conduct research into the behaviours of the people we are interested in to
develop actionable insights that inform the development of interventions to
change their behaviour.

5. Exchange
Changing behaviour usually involves people giving something up (costs) to gain
something else (benefits). We need to understand how people perceive rewards,
benefits, costs and barriers associated with both desired and problem
behaviours. We can then consider what might be done to incentivise the desired
behaviour and disincentivise the problem behaviour.

6. Competition
In designing behaviour change interventions, we need to consider what else
competes for our audience’s time, attention, and their tendency to behave in a
certain way.

7. Segmentation
Not everyone is the same, so a ‘one size fits all’ approach is rarely best. Good
customer insight allows us to identify audience segments, grouping together
people with common characteristics, and to tailor interventions accordingly.

8. Methods mix
Social marketing – like commercial marketing – involves using all of the
Marketing Mix i.e. the ‘7Ps’: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Process, Physical
Evidence and People. It’s about much more than just raising awareness.

What social marketing is not

Social marketing shouldn’t be confused with social media marketing, for example
using Facebook and Twitter. Social media is simply a tool or channel that is
sometimes used within social marketing.

According to Philip Kotler - Social Marketing is "the design, implementation, and

control of programs seeking to increase the acceptability of a social idea or
practise in a target group"

According to W. Smith, Academy for Educational Development - "Social

Marketing is a process for influencing human behaviour on a large scale, using
marketing principles for the purpose of societal benefit rather than commercial
profit."

Social marketing is based on tools and techniques of commercial marketing, it

uses principles of commercial marketing for the purpose of societal benefit. In
social marketing, advertising campaigns are designed, implemented, and
controlled by using the principles of commercial marketing. The key features of
social marketing are taken directly from commercial marketing, but the purpose
of social marketing differs form the purpose of commercial marketing. The
purpose of commercial marketing is to increase sales and revenue, but it is not
so in the case of social marketing.

The purpose of social marketing is societal benefit rather than commercial profit.
Its purpose is to bring about positive health and social change. Its ultimate
outcome is behavioural change rather than increased sales.

Social advertising campaigns are advertising tools that attempt to influence

attitude and behaviour related to social cause. For example, social advertising
campaigns have been used to influence behaviour related to energy
conservation, pollution, tobacco prevention, family planning, breast cancer
screening, and etc.

How Social Responsibility in Marketing Works

Recyclable packaging, promotions that spread awareness of societal issues and
problems, and directing portions of profits toward charitable groups or efforts
are examples of social responsibility marketing strategies. For example, a
clothing company's marketing team may launch a campaign that encourages
consumers to buy a bundle of its socks versus one pair; for every bundle sold,
the company donates a bundle of socks to military personnel overseas or to local
homeless shelters. As a result of these donations, the company brands itself as
socially responsible and ethical, which ultimately attracts customers who are
engaged in socially responsible commitments and who want to support the
welfare of the community.
Social platforms help you connect with customers, increase awareness about
your brand, and boost your leads and sales. With more than three billion people
around the world using social media every month, it's no passing trend.

Social marketing examples

Implementation: child car seats. Social marketing enables you to develop

products, services and communications that fit people's needs and
motivations. ...

Policy: water rationing. ...

Strategy: lung disease strategy. ...

Child car seats in Texas. ...

Water rationing in Jordan. ...

Consider the four “Ps” of marketing when designing your interventions

Product: Think about a tangible object or service you can provide to support or
facilitate behaviour change. Can you offer a new product/service or adapt one
that already exists? Product examples include in-home blood pressure
monitoring kits, improved HIV tests, journals to plan and track food intake,
cessation counselling.

Price: Consider interventions that would decrease the costs to the individual of
taking the desired action (not only monetary cost, but emotional, psychological
and time costs). List out the “price” or barriers for your audience segment to
carry out the desired behaviour, then brainstorm interventions to diminish those
barriers. For example, instituting a walking club program at the workplace for
those who cite lack of support and lack of time as barriers to regular exercise.

Place: Think about where and when the audience will perform the behaviour or
access the new or adapted product/service. How can you make it convenient and
pleasant (even more so than the competing behaviour)? Examples include
placing condom vending machines in bar restrooms, offering help lines that are
available 24 hours a day, having breastfeeding consultants check-in on new
mothers after they leave the hospital. Also think about your “sales force” – the
people that will take your program to the audience. Consider the need for peer
educators, counsellors or others who can make your program or its activities
more accessible.

Promotion: Use your market research to determine the communication

channels and activities that will best reach your audience to promote the benefits
of the desired behaviour. What advertising or public relations media do they pay
attention to (e.g., radio, newspaper, postcard racks)? What special promotional
items would they use (e.g., water bottles, refrigerator magnets, notepads)? What
special events do/would they attend (concerts, health fairs, conferences)? How
can you include influencing audiences? Be sure to promote the Product, Price
and Place features that you want the audience to know about.

6 Phases of a Social Marketing Process

Phase 1: Describe the problem

Based on thorough review of available data, current literature on behavioural

theory and best practices or programmes addressing similar problems
E.g. SWOT-Analysis: finding Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
Develop a strategy team to help develop and promote the program

Phase 2: Conduct the market research

Target audience?
What makes different consumer groups alike/different from each other?
🡪Need to approach different consumer groups in different ways (own priorities and
needs)
🡪E.g. for a general sanitation campaign you cannot have a standard product (e.g.
arborloo) and only promote through one channel (e.g. radio)

Phase 3: Create the market strategy

Heart of marketing program: WHAT you want to achieve and HOW

Based on research findings (Phase 1) select target audience and desired
behaviour
Specify benefits the target audience will receive for behaviour change (benefits
they really care about!)
 Specify key barriers that the program will help the target audience to
overcome

Phase 4: Adapt your marketing mix

Different marketing mix for all identified segments:

Different products
At different prices
Available at different places
Reach segments through different communication tools

Phase 5: Plan monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring data are used to ensure the program is implemented as planned and
whether strategy is suitable
Consider also environmental factors (e.g. policies, economic conditions, new
programmes, structural change): have they changed in ways that affect the
program?

Phase 6: Implement the intervention and evaluation

Implementation of the programme and evaluation takes:

Launching the programme

Producing materials
Procuring needed services
Sequencing, managing and coordinating the respective interventions
Staying on strategy
Fielding the evaluation
Capturing and disseminating findings and lessons learned
Modifying activities as warranted
Non-Government Organization
Definition of NGO
NGO is an abbreviation for Non-Government Organization, where refers
to an association formed by the citizens, that functions
completely autonomous from the government to perform a broad
spectrum of services and humanitarian functions. It is a non-profit
making entity; that operates at a regional, national or international level
depending on its reach and connectivity. It can be incorporated as a
trust, society or a company. These organisations raise its funds from
government, foundations, businesses and private people.
It performs a number of activities, to draw the attention of the
government towards the citizen’s grievances, advocating public policies,
promoting political participation by providing information.
There are many NGOs which work for specific issues like supporting
human rights, women and children’s rights, environmental or health
issues. International Committee Of The Red Cross, Rotary
International, International Air Transport Association (IATA),
International Chamber Of Commerce (ICC), International Organization
For Standardization (ISO) are some well known NGO’s
operating worldwide.
History of NGO
The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945,
when the United Nations (UN) was created and there were 1083 NGOs.
According to the UN any kind of private organization that is independent
from government control can be termed as ‘NGO’.
International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and
the movement for women's suffrage.
Based on Societies Registration Act (SRA) NGO was approved in 1860.
India is estimated to had around 2 million NGOs in 2014.
Definition of NPO
Non-Profit Organization or NPO is a legal entity formed by a group of
persons to promote cultural, religious, professional, or social objectives.
The initial funds are raised by the members or trustees of the NPO. As
the organisation is a non-profit making entity, it applies its surplus
funds on the promotion of the objectives of the organization rather than
distributing it among the members of the organisation. It is registered
under section 8 (old section 25) of the Companies Act. Such
organisation enjoys several privileges like tax exemption, not required
to use the term ‘Ltd’ or ‘Pvt Ltd’ at the end of its name.
n NPO may include a charitable organisation, membership groups like
a sports club or women’s club, social or recreational organisation,
public educational institutions, public hospitals, etc.

Difference between NGO and NPO

The difference between NGO and NPO can be drawn clearly on the
following grounds:

1. An NGO refers to a non-governmental organisation formed by

ordinary citizens that operates autonomously of government. On
the contrary, an NPO is an organisation set up to provide goods
and services to people and operates on the principle that no
member will receive share profits or losses by the entity.
2. An NGO can be registered by the following methods, i.e. as a
Trust under Public Trust Act, or as a Society as a Societies
Registration Act, 1860 or as a non-profit company under the
Companies Act, 1956. On the other hand, an NPO is
incorporated as a company under section 8 of the Companies
Act, 1956.
3. The area of operation of an NGO is comparatively wider than
NPO.
4. An NGO works for the betterment, upliftment and development
of society and economy as well, bring awareness of human
rights, women empowerment, etc. In contrast to NPO, is set up
to promote art, science, research, commerce or any other useful
purpose.
Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
NGO NPO
COMPARISON

Meaning An NGO refers to a non- An organization set up to

governmental organization provide goods and services to
formed by ordinary citizens people, and operates on the
that operates autonomously of principle that no member will
government. receive share profits or losses
of the entity is known as NPO.

Registration Can be registered as a Trust Under section 8 of the

under Public Trust Act, or as a Companies Act, 1956.
Society as a Socities
Registration Act, 1860 or as a
non-profit company under the
Companies Act, 1956.

Area of Large Limited

operation

Objective To work for the betterment of To promote art, science,

society and economy as well, research, commerce or any
bring awareness of human other useful purpose.
rights, women empowerment
etc.
An NGO is an association of person; that works for promoting
humanitarian or cooperative objective instead of a commercial one. On
the other hand, the NPO is an organisation which is set up to promote
art, science, education or any other social or cultural purpose; that
intends to use its profit in the promotion of its objectives instead of
dividing it among the members.

Orgnisational structure

Working of NGO
First tier :-

It is main source of funding. It includes government bodies, international

agencies or individuals etc.

Second tier: –

Main function of this tier is to distribute the funds provided by first tier.

Third tier :–

This tier includes NGOs. Its function is to link with fund applicant.

Fourth tier :–

This tier represents the recipient of funds provided by NGOs.

NGO types can be understood by their orientation and level of operation.

NGO types by orientation:
Charitable Orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little
participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed
toward meeting the needs of the poor -distribution of food, clothing or medicine;
provision of housing, transport, schools etc. Such NGOs may also undertake
relief activities during a natural or man-made disaster.

Service Orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of

health, family planning or education services in which the programme is
designed by the NGO and people are expected to participate in its
implementation and in receiving the service.

Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people

are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash,
tools, land, materials, labour etc. In the classical community development
project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the
planning and implementation stages. Cooperatives often have a participatory
orientation.

Empowering Orientation is where the aim is to help poor people develop a clearer
understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives,
and to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to control their
lives. Sometimes, these groups develop spontaneously aroud a problem or an
issue, at other times outside workers from NGOs play a facilitating role in their
development. In any case, there is maximum involvement of the people with
NGOs acting as facilitators.

Professional orientation: A group of people in a learned occupation who are

entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of the legitimate practice of the
occupation.

● To safeguard the public interest

● It's also represent the interest of the professional practitioners
NGO Types by level of operation:
Community-based Organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives.
These can include sports clubs, women's organizations, neighbourhood
organizations, religious or educational organizations. There are a large variety of
these, some supported by NGOs, national or international NGOs, or bilateral or
international agencies, and others independent of outside help. Some are
devoted to rising the consciousness of the urban poor or helping them to
understand their rights in gaining access to needed services while others are
involved in providing such services.

Citywide Organizations include organizations such as the Rotary or lion's Club,

chambers of commerce andindustry, coalitions of business, ethnic or
educational groups and associations of community organizations. Some exist for
other purposes, and become involved in helping the poor as one of many
activities, while others are created for the specific purpose of helping the poor.

National NGOs include organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs,

professional organizations etc. Some of these have state and cuty branches and
assist local NGOs.

International NGOs range from secular gencies such as Redda BArna and Save
the Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to
religiously motivated groups. Their activities vary from mainly funding local
NGOs, institutions and projects, to implementing the projects themselves.

Approaches under NGO

1. Grassroots development :

It targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based projects.

These projects usually involve training and education programs to transfer skills
and build the capacity and confidence of local organisations and
communities.
This approach at its most successful allows the benefits of a project to
continue beyond the duration of the project itself.
2.Humanitarian/Emergency Relief
• It focuses on relief in times of disaster such as earthquakes, floods and
cyclones.
• NGOs in this area aim to gain access to disaster zones as quickly as
possible to provide emergency health services and food aid.

3. Advocacy
It aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence government
policy either on behalf of, or alongside, a particular community interest
group.
It can be approached through high level policy dialogues, lobbying, or
through grassroots and community campaigning.
The level of involvement of affected communities differ with each
organisation.

4. Volunteer
Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers overseas to offer
technical assistance, project support and capacity building in a variety of
sectors such as nursing, education, engineering and agriculture.
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
COMPETENCIES
SRC - Introduction

Social responsibility involves the ability and disposition

● to consider the interdependence of people with each other and the

natural environment;
● to contribute positively to one’s family, community, society, and the
environment;
● to resolve problems peacefully;
● to empathize with others and appreciate their perspectives; and
● to create and maintain healthy relationships.

Social responsibility is one of three interrelated competencies that relate to the

broad area of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL):

I. Positive personal and cultural identity (PPCI) II. Personal awareness and
responsibility III. Social responsibility

Students who demonstrate social responsibility are active, caring, and

responsible members of society. They collaborate effectively with others,
demonstrate a strong sense of community-mindedness, and take actions to
support diversity and the environment. They show respect for everyone’s rights,
and demonstrate empathy and a sense of ethical care as they develop
relationships and consider differing perspectives.

Development of social responsibility begins within families, before students enter

formal schooling, and is expanded and enhanced at every stage of life and
schooling. At each stage, students maintain and enhance competencies from
previous stages, while developing new skills. Students move from demonstrating
social responsibility in relatively simple and highly supported situations, to
demonstrating increasing independence in more complex and varied social and
environmental contexts. They accept generational roles and responsibilities. The
development of competency in social responsibility does not end with school
graduation, but continues to develop in personal, social, educational, and
workplace contexts as adults take individual and collective responsibility for the
good of society and the environment.

The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and

interwoven with each other and with other competencies.

1. Contributing to community and caring for the environment

Students develop awareness and take responsibility for their social, physical,
and natural environments by working independently and collaboratively for the
benefit of others, communities, and the environment.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to improve the classroom,

school, community, or natural world.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom, school, community, or

natural world a better place.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect my community and
the natural environment and can work to make positive change.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from multiple perspectives.

I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive, sustainable change.

2. Solving problems in peaceful ways

Students identify and develop an appreciation of different perspectives on issues;
they generate, use, and evaluate strategies to resolve problems.

Sample “I” statements

I can solve some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-solving strategies.

 I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate strategies.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies, weigh

consequences, compromise to meet the needs of others, and evaluate actions.

3. Valuing diversity
Students value diversity, defend human rights, advocate for others, and act with
a sense of ethics in interactions, including online.

Sample “I” statements

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour.

I can explain when something is unfair.

I can advocate for others.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights, and can
identify how diversity is beneficial for my community, including online.

4. Building relationships
Students develop and maintain diverse, positive peer and intergenerational
relationships in a variety of contexts.

Sample “I” statements

With some support, I can be part of a group.

I am kind to others, can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help them feel included.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse people, including people
from different generations.
The four facets of social responsibility described, are interrelated and interwoven
with each other and with other competencies.

Contributing to community and ✔ develop awareness

Caring for the environment ✔ take responsibility
✔ work independently/collaboratively
Solving problems in peaceful ways ✔ appreciate different perspectives
✔ resolve problems

Valuing diversity ✔ value diversity

✔ advocate for others
✔ interact ethically
Building relationships ✔ develop and maintain relationships
Social Responsibility Competency Profiles
These profile descriptions include the four facets that underpin the Social
Responsibility Competency: contributing to community and caring for the
environment, solving problems in peaceful ways, valuing diversity, and building
relationships. The four facets are interrelated and are embedded within the
profile descriptions, which are written from a student’s point of view.
 Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile 5

• Awareness • Interactio Contribution in group

activities
• Identification Analysis of complex
social or environmental
about n with of effect of
issues from multiple
others others own actions
perspectives
• Consideration and of others
• Interaction • Participat of others views
•
with friends ion in
and
expression of
• Identifying Thoughtful
Actions
group different
own views
activities perspectives
of issue • Clarify problems
• Sharing • Identification or issues,
my of problems
and potential
• Clarifying generating
multiple
feeling problems,
strategies strategies,
considering
weighing
• Listening
• Demonstration
alternatives,
and evaluating
consequences,
to others compromising to
of respectful strategies
views meet the needs
and inclusive of others and
• Identifyin
behaviour • Respect evaluating
Differences actions
g when to
ask help
• Explaning why
and when
it is unfair • Advocating for • Taking action to
others others support diversity
need • Building and and defending
help human rights and
sustaiing
relationships
• Empathy identifying how
diversity is
• Identifyin
• Maintaining beneficial for the
g what is community
unfair relationships
with other
generation • Building and
sustaining
positive
relationships with
diverse people
including people
from different
generations

• Empathy Driven
Action

Profile Description
1 I am aware that other people can be different than I am.

I can interact with my friends. With some support, I can be

part of a group.

2 In familiar and structured settings, I can interact with

others and the environment respectfully.

I can participate in classroom and group activities to

improve the classroom, school, community, or natural
world.

I can share my feelings and listen to others’ views. I can solve

some problems myself and can identify when to ask for help.

With some direction, I can demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can identify when something is unfair to me or others.

I can identify when others need help. I am kind to others,

can work or play co-operatively, and can build relationships
with people of my choosing.

3 I can interact with others and the environment respectfully

and thoughtfully.

I contribute to group activities that make my classroom,

school, community, or natural world a better place. I can
identify small things I can do that could make a difference.

I can consider others’ views and express a different opinion

in a peaceful way.

I can identify problems and compare potential problem-

solving strategies.
 I can demonstrate respectful and inclusive behaviour,
including online.

I can explain why something is unfair.

I can identify when others need support and provide it.

I can build and sustain relationships.

I show care for elders.

4 I can take purposeful action to support others and the

environment.

I can identify how my actions and the actions of others affect

my community and the natural environment and can work
to make positive change.

I can identify different perspectives on an issue.

I can clarify problems, consider alternatives, and evaluate

strategies.

I respect differences, and demonstrate respectful and

inclusive behaviour, including online.

I can advocate for others.

I am aware of how others may feel and take steps to help

them feel included.

I maintain relationships with people from different

generations.

5 I can initiate positive, sustainable change for others and the

environment.

I can analyse complex social or environmental issues from

multiple perspectives.
I can take thoughtful actions to influence positive,
sustainable change.

I can clarify problems or issues, generate multiple strategies,

weigh consequences, compromise to meet the needs of
others, and evaluate actions.

I take action to support diversity and defend human rights,

and can identify how diversity is beneficial for my
community, including online.

I build and sustain positive relationships with diverse

people, including people from different generations.

I show empathy for others and adjust my behaviour to

accommodate their needs.
Environment and Society
India is turning into
one big garbage
Urban India is the world’s
dump. The problem 3rd largest garbage
is assuming gigantic generator and by 2050
waste is expected to rise
proportions and the to 436 million tons up.
numbers are
staggering.
•62 million tons of solid waste is produced in our country every year, of
which less than 20% or only 12 million tons are treated. This essentially
means that the remaining 52 million tons of waste remain ‘untreated’ and
contaminate land or make its way into rivers, lakes and wetlands
overflowing landfills – there is
literally no space to accommodate • Nearly 20% of
fresh garbage waste methane gas
emissions in India is
caused by landfills.
The trash dumped in
the landfills are
prone to catching
fire due to the heat
generated by the
decomposition of
waste.
 which one of these
ideas do you think
India should adopt?
1. Put
The Plastic For
Recycling and Get a
Reward –
Columbia’s
Recycling Solution
SWEDEN

• recycling policy which

funnels all the energy
generated by burning
waste into the national
heating network. This
provides an efficient way
to heat homes through the
freezing Swedish winter.
An
Amusement
Park From
Trash –
Uganda’s
Mantra To
Deal With
Waste
Semakau
Landfill: Not Just
A ‘Rubbish
Island’
Social Responsibility
Competencies
Social Responsibility Competencies (SRC)

One of the three interrelated competencies of Social and

Emotional Learning (SEL)

Both content and coverage are,

◦ Progressive

◦ Additive

◦ Growing

◦ Expanding
Facets of SRC
Contributing to community and caring for the environment

Solving problems in peaceful ways

Valuing diversity

Building relationships

Mnemonics: (CSVB, Consol V-Build)

Facets of SRC
Contributing to community and develop awareness
Caring for the environment take responsibility
work independently/collaboratively

Solving problems in peaceful appreciate different perspectives

ways resolve problems

Valuing diversity value diversity

advocate for others
interact ethically
Building relationships develop and maintain relationships
Facets of SR Competencies
PROFILE 1
Awareness

Interaction
PROFILE 2
•Interaction
•Participation
•Sharing
•Identification
PROFILE 3
•Interaction
•Contribution
•Consideration
•Identification
•Demonstration
•Explanation
•Building
 •Action
•Analysis
PROFILE 4
•Identification
(different
perspectives)
•Evaluation
•Respect Differences
•Empathy
•Maintenance
 •Initiation
•Analysis (Complex)
PROFILE 5
•Thoughtful Actions
•Problem Resolution
(Multiple)
•Support Differences
•Build & Sustain
(Differences)
•Empathy Driven Action
Facets of SR Competencies
Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile 5
•Awareness •Interaction •Interaction •Action •Initiation
•Interaction •Participation •Contribution •Analysis •Analysis (Complex)
•Sharing •Consideration •Identification •Thoughtful Actions
(different
•Identification •Identification perspectives) •Problem Resolution
(Multiple)
•Demonstration •Evaluation
•Support Differences
•Explanation •Respect
Differences •Build & Sustain
•Building (Differences)
•Empathy
•Empathy Driven Action
•Maintenance
THANK YOU
CSR EVOLUTION AND
GOVERNMENT POICIES

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility

CSR is a concept whereby companies

not only consider their profitability
and growth, but also the interests of
society and the environment

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
CSR takes responsibility

For the impact of their activities on

Stakeholders
Environment
Consumers
Employees
Communities, and
All other members of the public sphere.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Corporate Social Responsibility is what an organisation does, to positively
influence the society in which it exists.
It could take the form of community relationship
Volunteer assistance programmes
Special scholarships
Preservation of cultural heritage and beautification of cities.
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
CSR-EVOLUTION

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
▪ CSR creates a favourable public
image, which attracts
customers.
▪ Organizations that perform well
with regard to CSR can build
reputation
▪ Brand equity, is founded on
values such as trust, credibility,
reliability, quality
▪ Employees like to contribute to
the cause of creating a better
society.
▪ Employees become champions of
a company for which they are
proud to work and consistency.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
▪ The internal activities of the
organisation have an impact on the
external environment, since the society
is an interdependent system.
▪ A business organisation has a great
deal of power and money, entrusted
upon it by the society and should be
accompanied by an equal amount of
responsibility. In other words, there
should be a balance between the
authority and responsibility.
▪ Companies can better address the
grievances of its employees and create
employment opportunities for the
unemployed.
▪ A company with its “ear to the ground”
through regular stakeholder dialogue is
in a better position to anticipate and
respond to regulatory, economic, social
and environmental changes that may
occur.
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
The Corporate Social Responsibility
Voluntary Guidelines

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Ministry urged the business sector to adopt
the principles contained in the Guidelines
for responsible business practices
The document also said that “after
considering the experience of the adoption of
these Guidelines by the Indian corporate
sector and consideration of relevant
feedback and other related issues,
The Government may initiate the exercise
for review of these Guidelines and further
improvement after one year.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
The Companies Act, 2013 has introduced the concept of Corporate
Social Responsibility in India.

It aims to promote greater transparency and disclosure.

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs notified Section 135 and Schedule VII of
the Companies Act 2013
As well as the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules,
2014 which came into effect from April 1, 2014.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Notification making further amendments in Schedule VII was issued on August
2014 and Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy).
Amendment Rules, 2015 were released on January 2015.
The Board of Directors shall make sure that the company spends in every financial
year, minimum 2% of the average net profits made during the 3 immediately
preceding financial years as per CSR policy.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Corporate Social Responsibility Under Section
135 of Companies Act 2013

APPLICABILITY
The provisions of CSR applies to
Every company
Its holding company
Its subsidiary company
Foreign company
Having in the preceding financial year
Net Worth > 500 Crore
Turnover > 1000 Crore
Net Profit > 5 Crore

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
The Corporate Services Division delivers these responsibilities through
several institutionalised bodies:

• Tata Steel Corporate Social Responsibility and Accountability Policy

• Corporate Social Responsibility
• Tata Steel Rural Development Society (TSRDS)
• Tribal Cultural Society (TCS)
• Tata Steel Family Initiatives Foundation (TSFIF)
• Tata Steel Skill Development Society (TSSDS)
• Education
• Medical Services
• Urban Services
• Sports Department

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Here are the Top 10 Indian companies for
CSR in 2021.
Thank you!

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
NGO & NPO

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NGO
● Non Government Organisation , an association formed by citizens that
functions completely autonomous from government, to perform broad
spectrum of services and humanitarian function.
● NGO was first coined in 1945 when the United nation was created and there
were 1083 NGO's, based on society registration act NGO was approved in
1860.
● There are nearly 31 Lakhs of NGOs in India.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NGO Duties
✔ community health promotion & education
✔ managing emerging health crises
✔ environmental issues
✔ economic empowerment
✔ development projects
✔ women & children’s’ rights

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NGO - Example

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NPO

● Non profit organisation is a legal entity formed by a group of persons to

promote cultural, religious professional or social objective.
● It is registered under section 8 of companies act.
● Such organization and enjoys several privileges like tax exemption not
required to use limited or private limited at the end of its name.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NPO Duties
● Religious
● Charitable
● Scientific
● Public safety
● Literary
● Educational
● Fostering national or international amateur sporting,
● Preventing cruelty to children or animals but all on a much smaller scale than NGO

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NPO - Example

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
 Difference between NGO & NPO
NGO NPO
Registered as a Trust under Public Trust Act, or as a Under section 8 of the Companies Act, 1956.
Society as a Societies Registration Act, 1860 or as a
non-profit company under the Companies Act, 1956.

Large Limited
To bring awareness of human rights, women To promote art, science, research, commerce or any
empowerment other useful purpose.
etc.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Organisational Structure
Staffing

Funding

Overhead cost

Monitoring and Control

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Working of NGO

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Types of NGO
• Charitable Orientation
Level of • Service orientation
orientation • Participatory Orientation
• Empowering Orientation
• Professional Orientation

• Community-based Organizations
Level of • Citywide Organizations
operation • National NGOs
• International NGOs
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Level of orientation

● Charitable Orientation
● Service orientation
● Participatory Orientation
● Empowering Orientation
● Professional Orientation
Charitable Orientation
NGOs with activities directed toward meeting
the needs of the poor -distribution of food,
clothing or medicine; provision of housing,
transport, schools etc.

also undertake relief activities during

a natural or man-made disaster.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Service orientation
activities such as the provision of health,
family planning or education services in
which the programme is designed by the NGO
and people are expected to participate in it
implementation and in receiving the service.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Participatory Orientation
Participatory Orientation is characterized
by self-help projects where local people are
involved particularly in the implementation
of a project by contributing cash, tools,
land, materials, labour etc.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Empowering Orientation
To help poor people develop a clearer
understanding of the social, political
and economic factors affecting their
lives, and to strengthen their awareness
of their own potential power to control their lives.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Professional Orientation
● A group of people in a learned occupation who are entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of the
legitimate practice of the occupation.

● To safeguard the public interest

● It also represent the interest of the professional practioners.

Level of operation

● Community-based Organizations
● Citywide Organizations
● National NGOs
● International NGOs
 Community-based Organizations
include sports clubs, women‘s
organizations, neighborhood
Organizations, religious
or educational organizations.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Citywide Organizations
includes organizations such as the Rotary
or lion's Club, chambers of commerce and
industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or
educational groups and associations
of community organizations.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
National NGOs
National NGOs include organizations such as the Red cross, YMCAs/YWCAs, professional organizations etc.
Some of these have state and city branches and assist local NGOs.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
International NGOs
International NGOs range from
secular agencies such as Redda BArna and
Save the Children organizations,
OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller
Foundations to religiously motivated groups

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Approaches under NGO

Grassroots development : It targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based projects

Humanitarian/Emergency Relief: It focuses on relief in times of disaster

Advocacy: It aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence government policy either on
behalf of, or alongside, a particular community interest group.

Volunteer: Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers overseas to offer technical
assistance

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Thank You
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – Kattankulathur
\=

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
SOCIAL MARKETING
“Why Don’t We Sell Our Brotherhood”

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Social Marketing
• Social Marketing is a process that applies marketing principles and
techniques to create, communicate and deliver value in order to
influence target audience behaviour that benefits society(public
health, safety, the environment and communities) as well as the
target audience
-Philip Kotler

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Commercial marketing Social marketing
It is the stakeholder that benefits It is the customer that benefits
The level of commitment is much lower The level of commitment is much higher

Business with similar goals compete Organizations with similar goals cooperate

Short time needed to sell a product Campaigns take longer time to change
behavior
Research is not much hard as compared to Should have a deeper knowledge to do
social marketing research

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
What Is social marketing What is not Social Marketing
A social or behavior change strategy Just advertising
Most effective when it activates people A clever slogan or messaging strategy
Targeted to those who have reason to Reaching everyone through media
care and who are ready for change
Strategic, and requires efficient use of An image campaign
resources
Integrated and works on the “Instalment A quick process
Plan”

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 SOCIETAL MARKETING
Societal marketing is a marketing concept that holds that a company should make marketing
decisions not only by considering consumers' wants, the company's requirements, but also
society's long-term interests.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Features Of Social Marketing

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Phases Of Social Marketing

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Key Takeaways

Social Marketing is marketing designed to encourage social change

rather than selling a product, it sells a behaviour that benefits society.
Well executed social marketing uses creativity and evokes emotions to
motivate action , through visuals and catchy slogans.
We can see few social marketing campaign in the next slides…..

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
-

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
.
.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
• https://www.business2community.com/digital-marketing/what-is-so
cial-marketing-with-7-stellar-examples-02236451
NGO & NPO

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NGO
● Non Government Organisation , an association formed by citizens that
functions completely autonomous from government, to perform broad
spectrum of services and humanitarian function.
● NGO was first coined in 1945 when the United nation was created and there
were 1083 NGO's, based on society registration act NGO was approved in
1860.
● There are nearly 31 Lakhs of NGOs in India.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NGO Duties
✔ community health promotion & education
✔ managing emerging health crises
✔ environmental issues
✔ economic empowerment
✔ development projects
✔ women & children’s’ rights

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NGO - Example

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NPO

● Non profit organisation is a legal entity formed by a group of persons to

promote cultural, religious professional or social objective.
● It is registered under section 8 of companies act.
● Such organization and enjoys several privileges like tax exemption not
required to use limited or private limited at the end of its name.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NPO Duties
● Religious
● Charitable
● Scientific
● Public safety
● Literary
● Educational
● Fostering national or international amateur sporting,
● Preventing cruelty to children or animals but all on a much smaller scale than NGO

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
NPO - Example

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
 Difference between NGO & NPO
NGO NPO
Registered as a Trust under Public Trust Act, or as a Under section 8 of the Companies Act, 1956.
Society as a Societies Registration Act, 1860 or as a
non-profit company under the Companies Act, 1956.

Large Limited
To bring awareness of human rights, women To promote art, science, research, commerce or any
empowerment other useful purpose.
etc.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Organisational Structure
Staffing

Funding

Overhead cost

Monitoring and Control

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Working of NGO

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Types of NGO
• Charitable Orientation
Level of • Service orientation
orientation • Participatory Orientation
• Empowering Orientation
• Professional Orientation

• Community-based Organizations
Level of • Citywide Organizations
operation • National NGOs
• International NGOs
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Level of orientation

● Charitable Orientation
● Service orientation
● Participatory Orientation
● Empowering Orientation
● Professional Orientation
Charitable Orientation
NGOs with activities directed toward meeting
the needs of the poor -distribution of food,
clothing or medicine; provision of housing,
transport, schools etc.

also undertake relief activities during

a natural or man-made disaster.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Service orientation
activities such as the provision of health,
family planning or education services in
which the programme is designed by the NGO
and people are expected to participate in it
implementation and in receiving the service.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Participatory Orientation
Participatory Orientation is characterized
by self-help projects where local people are
involved particularly in the implementation
of a project by contributing cash, tools,
land, materials, labour etc.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Empowering Orientation
To help poor people develop a clearer
understanding of the social, political
and economic factors affecting their
lives, and to strengthen their awareness
of their own potential power to control their lives.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Professional Orientation
● A group of people in a learned occupation who are entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of the
legitimate practice of the occupation.

● To safeguard the public interest

● It also represent the interest of the professional practioners.

Level of operation

● Community-based Organizations
● Citywide Organizations
● National NGOs
● International NGOs
 Community-based Organizations
include sports clubs, women‘s
organizations, neighborhood
Organizations, religious
or educational organizations.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Citywide Organizations
includes organizations such as the Rotary
or lion's Club, chambers of commerce and
industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or
educational groups and associations
of community organizations.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
National NGOs
National NGOs include organizations such as the Red cross, YMCAs/YWCAs, professional organizations etc.
Some of these have state and city branches and assist local NGOs.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
International NGOs
International NGOs range from
secular agencies such as Redda BArna and
Save the Children organizations,
OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller
Foundations to religiously motivated groups

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Approaches under NGO

Grassroots development : It targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based projects

Humanitarian/Emergency Relief: It focuses on relief in times of disaster

Advocacy: It aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence government policy either on
behalf of, or alongside, a particular community interest group.

Volunteer: Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers overseas to offer technical
assistance

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – Kattankulathur
Thank You
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – Kattankulathur
SOCIAL ENGINEERING

Unit-1
� Contribution of Engineers towards the society?
 What is society?

� a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction

� a large social group sharing the same geographical or social

territory, typically subject to the same political authority and
dominant cultural expectations.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Evolution of society

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 What is Social Engineering?
� to influence attitude and social behavior on a large scale,
by government, media or private groups in order to
produce desired characteristics in a target population.
� a deterministic phenomenon where the intentions and
goals of the architects of the new social construct are
realized.
� triggers planned social change and social development

use of centralized planning to manage social change

and regulate the future development and behaviour
of a society.
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Types of Social Engineering
� Karl Popper - main advocate of social engineering

� Democratic SE (Piecemeal SE)

� Utopian SE
� Large-scale SE
� Small-scale SE

� Impact of social engineering is always proportional to the

method adopted.

Career Development Centre

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� Piecemeal Social Engineering
� Green Revolution
� White Revolution
� Pink Revolution
� Women empowerment
� Abolition child marriage
� Widow remarriage
� Utopian Social Engineering
� Russian Revolution (Throwing the Monarchy)
French Revolution (Throwing the Monarchy)
Demonetization (Bring back the economy on rails)
 Difference between Piecemeal & Utopian

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Social and Emotional Learning
Three interrelated competencies of SEL:

� Positive personal and cultural identity (PPCI)

Awareness, understanding and appreciation of all the facets that contribute to a
healthy sense of oneself.
� Personal awareness and responsibility
The skills, strategies, and dispositions that help us to stay healthy and active, set
goals, monitor progress, regulate emotions, respect our own rights and the rights
of others, manage stress, and persevere in difficult situations.
� Social responsibility
� The ability to consider the interdependence of people with each other and the
natural environment and to contribute positively to one’s family, community,
society and the environment.
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Personal Awareness

� It results in demonstration of self-respect and expression of

personal well-being.
� It includes personal efficacy and self-advocacy.
� It develops the ability
to understand and take responsibility for our actions, including our
learning
to make constructive and ethical decisions about our personal and
social behaviour
to recognize and accept consequences, understanding how our
actions affect our own well-being and that of others

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Types of Responsibilities
� Personal responsibility
the idea that human beings choose, instigate, or otherwise cause their own actions

� Social responsibility
an ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual,
has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large

� Moral responsibility

� Legal responsibility

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Personal responsibilities

� Responsibility towards Yourself

� Responsibility towards Your Family
� Responsibility towards Work
� Responsibility towards Country
� Responsibility towards Humanity

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Three facets of Personal Awareness
� Self determination
� Self regulation
� Well being

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Thank you
I
ntroducti
onto
SocialEngi
neer
ing

“
Engi
neer
ingt
hemi
ndst
owar
dsSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y”
 Soci
alChange

“
Insi
mpl
ewor
ds
soci
alengi
neer
ing Whati
sSoci
alEngi
neer
ing?
meanst
heuseof Soci
alengi
neer
ingi
sadi
sci
pli
nei
nsoci
alsci
encet
hatr
efer
sto
cent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng ef
for
tst
oinf
luencepar
ti
cul
arat
ti
tudesandsoci
albehav
ior
sona
t
omanagesoci
al l
argescal
e,whet
herbygov
ernment
s,medi
aorpr
ivat
egr
oupsi
n
changeandr
egul
ate or
dert
o pr
oducedesi
red char
act
eri
sti
csi
n at
argetpopul
ati
on.
t
hef
utur
e Soci
alengi
neer
ingcanal
sobeunder
stoodphi
l
osophi
cal
l
yasa
dev
elopmentand det
ermi
nist
icphenomenonwher
ethei
ntent
ionsandgoal
sof
behav
iourofa t
hear
chi
tect
soft
henewsoci
alconst
ructar
ereal
i
zed.
soci
ety
.”
I
n si
mpl
e wor
ds soci
alengi
neer
ing means t
he use of
cent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ngt
omanagesoci
alchangeandr
egul
atet
he
f
utur
edev
elopmentandbehav
iourofasoci
ety
.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingt
ri
gger
spl
annedsoci
alchangeandsoci
al
dev
elopment
;the i
dea t
hatgov
ernment
s can shape and
managekeyf
eat
uresofsoci
ety
,inmucht
hesamewayast
he
economyi
smanaged,assumi
ngt
hatadequat
einf
ormat
ionon
spont
aneous t
rends i
s av
ail
abl
e t
hroughsoci
al
i
ndi
cat
orsandsoci
alt
rends.

Kar
lPopperi
nhi
scl
assi
cpol
i
ticalsci TheOpen
encebook,
Soci
ety and I
ts Enemi
es, v
olume I
,The Spel
l of
Pl
ato(
1945)
,Kar
lPopperexami
ned t
he appl
i
cat
ion of t
he
cr
it
icalandr
ati
onalmet
hodsofsci
encet
othepr
obl
emsoft
he
opensoci
ety
.Int
hisr
espect
,hemadeacr
uci
aldi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weent
hepr
inci
plesofdemocr
ati
csoci
alengi
neer
ing(
what
hecal
l
ed "
piecemealsoci
alengi
neer
i )andUt
ng" opi
ansoci
al
engi
neer
ing.

Popperwr
ote:
 Soci
alChange

The pi
ecemealengi
neerwi
l
l,accor
dingl
y,adoptt
he met
hod of
sear
chi
ngf
or,
andf
ight
ingagai
nst
,thegr
eat
estandmostur
gentev
il
s
ofsoci
ety
,rat
hert
hansear
chi
ngf
or,andf
ight
ingf
or,i
tsgr
eat
est
ul
ti
mat
egood.

Accor
ding t
o Popper
,the di
ff
erence bet
ween "
piecemealsoci
al
engi
neer
ing"and"
Utopi
ansoci
alengi
neer
ing"i
s:

"
Iti
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenar
easonabl
emet
hodofi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hel
ot
ofman,andamet
hodwhi
ch,i
freal
l
ytr
ied,mayeasi
l
yleadt
oan
i
ntol
erabl
eincr
easei
nhumansuf
fer
ing.I
tist
hedi
ff
erencebet
weena
met
hodwhi
chcanbeappl
i
edatanymoment
,andamet
hodwhose
adv
ocacymayeasi
l
ybecomea meansofcont
inual
l
ypost
poni
ng
act
ionunt
ilal
aterdat
e,whencondi
ti
onsar
emor
efav
orabl
e.Andi
tis
al
sot
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heonl
ymet
hodofi
mpr
ovi
ngmat
ter
s
whi
chhassof
arbeenr
eal
l
ysuccessf
ul,
atanyt
ime,
andi
nanypl
ace,
andamet
hodwhi
ch,wher
everi
thasbeent
ri
ed,hasl
edonl
ytot
he
useofv
iol
encei
npl
aceofr
eason,
andi
fnott
oit
sownabandonment
,
atanyr
atet
othatofi
tsor
igi
nal
bluepr
int
.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingPl
annedsoci
alchangeandsoci
aldev
elopment
;
t
hei
deat
hatgov
ernment
scanshapeandmanagekeyf
eat
uresof
soci
ety
,in much t
he same way as t
he economy i
s managed,
assumi
ng t
hatadequat
einf
ormat
ion on spont
aneous t
rends i
s
av
ail
abl
ethr
oughsoci
ali
ndi
cat
orsandsoci
alt
rends r
epor
ts.For
exampl
e,t
heex
tentofwomen'
sempl
oymenti
scl
ear
lydet
ermi
nedi
n
par
tbygov
ernmentpol
i
cyt
opr
omot
eori
mpedewomen'
spai
dwor
k.

Soci
alengi
neer
ingoccur
sint
wof
orms:l
argescal
eandsmal
lscal
e.
Thedebat
esur
roundi
ngt
heset
woappr
oachest
othedesi
gnofsoci
al
 Soci
alChange

i
nst
it
uti
onsconst
it
utesaf
undament
ali
ssuei
ntheet
hicsofsci
ence
and t
echnol
ogy
.To whatext
enti
sitpossi
ble and l
egi
ti
mat
efor
sci
ent
if
icexper
ti
set
oser
veast
hebasi
sforsoci
alpol
i
cyandact
ion?
Can humans use sci
ence t
orat
ional
l
y desi
gn and successf
ull
y
i
mpl
ementan endur
ing soci
ety
? Di
ff
erentconcept
s ofsci
ent
if
ic
knowl
edgeandt
echnol
ogi
cal
act
ionsuppl
ydi
ff
erentanswer
stot
hese
quest
ions and v
ari
ousl
y suppor
tlar
ge scal
ever
sus smal
lscal
e
engi
neer
ingef
for
ts.

Lar
geScal
eSoci
alEngi
neer
ing

Lar
gescal
eef
for
tst
oimpr
ovet
hehumancondi
ti
onar
eamoder
n
phenomenon.Suchendeav
our
srequi
ret
echni
calknowl
edge,pol
i
tical
muscl
e,andeconomi
cresour
ces.I
nsuppor
ti
ngt
hesecl
aims,James
Scot
t(1998)char
act
eri
zest
her
iseofhi
gh moder
nism i
n soci
al-
pol
i
tical
,agr
icul
tur
al,i
ndust
ri
al,andar
chi
tect
uralcont
ext
sdur
ingt
he
l
astt
wo cent
uri
es.Hi
gh moder
nism encompasses a questf
or
aut
hor
it
ari
ancont
rolofbot
hhumanandnonhumannat
ure,abel
i
ef
t
hatcar
eful
l
ycr
aft
edsoci
alor
dersur
passeshappenst
ance,and a
conf
idence i
n sci
ence as a means t
o soci
alpr
ogr
ess.Once t
he
i
mpr
ovementofhumani
ty becomes a pl
ausi
ble st
ate goal
,the
conv
ergenceofr
isi
ngsoci
alsci
ence,st
atebur
eaucr
acy
,andmass
medi
aunder
gir
dsf
ive-
yearcol
l
ect
ivi
stpl
ans,col
oni
aldev
elopment
schemes,r
evol
uti
onar
y agr
icul
tur
alpr
ogr
ams,and t
he l
i
ke,of
ten
undert
hecont
rol
ofasi
ngl
epl
anni
ngent
it
y.

I
nur
banpl
anni
ng,
forexampl
e,Scot
tdet
ail
sthedesi
gnsoft
heSwi
ss
ar
chi
tect
, Char
les-
Edouar
d Jeanner
et, (
1887–1965)
, known
pr
ofessi
onal
l
y asLe Cor
busi
er. ForLe Cor
busi
er,ur
ban desi
gn
expr
essesuni
ver
salsci
ent
if
ict
rut
hs.Hi
sgeomet
ri
csy
mmet
ri
esof
ten
 Soci
alChange

st
ruct
uredhumanact
ivi
ty,
asi
nhabi
tant
sconf
ormedt
othedesi
gnr
athert
hanv
icev
ersa.
Thi
sappr
oachappl
i
edt
oent
ir
eci
ti
esaswel
lasi
ndi
vi
dual
homes(
"machi
nesf
orl
i
ving"
).
Le Cor
busi
er'
sfor
mul
aic concat
enat
ion ofsi
ngl
efunct
ion component
s pr
oduced
si
mpl
i
cit
yvi
awi
del
ysepar
atedspacesf
orl
i
ving,wor
king,shoppi
ng,andr
ecr
eat
ing.
Def
ini
ngt
hegoodoft
hepeopl
e,of
tent
hewor
kingpoor
,int
ermsofdet
ached,
sci
ent
if
ic
pr
inci
plesandt
hei
raut
hor
it
ari
ani
mposi
ti
oni
s,accor
dingt
oScot
t,embl
emat
icofhi
gh
moder
nist
,lar
gescal
eat
tempt
satsoci
alengi
neer
ing.

Smal
lScal
eSoci
alEngi
neer
ing

I
nconcei
vi
ngt
heper
fect
,non-
decay
ingst
ate,Pl
atoenv
isi
onsar
adi
caldepar
tur
efr
om
exi
sti
ng soci
ety
.Mar
xist
s,t
oo,as sel
f-
descr
ibed soci
alengi
neer
s,use hi
stor
ical
i
nter
pret
ati
on i
n ai
ming f
or r
evol
uti
onar
y,hol
i
sti
c change. The Angl
o-Aust
ri
an
Phi
l
osopher
,Kar
l Popper(
1902–1994) cont
rast
sthese ut
opi
an endeav
our
s wi
th
"
piecemeal
soci
alengi
neer
ing.
"Whensoci
etyneedsr
efor
ming,
thepi
ecemeal
engi
neer

Doesnotbel
i
evei
nthemet
hodofr
e-desi
gni
ngi
tasawhol
e.What
everhi
sends,
het
ri
es
t
oachi
evet
hem bysmal
ladj
ust
ment
sandr
e-adj
ust
ment
swhi
chcanbecont
inual
l
y
i
mpr
ovedupon..
..Thepi
ecemealengi
neerknows,
li
keSocr
ates,
howl
i
ttl
eheknows.He
knowst
hatwecanl
ear
nonl
yfr
om ourmi
stakes.Accor
dingl
y,hewi
l
lmakehi
sway
,st
ep
byst
ep,car
eful
l
ycompar
ingt
her
esul
tsexpect
edwi
tht
her
esul
tsachi
eved,andal
way
s
ont
hel
ook-
outf
ort
heunav
oidabl
eunwant
edconsequencesofanyr
efor
m;andhewi
l
l
av
oidunder
taki
ngr
efor
msofacompl
exi
tyandscopewhi
chmakei
timpossi
blef
orhi
m
t
odi
sent
angl
ecausesandef
fect
s,andt
oknowwhathei
sreal
l
ydoi
ng.(
Popper1957,
pp.66–67)

Thesecl
aimsr
esonat
ewi
thCamus'
sdi
str
ustofi
deol
ogi
cal
l
ycal
cul
atedr
evol
uti
onand
hi
s pr
efer
ence f
orl
i
mit
ed buti
nspi
red r
ebel
l
ion.I
n Popper
'sv
iew,mi
stakes ar
e
i
nev
itabl
e,andmor
eradi
cali
nnov
ati
onspr
oducemor
emi
stakes.Becausef
oolpr
oof
 Soci
alChange

soci
alf
ormsar
eunat
tai
nabl
e,somemechani
sm f
ori
dent
if
yingneededi
mpr
ovement
s
mustbeani
ntegr
alpar
tofanecessar
il
ygr
aduali
mpl
ement
ati
onpr
ocess.Thi
svi
ew
cont
rast
s wi
tht
hatofl
arge scal
e soci
alengi
neer
ing on sev
eraldi
mensi
ons and
hi
ghl
i
ght
smul
ti
plepoi
ntsofcont
ent
ion.

Spont
aneousv
ersusConsci
ousl
yCont
rol
ledChange

Popper
's conceptofev
olut
ionar
y epi
stemol
ogy suppor
ts notonl
ythe i
dea t
hat
adv
ancesar
esl
owandpi
ecemeal
butal
sot
hoset
heyar
egui
dedbynoov
erar
chi
ngpl
an.
Thi
svi
ew r
esembl
est
hatoft
het
went
iet
h-cent
uryBr
it
isheconomi
stFr
iedr
ichHay
ek.
Hay
ekemphasi
zest
hev
iew t
hatsi
gni
fi
cantsoci
alphenomenaemer
gespont
aneousl
y
v
iat
heuni
ntendedef
fect
sofi
ndi
vi
dualact
ions,
andhef
indssuppor
tfort
hebenef
it
sof
t
hispr
ocessi
nthei
deasoft
heBr
it
ishpol
i
ticaleconomi
st,Josi
ahTucker(
1711–1799)
,
andespeci
all
ytheAust
ri
aneconomi
stKar
lMenger(
1840–1921)
,thatsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons
compet
ewi
thoneanot
heri
naki
ndofsur
viv
aloft
hef
it
test
.Becauseknowl
edge
r
equi
redf
orl
arge-
scal
epl
anni
ngi
swi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edamongmanymi
ndsandcannotbe
nar
rowl
yconcent
rat
ed,Hay
ekr
eject
scent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng.Popperadv
ocat
es"
negat
ive
ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm,
"the v
iew t
hatpr
oposal
sforr
efor
m shoul
d be j
udged byhow l
i
ttl
e
suf
fer
ingi
scaused.Gov
ernmentshoul
dther
ebyamel
i
orat
eendur
ingsoci
ali
l
ls(
suchas
pov
ert
yand unempl
oyment
)and l
eav
e ef
for
tst
oincr
ease happi
nesst
oindi
vi
dual
ent
erpr
ise.Thesev
iewsshapet
hemet
hod(
moni
tor
ed,i
ncr
ement
alchange)andt
he
goal
s(amel
i
orat
ion)ofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.

The nat
ure ofsoci
alr
efor
m i
s al
so exami
ned byt
he Amer
ican phi
l
osopherand
educat
orJohn Dewey(
1859–1952)
.Butwhen Deweyspeaks aboutt
he need f
or
l
i
ber
ali
sm t
oadv
ancebey
ondi
tsear
lygai
nsi
nsecur
ingi
ndi
vi
dualf
reedom,
hisv
isi
oni
s
i
ncongr
uentwi
tht
hatofHay
ekandPopper
.ForDewey
,li
ber
ali
sm shoul
dadv
ance
asoci
alor
dert
hat"
cannotbeest
abl
i
shedbyanunpl
annedandext
ernalconv
ergenceof
t
he act
ions ofsepar
atei
ndi
vi
dual
s,each ofwhom i
s benton per
sonalpr
ivat
e
adv
ant
age"
.Thi
ssoci
alr
efor
m mustbet
hor
oughgoi
ngi
nit
squestf
ori
nst
it
uti
onal
 Soci
alChange

change.

Fort
hegul
fbet
weenwhatt
heact
ualsi
tuat
ionmakespossi
bleandt
heact
ualst
atei
tsel
f
i
ssogr
eatt
hati
tcannotbebr
idgedbypi
ecemealpol
i
ciesunder
takenadhoc.The
pr
ocessofpr
oduci
ngt
hechangeswi
l
lbe,i
nanycase,agr
adualone.But"
ref
orms"t
hat
dealnowwi
tht
hisabuseandnowwi
tht
hatwi
thouthav
ingasoci
algoalbaseduponan
i
ncl
usi
ve pl
an,
dif
ferent
ir
elyf
rom ef
for
ts atr
efor
ming,i
nit
sli
ter
alsense,t
he
i
nst
it
uti
onalschemeoft
hings.

Deweyseest
henecessi
tyofear
lypl
anni
ngi
nhi
sthi
nki
ngaboutsoci
alr
efor
m,andwhi
l
e
i
tiscl
eart
hatPopperr
est
ri
ctsnotpl
anni
ngpersebutonl
yit
sscopeandmet
hod,
Deweypr
oject
sawi
der
,mor
evi
brantuseofpl
anni
ngi
nachi
evi
ngsoci
alr
enov
ati
on.
Educat
ion,sci
ence(
themet
hodofi
ntel
l
igence)
,andwel
l
-desi
gnedgov
ernmentpol
i
cy
ar
ekey
stosoci
ali
mpr
ovement
.

TheNat
ureofSci
ent
if
icKnowl
edge

Anycal
lforsoci
alengi
neer
ingr
equi
ressomecl
ari
fi
cat
ionoft
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
sci
enceandengi
neer
ing.Popperdi
ff
erent
iat
esnat
uralandsoci
alsci
encei
nway
sthat
Deweydoesnot
.Innat
uralsci
ence,Popper
'sr
eal
i
stper
spect
ivedi
ctat
est
hatt
heor
ies
makecl
aimsaboutunobser
vabl
ereal
i
tiesr
esponsi
blef
orobser
vedr
egul
ari
ti
es.These
cl
aimsar
etest
edbymeansofcont
rol
l
edexper
iment
s.I
ncont
rast
,Popperconst
rues
soci
alsci
enceaspr
oduci
ngl
ow-
lev
elempi
ri
call
awsofanegat
ivesor
t("
youcannot
hav
eful
lempl
oymentwi
thouti
nfl
ati
on"
),whi
char
etest
edt
hroughpr
act
icei
nsoci
al
engi
neer
ing.Thi
samount
stoanar
row v
iew ofsoci
alsci
enceandcont
ri
but
est
othe
cont
rastbet
weenhi
ssci
ent
if
icr
adi
cal
i
sm,whi
chf
ocusesonnat
uralsci
ence,andhi
s
engi
neer
ingconser
vat
ism,whi
chi
sli
nkedt
osoci
alsci
ence.Thecont
rastbet
ween
Dewey t
he pr
agmat
istand Poppert
he r
eal
i
sti
sinst
ruct
ive her
e.Fr
om Dewey
's
pr
agmat
ic per
spect
ive,"
the ul
ti
mat
e obj
ect
s ofsci
ence ar
e gui
ded pr
ocesses of
change"
.Bot
hnat
uralsci
enceandsoci
alsci
encepr
ovi
deani
l
lust
rat
ionoft
hisconcept
.
 Soci
alChange

Popper
'sgener
alav
ersi
ont
oabst
ractt
heor
iesi
nsoci
alsci
encemaybel
i
nkedt
ohi
s
desi
ret
orej
ectcer
tai
ntheor
ies,
suchast
hatoft
heAust
ri
anpsy
chi
atr
istSi
gmundFr
eud,
ont
hebasi
sofunf
alsi
fi
abi
l
ty.Dewey
'saccept
anceofawi
derr
angeoft
heor
ypl
us
empi
ri
call
aw i
n soci
alsci
ence al
l
owsf
ort
est
ing t
o occuri
n a gr
eat
err
ange of
ci
rcumst
ances,
notonl
yinpr
act
ice(
whi
chi
sof
tenpr
obl
emat
ic:ev
enpi
ecemealchange
si
mul
taneousl
yint
roduces mul
ti
ple causalf
act
ors)butal
so i
n cont
rol
l
ed,ev
en
l
abor
ator
y,set
ti
ngs.Cont
empor
aryst
udi
esi
nsoci
alsci
enceembr
acesuchmet
hods,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hoseofsi
mul
ati
on.Mor
eov
er,
whengui
dedbyt
heor
yandexper
iment
alt
est
s,
changesi
ntr
oducedi
ntopr
act
iceneednotbesmal
lscal
e.Lar
ge-
scal
echangesmaybe
i
ntr
oducedf
orl
argerscal
epr
obl
ems(
sucht
heGr
eatDepr
essi
onordi
seaseepi
demi
cs)
.
Li
nki
ngSci
encet
oPr
act
icePopperandDeweydi
ff
erwhenr
elat
ingsci
encet
osoci
al
engi
neer
ing.I
ndi
sput
eswi
tht
heAmer
icanphi
l
osopherThomasKuhn(
1922–1996)
,
Popperemphasi
zest
hev
alueofcr
it
icalandr
evol
uti
onar
yact
ion(
bol
dconj
ect
uresand
sev
eret
est
s)ov
erandabov
etheuncr
it
icalpl
oddi
ngofnor
malsci
ence.Thi
scont
rast
s
wi
thhi
srecommendat
ionsf
orsoci
alengi
neer
ingwher
eact
ionshoul
dbepi
ecemeal
.
Thi
scont
rast
,acknowl
edgedbyPopper(
1976)hi
msel
f,mayar
isef
rom t
heuseoft
he
sci
ent
if
iccommuni
tyasamodelf
orsoci
etyatl
arge.Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
hedegr
eeof
opennessandf
rui
tf
ulnessofcr
it
ici
sm di
ff
erssi
gni
fi
cant
lywi
thi
ntheset
wor
eal
ms.
Rober
tAcker
mannpr
oposest
hatanexpl
anat
ion"
oft
her
elat
ivei
sol
ati
onoft
heor
eti
cal
sci
ent
if
icknowl
edgef
rom pr
act
icalconcer
nsi
srequi
redt
oexpl
ainhowaf
orm ofsoci
al
conser
vat
ism canbehel
dconsi
stent
lywi
thaf
orm oft
heor
eti
cal
radi
cal
i
sm"
.

Suchconcer
nsar
erel
atedt
oScot
t'
sanal
ysi
sofwhyl
argescal
eschemeshav
eof
ten
f
ail
ed t
oimpr
ovet
he human condi
ti
on.Scot
tsees knowl
edge ofhow t
o at
tai
n
wor
thwhi
l
e,sust
ainabl
esol
uti
onsasbei
ngder
ivednotf
rom sci
ent
if
ict
heor
y,norf
rom
t
hel
owl
evel
empi
ri
cal
lawsci
tedbyPopper
,butbyaf
or met
m ofknowhow( is,
from t
he
anci
entGr
eek)r
oot
edi
nlocal
i
zed,cul
ti
vat
edpr
act
ice.Li
keDewey
'sconcept
ion,whi
ch
bui
l
dsani
nher
entnor
mat
iveel
ement(
"gui
dedpr
ocesses"
)int
oknowl
edgei
tsel
f,t
her
e
i
snoneedt
osear
chf
ormeansofef
fect
ive"
appl
i
cat
ion.
"Thei
mpl
i
cat
ioni
sthatusef
ul
 Soci
alChange

knowl
edgespr
ingsf
rom cont
ext
ual
i
zedact
ivi
ti
es,notf
rom usi
ngl
ocalcondi
ti
onst
ofi
l
l
i
nthev
ari
abl
esofgener
alpr
inci
ples.Thi
svi
ewr
aisesser
iousdoubt
saboutt
hepr
act
ical
r
elev
ance ofsci
ent
if
ic exper
ti
se,i
nthe moder
n sense,and i
ts abi
l
ityt
o pr
oduce
sust
ainabl
esol
uti
onst
o soci
alpr
obl
ems.I
ndeed,somehav
esuggest
ed t
hatsuch
l
i
mit
ati
onsexi
stnotonl
yinl
argescal
eent
erpr
isesbutal
soi
nsmal
lscal
eef
for
ts
i
nvol
vi
ngmor
enar
rowl
yfocusedpr
obl
ems.Anar
rowf
ocuscanunder
minet
heneedt
o
addr
essl
argeri
ssuesandl
ongr
unconcer
nsandcanmi
ret
hepol
i
ticalpr
ocessi
n
gr
idl
ock.Fr
om t
heseconsi
der
ati
ons,i
tshoul
dbecl
eart
hatsmal
lscal
eengi
neer
ing
of
fer
snopanaceaandt
hatdi
ff
erentconcept
sofsmal
lscal
eent
erpr
isepoi
ntt
hewayi
n
somewhatdi
ff
erentdi
rect
ions.

I
mpactoft
heSoci
alEngi
neer
ingI
ssues

Quest
ionsconcer
ningappr
opr
iat
escal
eandt
hei
nter
act
ionofsoci
alsci
enceandsoci
al
engi
neer
inghav
ewi
dei
mpact
.Anent
ir
eschoolofsoci
alsci
ent
ist
susePopperasa
gui
dei
ntr
yingt
odesi
gnef
fect
ivesoci
alpol
i
cy.Thewor
ksoft
hei
ncr
ement
ali
stChar
les
Li
ndbl TheI
om ( ntel
l
igenceofDemocr
acy
;Usabl
eKnowl
edge:Soci
alSci
enceandSoci
al
Pr
obl
em Sol
vi
ng;
Inqui
ryandChange:TheTr
oubl
edAt
temptt
oUnder
standandShape
Soci
ety
;et
c.)pr
ovi
de,byt
it
leal
one,somemeasur
eoft
hei
mpactofPopperandDewey
andofsoci
alsci
ent
ist
s'pur
sui
tofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.Mor
eov
er,di
ff
erencesbet
ween
pl
anned, r
ule-
gov
erned (
top-
down) v
ersus unpl
anned, ev
olut
ionar
y (
bot
tom-
up)
appr
oachesi
nfor
m met
hodol
ogi
cal
l
ydi
ver
seex
plor
ati
onswi
thi
nsoci
alsci
encei
tsel
f.
Whet
herornothumanscanef
fect
ivel
ydesi
gnsoci
alsy
stemsi
sessent
ial
l
yaquest
ion
concer
ning human i
ntel
l
igence,and ef
for
tst
o bui
l
d aut
omat
ed i
ntel
l
igentsy
stems
conf
rontt
he same met
hodol
ogi
calcont
rov
ersy concer
ning r
ule-
gov
erned v
ersus
connect
ioni
st,
evol
uti
onar
ydesi
gns.Fi
nal
l
y,cont
rov
ersi
esov
ert
hepr
omi
sesofpl
anned
soci
eti
escont
inuet
oechot
hedi
sput
ebet
weenPopperandMar
xist
sov
ert
het
rue
nat
ureofsoci
alengi
neer
ing.
 Soci
alChange

Per
sonalAwar
eness

Per
sonalawar
enessandr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
ncl
udet
heski
l
ls,st
rat
egi
es,anddi
sposi
ti
ons
t
hathel
pust
ost
ayheal
thyandact
ive,setgoal
s,moni
torpr
ogr
ess,r
egul
ateemot
ions,
r
espectourownr
ight
sandt
her
ight
sofot
her
s,managest
ress,
andper
sev
erei
ndi
ff
icul
t
si
tuat
ions. Peopl
e who demonst
rat
e per
sonal awar
eness and r
esponsi
bil
i
ty
demonst
rat
esel
f-
respectandexpr
essasenseofper
sonal
wel
l
-bei
ng.

Personal awar
eness and r
esponsi
bil
i
ty ar
e one of thr
ee inter
rel
ated
competenciest
hatrel
atet
othebroadareaofSoci
alandEmoti
onalLear
ning
(SEL):

1.Posi
ti
veper
sonal
andcul
tur
ali
dent
it
y(PPCI
)
2.Per
sonal
awar
enessandr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
3.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Per
sonalawar enessandr esponsi
bil
it
yi ncl
udespersonaleffi
cacyandsel
f-
adv ocacy
—theabi l
it
iest hatweuset ounderst andandtaker esponsibi
l
ityf
orouract i
ons,
i
ncl
udingourlear ning;t
omakeconst r
uct i
veandethi
caldecisi
onsaboutourpersonal
andsocialbehav iour;andt orecognizeandacceptconsequences,under standing
howouractionsaf fectourownwel l
-beingandthatofothers.

Developmentofper sonalawar enessandr esponsibil

i
tybeginswi thinfami l
i
esand
communi ti
es,beforeweent erf ormalschooling,andexpandsatev erylev elof
schooli
ng.Ateachst age,wemai nt
ainandenhancecompet enciesfrom pr evious
stages,while developing new ski ll
s.We mov ef rom demonst rati
ng per sonal
responsi
bil
it
y i n r elati
vely si mple and hi ghly suppor t
ed si t
uations, t o
demonst r
ati
ngi ncreasingi ndependencei nmor ecompl exandv ar
iedcont exts.
Thedev el
opmentofcompet encyi npersonalawar enessandr esponsibil
it
ydoes
notendwi t
hschoolgr aduation,butcont i
nuest odev elopi nper sonal,soci al,
educati
onal,andwor kplacecont exts.
 Soci
alChange

1.Sel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion
People who are personal
lyaware and responsi
ble have a sense ofpersonal
effi
cacyandgr owingconfi
denceinav ari
etyofsit
uati
ons.Theyv aluethemsel
ves,
thei
rideas,andt hei
raccomplishments.Theycanexpr esstheirneedsandseek
helpwhent heyneedi t,t
of i
ndpurposeandmot i
vati
onandactoni t
,andto
advocatetothemselves.

1.Theycanshowasenseofaccompl
i
shmentandj
oy.
2.Theycancel
ebr
atet
hei
ref
for
tsandaccompl
i
shment
s.
3.Theycanadv
ocat
efort
hemsel
vesandt
hei
rideas.
4.Theycani
magi
neandwor
ktowar
dchangei
nthemsel
vesandt
hewor
ld.
5.Theyt
aket
hei
nit
iat
ivet
oinf
ormt
hemsel
vesaboutcont
rov
ersi
ali
ssues.

2.Sel
f-
regul
ati
on

Peoplewhoar eper sonal

l
yawar eandr esponsibletaker esponsi
bil
it
yforthei
rown
choicesandacti
ons.Theysetgoal s,monit
orpr ogress,andunderstandandregul
ate
thei
remot i
ons.Theyar eawaret hatl
earni
ngi nvolvespat i
enceandt i
me.Theycan
persever
ei n di
ffi
cultsituat
ions,and t o understand how t hei
r acti
ons aff
ect
themselvesandothers.

1.Theycansomet
imesr
ecogni
zeemot
ions.
2.Theycanusest
rat
egi
est
hathel
pthem managet
hei
rfeel
i
ngsandemot
ions.
3.Theycanper
sev
erewi
thchal
l
engi
ngt
asks.
4.Theycani
mpl
ement
,moni
tor
,andadj
ustapl
anandassesst
her
esul
ts.
5.Theycant
akeowner
shi
poft
hei
rgoal
s,l
ear
ning,
andbehav
iour
.

3.Wel
l-
bei
ng

Peopl
ewhoar
eper
sonal
l
yawar
eandr
esponsi
bler
ecogni
zehow t
hei
rdeci
sions
 Soci
alChange

andact i
onsaf fecttheirment al
,physical,emot i
onal
,soci al
,cognit
ive,andspir
itual
wellness,andt akei ncreasi
ngresponsi bil
i
tyf orcar
ingf orthemselves.Theykeep
themselvesheal thyandphy si
cal
lyact iv
e,managest ress,andexpressasenseof
personalwel l
-being.Theymakechoi cest hatcontributetot hei
rsaf et
yint heir
communi t
ies,including onli
ne int
eract i
ons.Theyr ecognize the import
ance of
happinessandhav est r
ategi
esthathelpt hem f i
ndpeacei nchall
engingsit
uati
ons.

1.Theycanparti
ci
patei
nact
ivi
ti
est
hatsuppor
tthei
rwel
l
-bei
ngandt
ell
/showhow
theyhel
pthemsel
ves.
2.Theycant
akesomer
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hei
rphy
sical
andemot
ional
wel
l
-bei
ng.
3.Theycanmakechoi
cesthatbenefi
tthei
rwell
-bei
ngandkeept
hem saf
eint
hei
r
communit
y,i
ncl
udi
ngthei
ronli
neinter
acti
ons.
4.Theycanusest
rat
egi
est
ofi
ndpeacei
nst
ressf
ult
imes.
5.Theycansust
ainaheal
thyandbal
ancedl
i
fest
yle.
 Soci
alChange

Prof
ile1:Wit
hsuppor t
,Icanshow asenseofaccompli
shmentandj
oy,andexpr
ess
somewant s,needs,and pr
eferences.Icansomet
imesrecogni
zeemoti
ons.Ican
part
ici
pat
einacti
vit
iest
hatsupportmywell-
bei
ng.

Profi
le2:Inasafe,suppor
ti
veenvi
ronment ,Icansharemyi deasandaccompl i
shments,
andacceptresponsibi
li
tyf
ormyactions.Icanusest r
ategi
est hati
ncreasemyfeeli
ngof
well-
beingandhelpmemanagemyf eeli
ngsandemot i
ons.Icanconnectmyact i
ons
withbothposi
tiv
eandnegat i
veconsequences.Imakedeci sionsaboutmyactivi
ti
esand,
withsupport
,takesomer esponsi
bil
it
yf ormyphy si
calandemot i
onalwell
-bei
ng.Ican
expressmywant sandneedsandcelebratemyef for
tsandaccompl ishment
s.
 Soci
alChange

Profi
le3:Icanrecognizemyst r
engthsandusest r
ategiestof ocus,managest ress,and
accomplishmygoal s.Icanbef ocusedanddet ermined.Icansetr eali
sti
cgoal s,use
str
ategi
est oaccomplishthem,andper sev
erewi
thchal l
engingt asks.IcantellwhenI
am becomi ngangry,upset,orfr
ustrated,andIhavest r
ategiest ocalm my self.Ican
makechoi cesthatbenefi
tmywel l
-beingandkeepmesaf einmycommuni t
y,includi
ng
myonl i
neinter
acti
ons.Iadvocat
ef ormy sel
fandmyideas; Iacceptmy self
.

Profile4:Icanr ecognizemyv alueandadv ocatef ormyrights.Itakeresponsi bi

li
tyfor
mychoi ces,myact i
ons,andmyachi evement s.Icansetpr i
orit
ies;i
mpl ement ,monit
or,
andadj ustaplan;andassesst heresults.It aker esponsi
bil
it
yf ormyl earning,seeki
ng
helpasIneedi t.Iusest rategiesf orwor kingt owardahealthyandbal ancedl if
estyl
e,for
dealingwithemot ionalchal l
enges, andf orf indi
ngpeacei nstressfulti
mes.Iknowhow
tofindthesocialsuppor tIneed.Ihav ev aluableideastoshar e;Icanimagi neandwor k
towar dchangeinmy selfandint hewor l
d.

Profil
e5:Icani denti
fymyst rengt hsandl imits,findinternalmot i
vati
on,andacton
opportuni
ti
esf orself-
growth.It aker esponsibili
t yformaki nget hicaldecisi
ons.Ican
takeownershipofmygoal s,learni ng,andbehav iour;Iactonwhati sbest ,ov
ertime,in
termsofmygoal sandaspi rations. Ir ecognizet hei mpli
cationsofmychoi cesand
consultwithot herswhomaybeaf fectedbymydeci sions.Isust ai
naheal thyand
balancedli
festyl
e.Iam awar eofmyper sonaljour neyandr efl
ectonmyexper i
encesas
awayofenhanci ngmywel l-bei nganddeal i
ngwi thchallenges.Icanadv ocat
ef or
my sel
finstressfulsi
tuati
ons.It aket hei ni
ti
ativet oinfor
m my selfaboutcont r
oversi
al
i
ssuesandt akeet hi
calposit
ions.
 Soci
alChange

Ty
pesofResponsi
bil
it
ies

Maj
orl
yresponsi
bil
i
tiescanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes:

1.Per
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty

2.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanbedef
inedas“
thei
deat
hathumanbei
ngschoose,
inst
igat
e,
orot
her
wisecauset
hei
rownact
ions”andsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanbedef
inedas“
an
et
hicalf
ramewor
kandsuggest
sthatanent
it
y,bei
tanor
gani
zat
ionori
ndi
vi
dual
,hasan
obl
i
gat
iont
oactf
ort
hebenef
itofsoci
etyatl
arge.
”

Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanbecont
rast
edt
othei
deat
hathumanact
ionsar
ecausedby
condi
ti
ons bey
ond t
he agent
’s cont
rol
. Si
nce t
he l
ate 19t
h-cent
ury
,per
sonal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyhas become i
ncr
easi
ngl
yassoci
ated wi
th pol
i
ticalconser
vat
ism and
l
i
ber
tar
iani
sm.Mor
erecent
ly,per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tyhasbeenassoci
ated wi
tht
he
r
efor
m ofsoci
alwel
far
epr
ogr
ams.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenPer
sonal
Responsi
bil
it
y&Soci
alResponsi
bil
it
y:

Di
ff
erentdi
cti
onar
iesdef
inet
het
ermsdi
ff
erent
ly.Webst
erdi
cti
onar
ydef
inessoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesast
heobl
i
gat
ionst
oful
fi
lthedut
iesassi
gned,i
nawayt
hatwoul
d
benef
itt
he soci
ety as a whol
e,r
athert
han as i
ndi
vi
dual
s.Wher
eas,per
sonal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesar
ethedut
iesassi
gnedt
oensur
eanov
eral
limageoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
concer
ninghi
s/hermor
alcodeasper
cei
vedbyt
hesoci
ety
.But
,theexpl
anat
ionof
per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanv
aryf
rom peopl
etopeopl
e,dependi
ngent
ir
elyont
hei
r
i
ndi
vi
dual
thoughtpr
ocess.
 Soci
alChange

Theet
hicalf
ramewor
kthatput
sev
eryi
ndi
vi
dualandor
gani
zat
ionunderobl
i
gat
iont
o
actf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hesoci
etyv
ari
esdependi
ngont
heageandbusi
ness.Asa
st
udent
,thei
rsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
stoacti
nsuchawayt
hati
tmi
nimi
zest
headv
erse
ef
fect
soft
hei
ract
ionont
hosei
mmedi
atel
ysur
roundi
ngt
hem.Wher
eas,t
hecor
por
ate
soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesr
equi
reacommi
tmentf
rom t
hecor
por
atest
owar
dst
hel
ocal
communi
ty,t
hecount
ry’
seconomy
,andt
hequal
i
tyofl
i
feoft
hewor
kfor
ce.Thesoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyofsci
ent
ist
sandengi
neer
sbi
ndsandhol
dst
hem r
esponsi
blef
ort
he
posi
ti
ve and negat
ive consequences of t
hei
r wor
k.Al
so,t
he combi
ned soci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hesei
ndi
vi
dual
sist
hechoi
ceandconductoft
hei
rwor
k.”

1.Per
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty
2.Mor
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
3.Legal
responsi
bil
i
ty
4.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Act
ivi
ty1:
Sur
ya’
schoi
ce

Sur
yawasnear
lyr
eadyt
oleav
eforschool
whenhi
sfat
hercamei
ntot
heki
tchen.

“
Sur
ya,Ir
eal
l
yneedy
ourhel
ptodayi
nthef
iel
ds.Can’
tyoust
ayathomeandnotgot
o
school
?Thecr
opswi
l
lbedamagedi
fwel
eav
ethem anyl
onger
.”

Sur
yawasnothappy
.

“
Dad,
Ineedt
ogot
oschoolt
oday
,”hesai
d,“
it
’st
hef
ir
stmeet
ingoft
hest
udentcounci
l
andI
’
vej
ustbeenel
ect
edasoneoft
he8t
hgr
ader
epr
esent
ati
ves.
”

“
Buty
ouwon’
tbet
heonl
yone,
wil
lyou?
”sai
dhi
sfat
her
,“i
twon’
tmat
teri
fyoudon’
tgo.
Ther
ear
eot
her8t
hgr
ader
eps,
aren’
tther
e?”
 Soci
alChange

“
Yes,butI
’
llbel
ett
ingdownt
hepeopl
ewhoel
ect
edmei
fIdon’
tgo.Besi
des,wehav
e
oursci
encel
essont
oday
.Idon’
twantt
omi
ssi
t.Ihav
egott
opassmyexamsi
fI’
m
goi
ngt
ogett
ouni
ver
sit
y.”

Sur
ya’
sfat
hergr
unt
edunhappi
l
y.

“
Yout
alkaboutgoi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
yasi
fyourf
ami
l
ydoesn’
tmat
ter
.Whycan’
tyousee
t
hatweneedy
ouathome?Whathel
pwi
l
lyoubet
ousi
fyougoawayt
ouni
ver
sit
y?And
wher
ewi
l
lyougowheny
ouhav
egoty
ourqual
i
ficat
ions?Youar
en’
tli
kel
ytocomeback
her
e,t
hat
’sf
orsur
e.”

“
Youshoul
dbepl
easedt
hatIwantt
ogetoni
nli
fe,
”Sur
yashout
edangr
il
y,“
unl
i
kemost
oft
heboy
sroundher
e.Theyhav
egotnoambi
ti
on.They
’l
lendupdoi
ngwhatt
hei
r
f
ather
sdi
d.”

“
Ther
e’snot
hingwr
ongwi
thabi
tofr
espectf
ort
heol
dergener
ati
on,
”Sur
ya’
sfat
her
r
epl
i
ed,hi
stemperr
isi
ng.“
Allt
hist
alkofeducat
iont
heseday
s,i
tmakesmesi
ck.I
t
seemst
omey
ouhav
efor
got
tensomeoft
heol
dval
ues,wher
eweal
lpul
l
edt
oget
her
.
You’
rej
ustoutf
ory
our
sel
f.
”

Sur
yasi
ghed.Hehadhear
dal
lthi
sbef
ore.

“
Dad,
ifIdogetagoodj
ob,
Iwon’
tfor
gety
ouandt
hef
ami
l
y.Howcoul
dyout
hinkI
’
ddo
t
hat
?Doy
our
eal
l
ywantmet
oleav
eschool
andnotachi
evewhatIknowI
’
m capabl
eof
?
Al
lmyt
eacher
ssayIcoul
dbeagoodsci
ent
ist
.May
beonedayI
’
llmakedi
scov
eri
est
hat
wi
l
lhel
pev
ery
onei
nthewor
ld.
”

Sur
ya’
sfat
herbangedt
het
abl
e.

“
Yourf
ir
stdut
yist
othef
ami
l
yandt
hiscommuni
ty,especi
all
ynowt
imesar
esohar
d.
You’
ref
il
li
ngy
ourheadwi
thdr
eams.Whatdoy
oucar
eaboutt
her
eal
wor
ld?
”

Thi
shur
tSur
yabuthedi
dn’
twantt
oshow i
t.Forasecondhest
aredathi
sfat
heri
n
si
l
entdef
iance.Thent
heol
dmant
urnedr
oundandl
eftt
hehouse,
slammi
ngt
hedooras
 Soci
alChange

hewent
.

Sur
yasatdownandsi
ghed.Het
houghtf
orami
nut
eandt
henmadeuphi
smi
nd.He
pi
ckeduphi
sschoolbagandt
urnedt
owar
dst
hedoor
.Thenhest
opped,t
ookouta
sheetofpaperandsatdownt
owr
it
eanot
etohi
sfat
her
.Itwast
hehar
destt
hinghehad
donei
nhi
sli
fe.

Di
scussi
onpoi
nts:

1.Whatdoest hestorysayaboutt hekindofresponsibil

i
tiesSur
yahas?How many
dif
fer
entkindsofresponsibi
li
tycanyousee(responsibi
li
tytohi
msel
f,t
ohisf
amily
,
totheschool,
tot
hel ocalcommunityort
othewi derworl
d) ?

2.Whatdoy
out
hinkSur
yashoul
ddoandwhy
?Doesev
ery
onei
nthecl
assagr
ee?

3.Howdi
ff
icul
tadeci
siondoy
out
hinkSur
yahas?Whatmakesi
tdi
ff
icul
t?

4.Whatr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesdoesSur
ya’
sfat
herhav
eint
hest
ory
?Howmanycany
ousee?

5.Doy
out
hinkt
hatSur
ya’
sfat
herwasr
ightt
oaskhi
mtost
ayathome?

6.How seri
ouswoul
ditbei
fSury
adi sobeyedhisfather
?Woul
dthi
sbeadi
ff
icul
t
deci
sionf
orSur
yat
omake?Gi
vereasonsforyouranswer.

Task:

I
nyourownwor
ds,wr
it
edownwhaty
out
hinkMi
l
anwr
otet
ohi
sfat
her
.Compar
eyour
v
ersi
onwi
tht
hoseofot
her
sint
hecl
ass.Thest
udent
sshar
ethei
rideaswi
tht
hecl
ass.

Thet
eacherr
espondst
otheset
hought
soraskst
hecl
asst
othi
nkmor
egener
all
yabout
t
heki
ndsofr
esponsi
bil
i
typeopl
ehav
etowar
ds:

•t
hemsel
ves;
 Soci
alChange

•t
hei
rfami
l
y;
•t
hei
rlocalcommuni
ty;
•t
henat
ionalcommuni
ty;
•t
hewi
derwor
ld.

Li
stofI
ndi
vi
dualResponsi
bil
it
iest
oFul
fi
l

1.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYoursel
f
2.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYourFamil
y
3.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsWork
4.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsCountry
5.Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsHumanity

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYour
sel
f

 Doi
ngthingsforyoursel
f.
 Ear
ntobecomesel f-
reli
anti
.e.payf
orf
ood,
clot
hing,
shel
ter
,tr
avel
,et
c..
 Beheal
thy,wealt
hy,andhappy .
Youful
fi
lthisResponsi
bil
it
yasaSel f
-i
nter
estedPerson.
Bei
ngself
-inter
est
edisabsolut
elyf
ine,j
usttr
ynottobecomesel
fi
sh.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsFami
ly

 Spendquali
tyti
meandt akecareofthefamil
y.
 Takecareofparentsinol dage.
 Alsolookaf
terin-l
awsi nol dage.
 Teachgoodv al
uest oy ourchil
dren.
 I
fy ouhavechil
dren,thent heyareyourbi
ggestandmosti
mpor
tantr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaFami
lyMember
.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsWor
k

 Ful
fil
responsi
bil
it
iestowardsyourjob,
busi
ness,bl
ogging,consul
tancy
,et
c.
 Ify
ouar eapersoni nauthori
ty,youar
eresponsi
bleforyourownact i
onsaswel
l
asthatofthepeopledownt heline.
 Soci
alChange

Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaPr
ofessi
onal
.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsYourCount
ry

 Paytaxtocontri
butetowar dsbet
ter
mentofthenation.
 Votetoelectr
epresentat
ives,whoworkforbet
termentofall
.
 Provi
defeedbacktothegov er
nmenti
ntheform ofsuggest
ionsandcompl
aint
s.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaCi
ti
zen.

Responsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsHumani
ty

 Donatetohelpt
heneedyandl esspri
vil
eged.
 Rai
sev oi
ceagainstal
lki
ndsofi nj
usti
cewhichi
saGoodHabi
taswel
lasaGood
Karma.
 RespectRi
ghtsofanIndi
vidual.
 Abovealll
ove,l
i
ke,car
e,share,andacceptot
her
sast
heyar
e.
Youf
ulf
ilt
hisResponsi
bil
it
yasaHumanBei
ng.
 Soci
alChange

Soci
alChange

Changehasbeenanev erpresentuni
ver
salreali
ty.GreekPhi
losopherHer
acl
itushas
wri
tten.i
simpossibl
eforamant ojumpi nt
ot hesamer iv
ertwice”.I
tisimpossibl
e
becauseint
heinterv
albetweentwojumps,ther i
verandthepersonbothgetnatur
all
y
changed.

Changeisthelawofli
fe.Natureal
wayschanges.Soi sthecaseofsociety.Nosoci
etyis
orcanbeast ati
csociety.Li
kenatur
e,itissubjectt
oacont i
nuouspr ocessofchange.
A.W.Gr ew has ri
ghtly observ
ed that“ Each societ
yi si n a state ofconstant
disequi
l
ibr
ium andsocialchangecharacter
ist
icseachsociety.Not
hingsocialremains
thesame,itl
iv
eswithacont i
nuousprocessofsocialchange”
.

Eachsoci et
yi ssubjecttoacont i
nuouschange,andchangemeansanyal terat
ion
di
fferenceormodi fi
cati
onthatcomesi nasituati
onorinanobjectt hr
ought ime.It
means,asFi tcherwrit
es“avari
ati
onf r
om pr
ev i
ousmodeofexistence”,changeasa
processofsocialev
oluti
onfr
om simpletoamorecomplexfor
m ofsociety.

Her egardschangesi nadapt

ati
onasamaj ordri
vingforceofsoci
alchange.Human
bei
ngsar ealwaysi nvol
vedintheprocessofadaptati
onalongthechangesint heir
natural
,social
,cultural
,economicandpoli
ti
calcondit
ionsandintheprocess,social
changecomesov eraper i
odofti
me.

MacIverandPagehav ewrit
ten,Societyisawebofsoci alrel
ationshi
ps.Socialchange
i
mpl i
eschangesi nthenat ureand f unct
ioning oftheser elati
onshi
ps.Sincet hese
rel
ati
onshi
psarebasedonsoci alnor msandv al
ues,socialchangei mpli
eschangesi n
soci
alnorms,values,st
ruct
ures,insti
tuti
ons,processes,funct i
ons,pat
tersofhuman
behavi
ourcondi
ti
onsoflif
eandt hewhol esocialsetup.Socialchangeisav er
ycompl ex
phenomenon.

Sociol
ogistsare mostinter
est
ed in understandi
ng changesthatinf
luence ex
isti
ng
patt
ernsofsociali
nst
ructi
onsandrel
ations.Theyareconcernedwit
hchangesinvalues,
norms,rolesandi
nsti
tut
ions.Al
lsoci
eti
esev ol
v eandchangeoveraperi
odoftime.

Socialchangeisanat uralpartofthepr ocessofhumangr owthandevoluti

on.Several
i
nternalandext ernalfactorsplayamaj orr ol
eint hi
spr ocess.Furt
her,thenatureof
socialchangecanbepr ogressiveorr egressi
ve,temporaryorper manent,plannedor
unplanned,unidir
ect i
onalormul ti
-di
recti
onalbenef i
cialorhar mful
.Itcan beswi ft
radi
calandr ev
olutionaryorasl ow,gradualandev olut
ionary.“Thesoci
etyhast oadj
ust
withswiftandradicalchanges,howev eriteasi
lyabsorbst heslowandst eadychanges
whichkeeponcomi ngcontinuousl
yov ertime.”
 Soci
alChange

I
tmustbehowev ercl
earlyunderstoodthatsoci
alchangeisdif
ferentfr
om evoluti
onand
revoluti
on.I
tisav er
ycompl exandper plexi
ngphenomenon.Soci ologi
stshav ebeen
adv ocati
ngseveraldi
ffer
enttheor i
esofsocialchange.Letusdefinesocialchangeand
discussthecharacter
isti
csfactors,pat
ternsandtheori
esofsocialchange.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofsoci
alchanges:
Onthebasisoftheabov edef
ini
ti
onsandconsi
deri
ngtheviewsofal ar
genumberof
well
-knownsoci
ologi
sts,
wecanident
if
ythef
oll
owingessent
ialchar
act
eri
sti
csofSoci
al
Change.

1.Uni
ver
sal
it
yofSoci
alChange:

Socialchangei suniver
sal
.Itcharact
erisesever
ysoci ety.Nosoci et
yisst ati
c.Itis
continuouslyinf
lux.Thi
sbecomesev identfr
om thefactt hateachmoder nsocietyis
todaydi ff
erentf
rom it
spastf or
m.Undert heimpactofsev er
alinter
nalandext er
nal
factors,eachsociet
yexper
ienceschangesinitsstr
uctures,funct
ions,i
nsti
tuti
onsand
processes.

2.Soci
alChangei
snotuni
for
m:

SocialChangedi f
fer
sf r
om societ
ytosociety.Changeisthelaw ofnatur
e.Changei s
thespiceofl if
e.Howev er,i
tcanbepr ogressiv
eorr egressi
ve,posi
ti
veornegat iv
e,
permanentort emporary,pl
anned orunplanned,unidi
recti
onalormul t
i¬di
rect
ional,
benefi
cialorharmful
.

Eachsociet
yhasi
tsownhistoryandcul
tur
eandhencet heprocessandnatureofsoci
al
changealwaysdi
ff
ersfrom societ
ytosociet
y.Thi
smakesi tessent
ialforthesoci
al
sci
enti
ststost
udythepr
ocessandnatureofsoci
alchangeineachsociet
y.

3.Soci
alChangei
nvol
vesCommuni
tyChange:

Soci
alChange does notmean the change inthe l
i
fe ofan i
ndi
vi
dualorsever
al
i
ndiv
idual
sorsomegr oupsofindi
vi
duals.Iti
sachangeinvol
vi
ngtheli
feoft
heenti
re
community.I
tcharact
eri
sesandinfl
uencest heli
feofthewholecommunit
y.I
tisa
communitychangeandnotani
ndivi
dualchange.

4.Nat
ureandSpeedofSoci
alChangei
nVar
iousSoci
eti
esi
sDi
ff
erent
:

I
nal lsoci
eti
esthenat ureandspeedofsoci alchangev ari
es.Eachsoci
etyhasitown
hi
storyandcult
ur e.Natural
l
y,itexper
iencessocialchangewhichisdif
fer
entinnatur
e
andspeedf r
om thesocialchangewhichcomesi nev er
yothersoci
ety
.

Thespeedofchangei
nsomesoci
eti
esi
ssl
ow whi
l
einot
her
siti
sfastandr
api
d.I
n
 Soci
alChange

soci
eti
eswit
hlowlev
elsofl
iter
acyanddevel
opment,t
hespeedofsoci
alchangei
nsl
ow.
Inadevel
opedandhi
ghlyl
it
eratesoci
etyt
hesoci
alchangespeedi
l
ycomes.

5.Soci
alChangei
sagai
nrel
ati
vet
oTi
me:

SocialChangecharact
eri
seseachsociet
y.It
sspeed,however,al
waysdi
ff
ersfr
om ti
me
toti
meandi snotessential
l
yunif
orm.Itkeepsonchangingfrom t
imetoti
me.Before
1947,whenourcount rywasl i
vi
ngunderBr it
ishimper
ial
ism,thespeedofchange
remainedslow.Howev er,aft
eri
ndependence,thespeedofchangeinIndiansoci
ety
becamev eryf
ast.

Rapidindustri
alisat
ion,developmentofagr icul
tureand ini
ti
ati
onoft heprocessof
pl
annedsoci o-economicdev elopmentincreasedthespeedofsoci alchange.Undert
he
i
mpactofi nformat i
on and communi cationsr evol
uti
on ofcontempor aryti
mes,the
speedofchangehasbecomev er
yf ast.Thust hespeedofchangei neachsociet
y
conti
nuestov aryfrom ti
met ot i
me.

6.Soci
alChangeshowsaChai
n-React
ionSequence:

Sincesoci alchangeal way scomesundert hei mpactofsev eralsocial

,economi c,
technologicalandsit
uationalfact
ors,
itveryoftenshowsaChai n-
Reactionsequencei.e.
changei nonepar t/f
actorleadstochangesi notherpart
s/factorsandt henachangei n
the way ofl i
fe ofthe communi t
y ofpeopl etakes place.I ndustr
ial
i
sation and
urbanisati
onl eadtochangesi nfamilyl
i
f eandv il
l
agelif
e.Increasedneedf orlabourto
runthef actori
esencouragest hewoment ojointheworkforce.

Thisint urn changesthef amilyli

feand genderr elati
ons.Need forski l
l
ed labour
encouragesbot hmenandwoment ogoi nfortechnicaleducat
ionandt rai
ning.This
agai
nl eadst ochangesinal lpar
tsofsocialrel
ations.Thus,socialchangeisal ways
character
izedbyachain-
reactionsequence.

7.Sev
eral
Int
erdependentandI
nter
act
ingFact
orsofSoci
alChange:

SocialChangealwayscomesundert hei
nfluenceofsev
eralsocial
,economi
c,cul
tur
al,
andpolit
icalandsci
ence-technol
ogi
calf
actors.Ev
enthenature,speedandpr
ocessof
soci
alchangei not hersoci
eti
esalwaysinfl
uencethenatureandpr ocessofsocial
changeinasociety.

Theprocessofsoci
alchangeinwester
nsocieti
esal
waysact
shasani
mpactonsoci
al
changeindev
elopi
ngsociet
iesofAsi
a,Afr
icaandLat
inAmeri
can.

8.Noonecanpr
edi
ctSoci
alChange:

I
tisi
ndeedv
erydi
ff
icul
ttopr
edi
ctt
henat
ureofsoci
alchanget
hatmi
ghtcomei
na
 Soci
alChange

society.Nosociol
ogi
stcanr eal
l
ypredi
cti
t.Therecanbesomepr obabl
eorpossi bl
e
predict
ionbutnocanpresentanyval
i
danddeter
mini
sti
cpr
edict
ionaboutsoci
alchange
i
nsoci ety.

Theprocessofsocialchangeisver
ycomplexanddynami
canditmakespredi
cti
on-
makingverydi
ff
icul
tandpr obl
emati
c.Noonecanreal
lypr
edi
ctt
heexactnatur
eand
cont
entofsoci
alchangewhichcancomeinasoci
ety
.

Theseeightcharact
eristi
csar ethemaj oressent
ial
/naturalfeatur
esofsocialchange.
Tosum up,wecansayt hatsocialchanger ef
erstomodi f
icati
onsorrepl
acementsi n
soci
alst
ructur
e,soci
al process,socialpat
ter
nsociali
nteracti
onandsocialor
ganisati
on.
Iti
schangeinthestructureandpr ocessofenti
resoci
ety.

Ty
pesofsoci
alchange
Accor
dingt
ocul
tur
alant
hropol
ogi
stDav
idF.Aber
le,t
hef
ourt
ypesofsoci
alchange
i
ncl
ude al
ter
nat
ive, r
edempt
ive, r
efor
mat
ive and r
evol
uti
onar
y. These di
ff
erent
mov
ement
sar
edi
sti
ngui
shedbyhow muchchanget
heyadv
ocat
eandwhet
hert
hey
t
argeti
ndi
vi
dual
sort
heent
ir
etyofasoci
ety
.

Al
ter
nat
ivesoci
alchangeoper
atesatt
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evelandseekst
ochangemi
nor
aspect
s ofbehav
ior
.Campai
gns agai
nstt
ext
ing and dr
ivi
ng ar
e an exampl
e of
al
ter
nat
ivesoci
alchangei
nthesenset
hatt
heyadv
ocat
easmal
lchangei
nbehav
ior
andadv
ocat
ethi
schangeonaf
air
lysmal
lscal
e.

Redempt
ivesoci
alchangef
unct
ionsont
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evelbutadv
ocat
esadr
amat
ic
changewi
thi
nthei
ndi
vi
dual
.Thespr
eadofr
eli
gioni
sanexampl
eofr
edempt
ivesoci
al
change.Recov
ery pr
ogr
ams l
i
ke Al
cohol
i
cs Anony
mous ar
e al
so exampl
es of
r
edempt
ivesoci
alchangeast
heyadv
ocat
edr
amat
icper
sonalchangef
oraspeci
fi
c
por
ti
onoft
hepopul
ati
on.

Ref
ormat
ivesoci
alchangeseekst
oenactaspeci
fi
cchangeonabr
oadscal
e.Chi
pko
mov
ement
,1973canbeanexampl
eforr
efor
mat
ivesoci
alchange.Thr
oughChi
pko
mov
ementanat
ion-
wideawar
enessandi
mpor
tancewascr
eat
edr
egar
dingpr
otect
ion
oft
reesandaf
for
est
ati
on.Thi
smov
ementseeksav
eryspeci
fi
csetofchangesbut
 Soci
alChange

desi
rest
hesechangesonawi
descal
e.

Rev
olut
ionar
ysoci
alchangei
ndi
cat
esdr
amat
icchangeonal
argescal
e.Rev
olut
ionar
y
mov
ement
sseekt
ofundament
all
yrest
ruct
uresoci
ety
.Exampl
esofr
evol
uti
onar
ysoci
al
changei
ncl
udet
heAmer
icanCi
vi
lRi
ght
sMov
ementandt
heRussi
anRev
olut
ionoft
he
ear
ly-
20t
hcent
ury
.

Causesofsoci
alchange

Therearefew i
dentifi
abl
echar actersofsoci alchange.Someoft hem ar easf ol
lows:
thatsoci
alchangehappensev ery where,butther at
eofchangev ari
esf r
om pl aceto
place;t
hatsocialchangei ssomet imesi nt
entionalbutoftenunplanned;t hatsocial
changemaygener atecontroversy;thatsomechangesmat termorethanot hersdo.For
example,t
heinventi
onofper sonal computerswasmor ei
mpor t
antthan,say,patchdoll
s.
Thesearesomeoft hemaj orfactorsthathighli
ghtthecausesofsocialchange:

1.Alargepartofchangei
nsociet
yiscausedbychangei ncult
ure.Cul
tur
eisasyst
em
thatconst
antlyl
osesandgainscomponent s.Invent
ion,di
scoveryanddif
fusi
onare
consi
deredtobethemainsour
cesofcult
uralchange.

I
nv ent
ionspr oducenewpr oducts,ideas,andsoci alpatt
erns.I
tisanewcombi nati
onor
anewuseofexi sti
ngknowledge.Inv enti
onsmaybecl assif
iedint
omat er
ial(
telephone,
aeroplane)
,andsoci ali
nventions(alphabet,language,government,et
c.).Eachinventi
on
i
s new i nf orm,f unct
ion and meani ng and has long-t
erm possibi
liti
es ofi mpact.
Discoveryi
sf i
ndingsomethingthathasnev erbeenf oundbef or
e,orfindingsomet hi
ng
newi nsomet hingthatal
readyexists.

Adiscover
yaddssomethingnewtothecul
tureandbecomesaf act
orinsocialchange
onl
ywheni ti
sputtouse.Dif
fusi
onisaprocessoft hespreadi
ngofideas,cul
tur
eand
obj
ectstoothersoci
eti
es.Itoperat
esbothwi thi
nsoci et
iesandbet weensocieti
es
i
nvolvi
ngtr
adi
ng,migr
ati
on,andmasscommuni cati
on.Iti
sindeedatwowaypr ocess:

2.Newi deasandmodi f
icat
ionofol
dideasinanewcont extbr
ingwide-
scal
echangesin
societ
y.Forexampl e,MaxWeberest abli
shedt hatrat
ional
i
sati
onofr el
igi
ousideas
broughtaboutphenomenalchangeinProt
estantworl
d.
 Soci
alChange

3.Demographi
cchangeiscausedbyani ncr
easei
nbirt
handdecli
nei
ndeathand
migr
ati
onofpopul
ati
ons.Changeoccur
sfr
om t
hedemogr
aphi
ctr
ansi
ti
oni
nsoci
ety
.

4.Soci
alchangei salsocausedbyt ensi
onandconf l
ict
.St
ructur
alstr
ain,depri
vati
on,
cul
tur
alrevi
tal
isati
onhav ebeent hemaj orcausesofconfli
ct.Agai
nsoci aldivi
sion
basedonclass,caste,gender
,et
hnicit
y,est
ate,et
c.haveal
sobeeni mportantsources
ofconf
li
cti
nsoci et
y.

5.Soci
almovement
sareorgani
sedeff
ortsofgroupsofpeoplet obr
ingaboutdel
i
ber
ate
changeintheval
ues,norms,i
nsti
tut
ions,cul
turerel
ati
onshipsandt radi
ti
onsofthe
soci
ety
.Theyal
sogenerat
enewidenti
ti
esandanewper specti
v e.

Soci
alMov
ement
s

Whil
et echnology,popul
ati
on,env
ironmentfactor
s,andr aci
alinequali
tycanpr ompt
soci
alchange,onlywhenmember sofasoci etyorgani
zeintosocialmov ement
sdoes
tr
uesoci alchangeoccur.Thephrasesocialmov ementsref
ertocol l
ectiv
eactivi
ti
es
desi
gnedt obringaboutorr
esi
stpri
marychangesinanexisti
ngsocietyorgroup.

Wherevertheyoccur ,socialmovement scandramat ical

lyshapethedirect
ionofsociety.
Wheni ndi
v i
dualsandgr oupsofpeopl e—civi
lrightsactivi
stsandotherv i
sionari
es,f
or
i
nstance—t r
anscendt r
aditi
onalbounds,t heymaybr i
ngaboutmaj orshi f
tsi nsocial
poli
cyandst ruct
ures.Ev enwhent heyproveini
tiall
yunsuccessful
,socialmov ementsdo
aff
ectpubl i
copinion.Inherday ,peopleconsideredMar gar
etSanger'
sef f
ortstomake
bi
rthcontrolavai
lableext r
emeandev eni mmor al,y
ettodayintheUnitedStates,onecan
easi
lypurchasecont raceptiv
eproducts.

Socialscienti
stsinter
estthemselvesinwhysocialmov ementsemer ge.Dof eel
i
ngsof
discontent,desi
resfora“changeofpace,”orevenyear
ningsfor“changef ort
hesakeof
change”causet heseshifts?Sociol
ogi
stsuset wo theor
iest o explai
n whypeople
mobi l
izeforchange: r
elat
ivedepr
ivati
onandresour
cemobi l
izat
ion.

Rel
ati
vedepr
ivat
ion
When member s ofa soci etybecome di ssatisfi
ed orf rustr
ated wi ththei
rsoci al,
economi c,andpol i
ti
calsituati
on,theyy earnforchanges.Soci alscienti
stshavel ong
noted thatt he act
ualcondi ti
ons thatpeopl el ive undermaynotbe atf ault
,but
people'spercepti
onsoft heircondit
ionsare.Relativedepr i
vati
onr ef
erst othenegat i
ve
perceptionthatdif
ferencesexistbetweenwant sandact uali
ti
es.Inotherwor ds,people
maynotact uall
ybedepr ivedwhent heybeli
evet heyare.Ar el
ativel
ydepr i
vedgroupi s
disgruntl
edbecauset heyf eellessent i
tl
edorpr ivi
l
egedt hanapar t
icul
arreference
 Soci
alChange

group.Forexample,a mi
ddle‐cl
assfamil
ymayf eelrel
ati
vel
ydepr
ived when t
hey
comparethei
rhousetot
hatofthei
rupper
‐cl
assphy
sici
an.

Forsoci aldi
scont
enttot r
anslat
eintosocialmovement,member softhesoci et
ymust
feelthattheydeserv
e,orhav earightt
o,mor ewealt
h,power,orstat
ust hantheyhav e.
The di ssati
sfi
ed gr
oup mustal so conclude t
hatitcannotat t
aini ts goal
sv i
a
conv enti
onalmethods,whetherornott hi
si st
hecase.Thegr oupwillorganizeint
oa
socialmov ementonlyi
fitfeel
sthatcol
lect
iveacti
onwil
lhel
pi t
scause.

Therel
ati
ve‐
deprivat
iontheorytakescrit
ici
sm fr
om acoupleofdiff
erentangles.Fir
st,
somesociol
ogistsnotethatfeeli
ngsofdepr i
vati
ondonotnecessaril
ypr omptpeople
i
ntoacti
ng.Normustpeopl efeeldepr
ivedbefor
eacting.Mor
eover,
thi
st heorydoesnot
addr
esswhyper cept
ionsofpersonalorgroupdepri
vati
oncausesomepeopl etoreform
soci
ety
,andwhyot herpercept
ionsdonot .

Resour
cemobi
li
zat
ion

Resourcemobili
zati
ondealswi t
hhow soci
almovementsmobili
zer esources:pol
i
tical
pul
l,mass medi a,personnel,money,and so forth. A part
icular mov ement'
s
eff
ecti
venessandsuccesslargel
ydependsonhowwel
litusesi
tsresour ces.

Member sofasoci almov ementnormal lyfol

l
ow acharismat
icleader
,whomobi l
i
zes
peopl
ef oracause.Chari
smacanf ade, andmanysocialmovementscoll
apsewhenthi
s
happens.Othermov ement s,such asbur eaucr
ati
cones,managet olast
,however,
usual
lybecausetheyarehighlyor
ganized.

Norms ofbehav i
ordev elop as peopl
e become par tofa soci almov ement .The
movementmayr equireit
smember stodressinspecialways,boycottcert
ainpr oducts,
paydues,attendmar chesorr al
li
es,recrui
tnew member s,andusenew l anguage.
Concerni
ng the l
atter
,r ecentsocialmov ement s have giv
en rise to new t er
ms
l
ikeHispani
cAmerican,Afri
canAmer i
can,femini
sts,andpsychiat
ri
call
ydisabled.

Forasoci almovementt osucceed,l

eadersmusthei
ghtenthei
rfol
l
ower
s'awarenessof
oppression.Tost i
mulatet hei
rsocialmovementinthe1960sand1970s,f eminist
s
convinced women t hatt hey wer
e being di
scr
imi
nated agai
nstinvari
ous arenas,
i
ncludingwor k,
school,andhome.

Unli
kether el
ati
ve‐
depr i
vati
ontheor y,theresource‐mobili
zati
ontheoryemphasizesthe
str
ategi
cproblemsf acedbysoci almov ement s.Specif
ical
ly,
anymov ementdesignedto
sti
mulatefundament alchangeswi llsurelyfaceresist
ancet oit
sactivi
ti
es.Crit
icsfeel
thetheorydoesnotadequat elydi scusst heissueofhow opposi ti
oni nf
luencesthe
acti
onsanddi r
ecti
onofsoci almov ement s.
 Soci
alChange

Concl
usi
on

Thecausesofsoci
alchangear
ediv
erse,andthepr
ocessesofchangecanbeident
if
ied
aseit
hershort
-t
ermtrendsorl
ong-
term devel
opment
s.Changecanbeei t
hercycl
i
cor
one-
dir
ecti
onal
.

The mechani sms of socialchange can be v ari

ed and i
nter
connected.Sev
eral
mechanisms may be combi ned i
n one expl
anator
y modelofsocialchange.For
example,i
nnov at
ionby business might be stimulat
ed by competiti
on and by
gover
nmentr egulat
ion.

Tot hedegr eet hatchangepr ocessesar eregularandinterconnect

ed,socialchange
i
tselfi
sstructured.Sinceabout1965t herehasbeenashi f
tinemphasi sfrom “
structur
e”
to“change”insoci alt
heory.Changeondi ff
erentlevel
s—socialdynamicsinever
y dayli
fe
andshor t
-termt ransfor
mat i
onsandl ong-term devel
opment sinsocietyatlarge—has
becomet hef ocusofmuchat t
enti
onint hestudyofsociet
y.

VI
SIONANDMI
SSI
ONTOWARDSSOCI
ETY

A Mi
ssi
onSt
atementdef
inest
hecompany
'sbusi
ness,i
tsobj
ect
ivesandi
tsappr
oach
t
oreacht
hoseobj
ect
ives.AVi
sionSt
atementdescr
ibest
hedesi
redf
utur
eposi
ti
onoft
he
company
.El
ement
sofMi
ssi
onandVi
sionSt
atement
sar
eof
tencombi
nedt
opr
ovi
dea
st
atementoft
hecompany
'spur
poses,
goal
sandv
alues.

I
ngener
al,ami
ssi
onst
atementdef
ineswhatanor
gani
zat
ioni
scur
rent
lydoi
ng,whi
l
e
av
isi
onst
atementi
s basi
cal
l
ythe ul
ti
mat
e goal
ofwhatt
hey
'dl
i
ke t
o accompl
i
sh.
Themi
ssi
oni
swhatpeopl
edoi
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hev
isi
on.I
tist
hehow(
missi
on)v
ersus
t
hewhy(
visi
on)
.

Thedomi
nantv
aluesi
nourcommuni
ty,
soci
ety
,andwor
ldar
eshapedbyhumanbei
ngs,
and
canbechangedbypeopl
eofgoodwi
l
ltobet
termeett
heneedsofal
lhumanbei
ngson
ear
th.Justaspeopl
ear
ecr
eat
ionsofgi
vensoci
alcondi
ti
onsandv
alues,
thesesamesoci
al
condi
ti
onsandv
aluesar
eshapedandchangedbyhumanbei
ngs,
byt
hei
ror
gani
zedact
ivi
ty.
Fort
heser
easonsi
tisessent
ialt
oenv
isi
ondi
ff
erentsoci
alcondi
ti
onst
hatwoul
dbet
ter
 Soci
alChange

meett
heneedsofal
lhuman bei
ngsand cr
eat
ea mor
ecompassi
onat
eand humane
wor
ld.Weneedt
oaskt
hequest
ion:“
Whatdoesi
ttaket
odev
elopast
abl
esetofr
epeat
abl
e
condi
ti
ons wher
ebyal
lhuman bei
ngs hav
e access t
o f
ulf
il
li
ng,car
ing,meani
ngf
ul,
empower
ed,
bal
ancedl
i
ves?
”

I
nanswer
ingt
hisquest
ion,weposi
tthatweneedt
ocr
eat
ethet
ime,ci
rcumst
ances,and
pr
ior
it
yfori
ndi
vi
dual
stor
ecogni
ze and under
stand human needs.We st
artf
rom t
he
per
spect
ivet
hatbasi
chumanneedsandi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
sar
eident
if
iabl
eandcan
bef
ulf
il
ledi
ndi
ff
erentcul
tur
all
ysensi
ti
veway
s,butt
heycanonl
ybef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
est
hat
consci
ousl
yor
gani
zet
oal
l
ow al
lindi
vi
dual
sthet
imeandr
esour
cest
omeett
hei
rbasi
c
humanneeds,i
ncl
udi
ngr
educedwor
kinghour
sandpar
it
yofaccesst
oresour
cesand
r
esponsi
bil
i
ties;soci
eti
est
hatr
espectnat
ureandsust
aint
heenv
ironment
;soci
eti
est
hat
pr
omot
edi
ver
sit
yandpar
it
yofaccessandr
esour
cesf
orwomen,
raci
alandet
hni
cmi
nor
it
ies,
andal
lhi
stor
ical
l
yunder
repr
esent
edgr
oups;soci
eti
est
hati
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zepar
ti
cipat
oryand
democr
ati
cst
ruct
uresatal
llev
els;soci
eti
est
hatt
akeadeepl
ookatt
her
ootcausesof
i
nequal
i
tyandaddr
esst
heser
ootcauses.

Basi
chumanneedsandi
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
scannotbef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
eswher
e
unsust
ainabl
eenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,pat
ri
archy
,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,aut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm and
expl
oit
ati
onpr
edomi
nat
e.

Goali
stocr
eat
econdi
ti
onst
omeett
hephy
sical
,emot
ional
,andspi
ri
tual
needsofal
lhumanbei
ngs

Thei
rphy
siol
ogi
calneedssuchasnut
ri
ti
ousf
ood,cl
eanai
randwat
er,shel
terf
rom t
he
el
ement
s,l
if
epr
otect
ionser
vices,
andsexualgr
ati
fi
cat
ion.

Thei
rpsy
chol
ogi
calneedssuchast
heneedf
orl
oveandemot
ionalsecur
it
y,t
heneedf
or
spi
ri
tual
i
tyandconnect
ion,t
heneedf
orf
indi
ngpur
poseandmeani
ngi
nli
fe,sensualneeds,
 Soci
alChange

andt
imef
orr
efl
ect
ion.

Thei
rfami
l
yneedssuchascar
ingf
orchi
l
drenandel
der
s,f
oodpr
epar
ati
on,cl
eani
ng,home
mai
ntenance,
andpr
ocr
eat
ion.

Thei
rneedsf
orpr
oduci
ngsust
ainabl
egoodsandser
vices(
suchasheal
thcar
e,t
eachi
ng,
di
str
ibut
ion of r
esour
ces, exchange, l
i
fe pr
otect
ion ser
vices, t
ranspor
tat
ion, and
communi
cat
ion)i
nway
sthatdi
gni
fywor
kandpr
ovi
def
ami
l
y-sust
aini
ngsal
ari
es.

Thei
rneedf
orl
i
fe-
longl
ear
ningandr
eli
abl
einf
ormat
ion.

Thei
rneedf
ordemocr
ati
cdeci
sion-
maki
ngst
ruct
uresgui
dedbyet
hicalchoi
cesatal
llev
els
of l
i
fe,i
ncl
udi
ng t
he f
ami
l
y,school
,nei
ghbour
hood,wor
kpl
ace,l
ocal
,nat
ional
,and
i
nter
nat
ional
lev
els.

Thei
rneedf
or“
freet
ime”di
scr
eti
onar
yact
ivi
ti
essuchasar
t,spor
t,r
ecr
eat
ion,
vol
unt
eer
ism,
andent
ert
ainmentt
oengagei
nthei
rpassi
ons.

Weasser
tthat

1)al
lhumanbei
ngspossesssuchneeds,

2)t
heyhav
ebot
hther
ightandt
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
ocr
eat
ethecondi
ti
onsf
ormeet
ingal
l
t
heseneeds,
and

3)Soci
eti
esmustwor
ktoconsci
ousl
yor
gani
zesot
hatt
heneedar
easar
ebei
ngmetand
i
ntegr
atedi
ntot
hel
i
vesofal
li
ndi
vi
dual
s.

Wer
ecogni
zet
hatt
hisr
equi
rest
hei
mpr
oveddi
str
ibut
ionanduseofr
esour
ces.I
mpr
oved
bal
ancei
nourl
i
vespr
emi
seduponar
easonabl
eandr
educednumberofpai
dwor
kinghour
s
 Soci
alChange

i
smor
eimpor
tantt
hanexcessi
vemat
eri
ali
sm.

Wer
ecogni
zet
hatwear
enotsecur
eont
hispl
anetunt
ilt
her
ealhumanneedsofal
lper
sons
ar
eaddr
essed.Weknow t
hati
ssuesoft
hir
dwor
ldunder
dev
elopmentar
epal
pabl
eand
r
eal
.Unt
ill
ocalcommuni
ti
es,nat
ion-
stat
es,andgl
obalr
egi
onswor
ktoget
herwi
thmut
ual
r
espect
,wewi
l
lnotachi
evet
hehar
monyweseek.

Env
isi
oni
ngawor
ldwher
eal
lhumanbei
ngscanl
i
vewi
thoutf
earseemsut
opi
an.Si
nce
Wor
ldWarI
Iwehav
enothadasi
ngl
edaywi
thoutwaront
hepl
anet
,despi
tet
hecr
eat
ionof
manyi
nter
nat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
opr
eventsuchasi
tuat
ion.

Humanneedscannotbemetwi
thoutmaki
ngper
sonalchange,i
nst
it
uti
ngr
efor
ms,and
pr
omot
ingst
ruct
uralchange.Wemustactandt
akeact
ionpat
ter
nedont
het
ypeofsoci
ety
wewoul
dli
ket
ocr
eat
e;seeki
ngr
efor
msal
onei
sinsuf
fi
cient
.

Weunder
standt
hati
nor
dert
oimpr
oveourownl
i
vesandt
hel
i
vesofot
her
s,i
tisul
ti
mat
ely
necessar
yto engage i
n di
sci
pli
ned,pr
inci
pled pol
i
ticalact
ivi
ty,i
mpr
ovi
ng pol
i
tical
account
abi
l
ity
.Inor
dert
obesoengaged,wemustsuppor
teachot
heral
ongt
hewayt
o
pr
ovi
deheal
i
ngandhope.Wemustencour
agepeopl
etobebol
dinwor
kingf
orchanget
o
i
mpr
ovet
hewor
ld.

Cor
eVal
ues

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
ver
espect
,compar
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nal
lspher
esofl
i
fe,
and
accesst
omeet
ingt
hef
ull
rangeoft
hei
rhumanneedsandhumanr
ight
s.

 Humanneedsar
eident
if
iabl
eandwemustf
indt
hecondi
ti
onst
hatmeett
heneeds.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vef
reeofal
lfor
msofoppr
essi
onanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
 Soci
alChange

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vesoci
alcondi
ti
onst
hatf
avouri
ndi
vi
dual
,gr
oupandsoci
al
dev
elopmentt
owar
dsbui
l
dingabasef
orbal
anced,
meani
ngf
ulandf
ulf
il
li
ngl
i
ves.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vei
naheal
thynat
ural
env
ironment
.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsdeser
vet
oli
vei
npeaceandwi
thoutf
ear
.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
dbej
udgedbyt
hei
rhumanchar
act
er,
notbyt
hei
rski
ncol
our
,
nat
ionaloret
hni
c or
igi
n,gender
,sexual
i
ty,pol
i
ticalper
suasi
on,possessi
ons of
mat
eri
alweal
th,
power
,orcont
rol
.

 Basi
chumanneedscannotbef
ulf
il
ledi
nsoci
eti
eswher
eenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion,
pat
ri
archy
,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,
aut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm,
orexpl
oit
ati
onpr
edomi
nat
e.

 Peopl
ear
oundt
hewor
lddeser
veanequalamountofi
nfl
uencei
ndeci
sion-
maki
ng
aboutt
hei
rown soci
ety and an equalamountofpowerwi
thi
nint
ernat
ional
or
gani
zat
ionsandgl
obal
net
wor
ks.

 Oursecur
it
ydependsupont
hesecur
it
yofpeopl
esar
oundt
hewor
ld,whomusthav
e
t
her
ightt
osel
f-
det
ermi
nat
iont
omeett
hei
rneeds.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
dbeempower
edt
ounder
standt
hathumanbei
ngsar
enot
onl
ypr
oduct
sofsoci
alcondi
ti
ons,butt
hatt
heyal
so cr
eat
eand changesoci
al
condi
ti
ons.

 I
nthest
ruggl
ebet
weenv
aluesandpower
,wechoosev
aluesov
erpower
.

 Weactandt
akeact
ionpat
ter
nedont
het
ypeofsoci
etywewoul
dli
ket
ocr
eat
e.We
needt
obet
hechangewewantt
osee.
 Soci
alChange

 Wewantt
obeaposi
ti
vef
orcef
orchange.
 Soci
alChange

I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y

Thet
heor
yorphi
l
osophyofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
sbasedonet
hicsandv
alues.Ev
ery
i
ndi
vi
dualoror
gani
zat
ioni
sboundt
oexecut
eadequat
eser
vicest
ohel
psoci
etybyal
l
means.Thei
deol
ogyofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
typr
omot
esexcl
usi
vedut
iest
hatev
ery
or
gani
zat
ion ori
ndi
vi
dualhast
o execut
ein or
dert
o st
ri
kea r
emar
kabl
ebal
ance
bet
ween v
ari
ous sy
stems pr
esenti
n a soci
ety
.Gener
all
y,i
tindi
cat
es t
he actof
mai
ntai
ningst
abi
l
itybet
weent
heecosy
stem andt
heeconomy
.

Theconceptofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
snotonl
yval
i
dforbusi
ness,economi
c,orot
her
cor
por
ati
ons,butal
so f
orev
erysi
ngl
eper
son whoseper
for
manceoract
ionscan
i
nfl
uencet
heenv
ironment
.Whi
l
eindi
vi
dualorcor
por
atesoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanbe
di
rect
lyex
ecut
edi
nthef
orm ofv
ari
oussoci
alact
ivi
ti
es,
itcanal
sobeper
for
medbynot
get
ti
ngi
nvol
vedi
nsoci
all
yadv
erseact
s.

I
mpor
tanceofSoci
alResponsi
bil
it
y

Thedut
iesandact
ivi
ti
esi
nvol
vedi
nsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyar
enotonl
yval
uabl
efor
busi
nessandsoci
alor
gani
zat
ions,
butar
eal
sobenef
ici
alf
ort
heent
ir
esoci
ety
.Var
ious
busi
nessor
gani
zat
ions,
bei
ngsoci
etalmember
s,consi
deri
tthei
rdut
ytol
endahel
ping
handt
osoci
etyi
nor
dert
odeal
wit
hcompl
i
cat
edi
ssuesandpr
obl
ems.

I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
tyenabl
es an i
ndi
vi
dualt
oint
roduce mi
norormaj
or
changesi
nhi
sorhersoci
alenv
ironment
.Itmakesaper
sonmor
eresponsi
blei
nhi
sor
heract
ionst
hatar
ebel
i
evedt
oimpactcommuni
ti
est
hatmayormaynotber
elat
edt
o
hi
sorheri
mmedi
atesur
roundi
ngs.I
ndi
vi
dualSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
tyi
samor
albel
i
ef
wher
eweasi
ndi
vi
dual
s,hav
ear
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
owar
dsoci
ety
.Bei
ng"
soci
al
lyr
esponsi
ble"
 Soci
alChange

i
saboutal
lindi
vi
dual
sbehav
inget
hical
l
yandsensi
ti
vel
ytowar
dssoci
al
,economi
c,and
env
ironment
ali
ssues.I
tisaboutbei
ngaccount
abl
eforouract
ionsandbei
ngconsci
ous
oft
hei
mpacty
ouract
ionshav
eonot
her
s,ourcommuni
ti
es,
andt
heenv
ironment
.

Byt
aki
nganact
ivepar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
nresol
vi
ngsomeoft
hei
ssues,
weasi
ndi
vi
dual
sshoul
d
al
lst
ri
vet
osetgoodex
ampl
esbyappl
yi
ngandadher
ingt
osoci
al
lyr
esponsi
blepr
act
ices,
suchasi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyofl
i
vesf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
sandt
hei
rfami
l
ies,v
olunt
eerener
gy
andt
imet
owar
dsi
mpr
ovi
ngandbenef
it
ingsoci
ety
.

Asi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ioni
smadet
osoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tybyt
heki
ndofchoi
cesand
deci
si
onst
hatpeopl
emake.Ev
ent
hei
rcodeofconduct
,thei
rwayoft
reat
ingot
her
s,
andt
hepr
oduct
s,ser
vices,
andr
esour
cest
heypr
eferar
erel
atedt
othedomai
nofsoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.I
ndi
vi
dualsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
smaj
orl
yaboutt
reat
ingot
her
sint
he
samewayasy
ouwanty
our
sel
fto bet
reat
ed.Youar
econsi
der
ed t
o besoci
all
y
r
esponsi
blei
fyouconsi
dery
our
sel
faccount
abl
efory
ourpar
ti
cul
aract
ionsanddeal
i
ngs.
Yourconst
antat
tempt
stohav
eaposi
ti
vei
nfl
uenceony
ourf
ell
owsandt
oimpr
ovey
our
env
ironmentmakey
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 Soci
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 Soci
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Soci
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Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
Learning Objectives
1. To define “Social Change”

2. To enhance the concepts of human well-being and to

understand Social Change and Social Problems.

3. To give the Idea of social functioning, and theoretical

perspectives of Social Change.

4. To become familiar with the Social Change in Society.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Introduction to Social Change
❖ Social change in society
may be as a result of the
expediency needed in
providing solutions to
specific social problems
faced in a society.
❖ Change is an integral part
of our lives and our
existence has been through
stages of growth and
development.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Understanding Social Change
❖ Social change refers to
modifications or
replacements
in social structure.

❖ Social change is a natural

part of the process of human
growth and evolution.
(Human Progress ,Stone
tools to Artificial
Intelligence)

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Understanding Social Change
❖ It also talks about the
existence of relationship
among the people. (Rules
and positions are important
not individual)
❖ Cultural symbol, social
order, beliefs /values and
practices are part of social
change.

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
The 100th Monkey Theory

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Characteristics of Social Change

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
There are EIGHT essential
Characteristics of Social Change
1. Universality of Social
Change
2. Social Change is not
Uniform
3. Social Change involves
Community Change
4. Nature and Speed of Social
Change in Various Societies
is Different

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
5. Social Change is again
Relative to Time
6. Social Change shows a
Chain-Reaction Sequence
7. Several Interdependent and
Interacting Factors of Social
Change
8. No one can Predict Social
Change

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Types of Social Change

Career
Career Development
Development Centre
Centre
SRMIST
SRMIST –– kattankulathur
kattankulathur
Types of Social Change
❖ Alternative social change

❖ Redemptive social change

❖ Reformative social change

❖ Revolutionary social
change

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
A social change is typically based upon two factors - first, whom the movement is
trying to change, and second, how much change a movement is advocating

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
Causes of Social Change

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur
 Causes of Social Change
There are few identifiable
characters of social change. Some
of them are as follows:
1. A large part of change in society is
caused by change in culture.
2. New ideas and modification of old
ideas in a new context bring wide
scale changes in society.
3. Demographic change is caused by
an increase in birth and decline in
death and migration of
populations.
4. Social change is also caused by
tension and conflict
5. To bring about deliberate change
in the values, norms, institutions,
culture relationships and traditions
of the society. Career Development Centre
SRMIST – kattankulathur
❖Thank you…

Career Development Centre

SRMIST – kattankulathur