Introduction to Social Engineering

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“In simple words

social engineering
What is Social Engineering
means the use of
centralized
Social engineering is a discipline in social science that
refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social
planning to behaviors on a large scale, whether
manage social by governments, media or private groups in order to
change and produce desired characteristics in a target population.
regulate the
Social engineering can also be understood philosophically
as a deterministic phenomenon where the intentions and
future goals of the architects of the new social construct are
development and realized.
behaviour of a
In simple words social engineering means the use of
society.” centralized planning to manage social change and
regulate the future development and behaviour of a
society.
Social engineering triggers planned social change and
social development; the idea that governments can shape
and manage key features of society, in much the same
way as the economy is managed, assuming that adequate
information on spontaneous trends is available
through social indicators and social trends.
Karl Popper in his classic political science book, The Open
Society and Its Enemies, volume I, The Spell of
Plato (1945), Karl Popper examined the application of the
critical and rational methods of science to the problems of
the open society. In this respect, he made a crucial
distinction between the principles of democratic social
engineering (what he called "piecemeal social
engineering") and Utopian social engineering.
Popper wrote:
The piecemeal engineer will, accordingly, adopt the
method of searching for, and fighting against, the greatest
and most urgent evils of society, rather than searching
for, and fighting for, its greatest ultimate good.
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According to Popper, the difference between "piecemeal social

engineering" and "Utopian social engineering" is:
"It is the difference between a reasonable method of improving the lot of
man, and a method which, if really tried, may easily lead to an
intolerable increase in human suffering. It is the difference between a
method which can be applied at any moment, and a method whose
advocacy may easily become a means of continually postponing action
until a later date, when conditions are more favorable. And it is also the
difference between the only method of improving matters which has so
far been really successful, at any time, and in any place, and a method
which, wherever it has been tried, has led only to the use of violence in
place of reason, and if not to its own abandonment, at any rate to that of
its original blueprint.

Social engineering Planned social change and social development; the

idea that governments can shape and manage key features of society, in
much the same way as the economy is managed, assuming that
adequate information on spontaneous trends is available through social
indicators and social trends reports. For example, the extent of women's
employment is clearly determined in part by government policy to
promote or impede women's paid work.
Social engineering occurs in two forms: large scale and small scale. The
debate surrounding these two approaches to the design of social
institutions constitutes a fundamental issue in the ethics of science and
technology. To what extent is it possible and legitimate for scientific
expertise to serve as the basis for social policy and action? Can humans
use science to rationally design and successfully implement an enduring
society? Different concepts of scientific knowledge and technological
action supply different answers to these questions and variously
support large scale versus small scale engineering efforts.
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Large Scale Social Engineering

Large scale efforts to improve the human condition are a

modern phenomenon. Such endeavours require technical
knowledge, political muscle, and economic resources. In
supporting these claims, James Scott (1998) characterizes
the rise of high modernism in social-political, agricultural,
industrial, and architectural contexts during the last two
centuries. High modernism encompasses a quest for
authoritarian control of both human and nonhuman
nature, a belief that carefully crafted social order
surpasses happenstance, and a confidence in science as a
means to social progress. Once the improvement of
humanity becomes a plausible state goal, the convergence
of rising social science, state bureaucracy, and mass
media undergirds five-year collectivist plans, colonial
development schemes, revolutionary agricultural
programs, and the like, often under the control of a single
planning entity.

In urban planning, for example, Scott details the designs

of the Swiss architect, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, (1887–
1965), known professionally as Le Corbusier. For Le
Corbusier, urban design expresses universal scientific
truths. His geometric symmetries often structured human
activity, as inhabitants conformed to the design rather
than vice versa. This approach applied to entire cities as
well as individual homes ("machines for living"). Le
Corbusier's formulaic concatenation of single function
components produced simplicity via widely separated
spaces for living, working, shopping, and recreating.
Defining the good of the people, often the working poor,
in terms of detached, scientific principles and their
authoritarian imposition is, according to Scott,
emblematic of high modernist, large scale attempts at
social engineering.
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Small Scale Social Engineering

In conceiving the perfect, non-decaying state, Plato envisions a radical

departure from existing society. Marxists, too, as self-described social
engineers, use historical interpretation in aiming for revolutionary,
holistic change. The Anglo-Austrian Philosopher, Karl Popper (1902–
1994) contrasts these utopian endeavours with "piecemeal social
engineering." When society needs reforming, the piecemeal engineer

Does not believe in the method of re-designing it as a whole. Whatever his ends,
he tries to achieve them by small adjustments and re-adjustments which can be
continually improved upon. ... The piecemeal engineer knows, like Socrates,
how little he knows. He knows that we can learn only from our mistakes.
Accordingly, he will make his way, step by step, carefully comparing the results
expected with the results achieved, and always on the look-out for the
unavoidable unwanted consequences of any reform; and he will avoid
undertaking reforms of a complexity and scope which make it impossible for him
to disentangle causes and effects, and to know what he is really doing. (Popper
1957, pp. 66–67)

These claims resonate with Camus's distrust of ideologically calculated

revolution and his preference for limited but inspired rebellion. In
Popper's view, mistakes are inevitable, and more radical innovations
produce more mistakes. Because fool proof social forms are
unattainable, some mechanism for identifying needed improvements
must be an integral part of a necessarily gradual implementation
process. This view contrasts with that of large scale social engineering
on several dimensions and highlights multiple points of contention.

Spontaneous versus Consciously Controlled Change

Popper's concept of evolutionary epistemology supports not only the

idea that advances are slow and piecemeal but also that they are guided
by no overarching plan. This view resembles that of the twentieth-
century British economist Friedrich Hayek . Hayek emphasizes the view
that significant social phenomena emerge spontaneously via the
unintended effects of individual actions, and he finds support for the
benefits of this process in the ideas of the British political economist,
Josiah Tucker (1711–1799), and especially the Austrian economist Karl
Menger (1840–1921), that social institutions compete with one another in
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a kind of survival of the fittest. Because knowledge required for large-

scale planning is widely distributed among many minds and cannot be
narrowly concentrated, Hayek rejects centralized planning. Popper
advocates "negative utilitarianism," the view that proposals for reform
should be judged by how little suffering is caused. Government should
thereby ameliorate enduring social ills (such as poverty and
unemployment) and leave efforts to increase happiness to individual
enterprise. These views shape the method (monitored, incremental
change) and the goals (amelioration) of social engineering.

The nature of social reform is also examined by the American

philosopher and educator John Dewey (1859–1952). But when Dewey
speaks about the need for liberalism to advance beyond its early gains in
securing individual freedom, his vision is incongruent with that of
Hayek and Popper. For Dewey, liberalism should advance a social
order that "cannot be established by an unplanned and external
convergence of the actions of separate individuals, each of whom is bent
on personal private advantage". This social reform must be
thoroughgoing in its quest for institutional change.

For the gulf between what the actual situation makes possible and the actual
state itself is so great that it cannot be bridged by piecemeal policies undertaken
ad hoc. The process of producing the changes will be, in any case, a gradual one.
But "reforms" that deal now with this abuse and now with that without having
a social goal based upon an inclusive plan, differ entirely from efforts at
reforming, in its literal sense, the institutional scheme of things.

Dewey sees the necessity of early planning in his thinking about social
reform, and while it is clear that Popper restricts not planning per se but
only its scope and method, Dewey projects a wider, more vibrant use of
planning in achieving social renovation. Education, science (the method
of intelligence), and well-designed government policy are keys to social
improvement.

The Nature of Scientific Knowledge

Any call for social engineering requires some clarification of the

relationship between science and engineering. Popper differentiates
natural and social science in ways that Dewey does not. In natural
science, Popper's realist perspective dictates that theories make claims
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about unobservable realities responsible for observed regularities. These

claims are tested by means of controlled experiments. In contrast,
Popper construes social science as producing low-level empirical laws of
a negative sort ("you cannot have full employment without inflation"),
which are tested through practice in social engineering. This amounts to
a narrow view of social science and contributes to the contrast between
his scientific radicalism, which focuses on natural science, and his
engineering conservatism, which is linked to social science. The contrast
between Dewey the pragmatist and Popper the realist is instructive here.
From Dewey's pragmatic perspective, "the ultimate objects of science are
guided processes of change". Both natural science and social science
provide an illustration of this concept. Popper's general aversion to
abstract theories in social science may be linked to his desire to reject
certain theories, such as that of the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund
Freud, on the basis of unfalsifiabilty. Dewey's acceptance of a wider
range of theory plus empirical law in social science allows for testing to
occur in a greater range of circumstances, not only in practice (which is
often problematic: even piecemeal change simultaneously introduces
multiple causal factors) but also in controlled, even laboratory, settings.
Contemporary studies in social science embrace such methods,
including those of simulation. Moreover, when guided by theory and
experimental tests, changes introduced into practice need not be small
scale. Large-scale changes may be introduced for larger scale problems
(such the Great Depression or disease epidemics). Linking Science to
Practice Popper and Dewey differ when relating science to social
engineering. In disputes with the American philosopher Thomas Kuhn
(1922–1996), Popper emphasizes the value of critical and revolutionary
action (bold conjectures and severe tests) over and above the uncritical
plodding of normal science. This contrasts with his recommendations
for social engineering where action should be piecemeal. This contrast,
acknowledged by Popper (1976) himself, may arise from the use of the
scientific community as a model for society at large. Nevertheless, the
degree of openness and fruitfulness of criticism differs significantly
within these two realms. Robert Ackermann proposes that an
explanation "of the relative isolation of theoretical scientific knowledge
from practical concerns is required to explain how a form of social
conservatism can be held consistently with a form of theoretical
radicalism".
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Such concerns are related to Scott's analysis of why large scale schemes
have often failed to improve the human condition. Scott sees knowledge
of how to attain worthwhile, sustainable solutions as being derived not
from scientific theory, nor from the low level empirical laws cited by
Popper, but by a form of know how (metis, from the ancient Greek)
rooted in localized, cultivated practice. Like Dewey's conception, which
builds an inherent normative element ("guided processes") into
knowledge itself, there is no need to search for means of effective
"application." The implication is that useful knowledge springs from
contextualized activities, not from using local conditions to fill in the
variables of general principles. This view raises serious doubts about the
practical relevance of scientific expertise, in the modern sense, and its
ability to produce sustainable solutions to social problems. Indeed, some
have suggested that such limitations exist not only in large scale
enterprises but also in small scale efforts involving more narrowly
focused problems. A narrow focus can undermine the need to address
larger issues and long run concerns and can mire the political process in
gridlock. From these considerations, it should be clear that small scale
engineering offers no panacea and that different concepts of small scale
enterprise point the way in somewhat different directions.

Impact of the Social Engineering Issues

Questions concerning appropriate scale and the interaction of social

science and social engineering have wide impact. An entire school of
social scientists use Popper as a guide in trying to design effective social
policy. The works of the incrementalist Charles Lindblom (The
Intelligence of Democracy; Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social
Problem Solving; Inquiry and Change: The Troubled Attempt to Understand
and Shape Society; etc.) provide, by title alone, some measure of the
impact of Popper and Dewey and of social scientists' pursuit of social
engineering. Moreover, differences between planned, rule-governed
(top-down) versus unplanned, evolutionary (bottom-up) approaches
inform methodologically diverse explorations within social science itself.
Whether or not humans can effectively design social systems is
essentially a question concerning human intelligence, and efforts to
build automated intelligent systems confront the same methodological
controversy concerning rule-governed versus connectionist,
evolutionary designs. Finally, controversies over the promises of
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planned societies continue to echo the dispute between Popper and

Marxists over the true nature of social engineering.

Social Ethics
Social ethics is the systematic reflection on the moral dimensions of
social structures, systems, issues, and communities. Social ethics can be
thought of as a branch of ‘applied ethics,’ the application of ethical
reasoning to social problems.
A typical list of the kinds of issues addressed under the rubric of social
ethics includes the distribution of economic goods, research on human
subjects, animal rights, euthanasia, abortion, discrimination and
affirmative action, pornography, crime and punishment, and war and
peace. The principal tasks for social ethicists are to (1) examine social
conditions, determining which of them are problematic considering
norms concerning what is good or right or fair; (2) analyze possible
actions that could alter those conditions that have been found to be
problematic; and (3) prescribe solutions based on the examination of the
problem and the analysis of the options for action. Each of these three
steps is a thoroughly value-laden activity.
The subject matter of social ethics has been conceived in two different
ways. The first approach is one that draws a distinction between moral
choices that everyone must make, and the corporate decisions reached,
and actions taken by such collective bodies as corporations,
municipalities, and nations. Characterized in this way, social ethics
focuses on the policies and practices that should govern social
institutions. The second view of social ethics is rooted in the notion that
all ethics are social, in an important sense, because they are socially
constituted, embedded in a social matrix. This view focuses on the way
in which individual moralities are shaped by social contexts and the way
individual moral choices, in turn, shape social contexts. This overview of
social ethics discusses both approaches. The distinction between the two
approaches can become blurred in discussions about whether the
responsible agents are the collective institutions or the individuals
responsible for institutional policy and behavior.
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Social Ethics is the collection of values and behaviors of a given culture

or people group. It is a blend of different aspects of how society(s) are
structured and managed by their participants. These levels and scales
are important as the intent is to minimize overall harm or damage to
society and its members.
Importance of Social Ethics
Social ethics refers to the principles and values that guide human
behavior and decision-making in social interactions and relationships. It
encompasses issues related to morality, justice, fairness, and equality,
and is concerned with how individuals and society can live together in a
way that is equitable and just. It is important because it helps to shape
the way we interact with others, and it helps to promote fairness and
justice in society. Social ethics can help to prevent discrimination,
inequality, and injustice, and can help to create a more harmonious and
inclusive society. Some examples of social ethics include:
Respecting the rights and dignity of others, including those who are
different from ourselves. Acting with integrity and honesty in all our
interactions
Promoting equality and fairness in all aspects of social life, including in
the workplace, in education, and in the criminal justice system
Being environmentally responsible and working to protect the planet for
future generations.
Ways to promote Social Ethics
There are many practical ways to promote social ethics in daily life. Here
are a few examples:
Practice empathy: Try to understand and appreciate other people's
perspectives, feelings, and experiences. This can help you to avoid
making judgments or assumptions based on stereotypes or limited
information.
Example
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings and
perspectives of others. Here's an example of empathy in action:
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Imagine you have a friend named Alex who has been going through a
tough time lately. They recently lost their job and are struggling to find
new employment. One day, you decide to reach out to them to see how
they're doing.
You: "Hey, Alex, how are you doing today?"
Alex: "Honestly, I've been feeling really down. It's been challenging to
keep up my spirits while job hunting."
Instead of dismissing their feelings or jumping straight into offering
solutions, you respond with empathy:
You: "I'm really sorry to hear that you're feeling this way. Losing a job
can be incredibly tough, and it's completely natural to feel down during
this time. I want you to know that I'm here for you and that you don't
have to go through this alone. If there's anything specific you want to
talk about or if there's any way I can support you, please let me know."
Alex: "Thank you. It means a lot to know that you're here for me."
In this example, you demonstrated empathy by actively listening to
Alex's feelings and acknowledging the difficulty of their situation. You
offered support without trying to minimize their emotions or
immediately providing solutions. Empathy involves being present,
understanding, and validating someone's feelings, which can go a long
way in making them feel heard and supported.
Respect others: Treat others with respect, regardless of their
background, beliefs, or opinions. This can help to create a culture of
inclusivity and acceptance.
Example
Respecting others involves treating people with kindness, consideration,
and valuing their individuality. Here's an example of showing respect to
others:
Imagine you are working on a group project for your school or
workplace, and you have a team member named Sarah. Sarah has
different opinions and ideas from yours, and in a recent meeting, she
expressed her thoughts on how to approach a particular challenge.
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You: "I think we should go with Plan A. It seems to be the most practical
solution."
Sarah: "I see where you're coming from, but I believe Plan B might be a
better fit for our project. It could bring some unique advantages."
Rather than dismissing Sarah's idea or becoming defensive, you respond
with respect:
You: "That's an interesting perspective, Sarah. I appreciate you sharing
your thoughts. Let's take some time to consider both Plan A and Plan B
thoroughly. We can discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
before making a final decision as a team."
By responding this way, you show respect for Sarah's contribution and
demonstrate that her ideas are valued, even if they differ from your
own. Respecting others means being open to different perspectives,
acknowledging their input, and working collaboratively to find the best
solution. It fosters a positive and inclusive environment where
everyone's opinions are taken into account, leading to better outcomes in
teamwork and relationships
Act with integrity: Be honest and transparent in your dealings with
others. This can help to build trust and strengthen relationships.
Example
Acting with integrity means consistently behaving in an honest, ethical,
and principled manner, even when no one is watching. Here's an
example of acting with integrity:
You are working as a cashier at a grocery store. One busy afternoon, a
customer hands you a $20 bill to pay for their groceries. Amidst the
rush, you mistakenly give them change for a $10 bill instead of a $20 bill.
After the customer leaves, you realize the error you made. You could
easily keep quiet and pocket the extra $10, as it's unlikely anyone would
notice in the busy store. However, you choose to act with integrity:
You: "Excuse me, sir! I made a mistake with your change. I accidentally
gave you change for a $10 bill instead of a $20 bill. Here's the additional
$10 you're owed."
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Customer: "Oh, thank you for being honest and letting me know! I
appreciate your integrity."
In this situation, you demonstrate integrity by admitting your mistake
and rectifying it, even though it could have easily gone unnoticed.
Acting with integrity means upholding moral and ethical values, being
accountable for your actions, and doing what is right, even when it's
difficult or inconvenient. This behavior earns you trust and respect from
others and builds a reputation of reliability and honesty.
Support social justice: Advocate for policies and practices that promote
social justice, such as equal access to education, healthcare, and
employment opportunities. This can help to address systemic
inequalities and promote greater fairness in society.
Example
Supporting social justice involves advocating for fair and equitable
treatment of all individuals, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender,
socioeconomic status, or other characteristics.
You are part of a community organization that aims to address the issue
of homelessness in your city. You and your fellow members believe that
everyone deserves access to basic necessities and dignified living
conditions. To take action, you are organizing a campaign to raise
awareness about homelessness and advocate for better resources and
policies to support those in need.
By taking actions like, raising awareness Campaign, engaging the
Community, Collaborating with Local Authorities, Empowering the
Homeless and offering support to those in need, providing meals, and
organizing donation drives for essential items like clothing, toiletries,
and blankets, you and your community organization actively support
social justice by addressing the systemic issues that contribute to
homelessness and advocating for a fair and compassionate approach to
helping those in need. This example shows how individuals can come
together to bring about positive change in their community and work
towards a more just and equitable society.
Be environmentally responsible: Take steps to reduce your impact on
the environment, such as reducing your use of single-use plastics,
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conserving energy, and supporting environmentally responsible

businesses and initiatives.
Example
By practicing environmentally responsible habits, one can set an
excellent example for others and contribute to positive environmental
change in their community. Everyone’s efforts, no matter how small,
collectively make a significant impact on preserving the planet for future
generations.
Eco-Friendly Transportation: choosing to walk, bike, or use public
transportation whenever possible instead of driving a car reduces
carbon footprint and helps decrease air pollution.
Energy Conservation: turning off lights and appliances when not in use,
uses energy-efficient LED bulbs, and sets thermostat to save energy
during the day.
Recycling and Composting: ensuring that items like plastic bottles,
paper, and glass containers are properly recycled.
Sustainable Shopping: buying products with minimal packaging;
chooseing items made from recycled materials and supports brands that
prioritize sustainability and eco-friendly practices.
Conserving Water: taking shorter showers, turning off the tap while
brushing her teeth, and being mindful of water consumption to reduce
unnecessary wastage.
Reduce, Reuse, and Repair: Preferring reusable items instead of single-
use plastics, such as using reusable water bottles, shopping bags, and
containers. She also repairs items when possible, instead of replacing
them.
Supporting Environmental Causes: donating to environmental
organizations and participating in local clean-up events and
conservation efforts to support environmental causes she cares about.
Engage in civil discourse: Engage in respectful and constructive
conversations with others, even when you disagree. This can help to
promote understanding and avoid polarization and division.
Example
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Engaging in civil discourse means having respectful and constructive

conversations with others, even when discussing topics where there
might be differing opinions. Here's an example of engaging in civil
discourse:
Imagine you are at a family gathering, and a heated discussion about a
current political issue starts to unfold. Two family members, Jane and
Mark, hold opposing views on the topic, and the conversation becomes
tense.
Instead of letting the discussion escalate into an argument, you decide to
engage in civil discourse:
You: "I can see that both of you have strong opinions on this topic. It's
essential to discuss these matters, but let's try to have a civil
conversation. Jane, would you like to share your perspective first?"
Jane: "Sure, I believe that this policy is necessary to address the issue
effectively. It has shown positive results in other countries."
You: "Thank you for sharing, Jane. It's clear you've done some research
on the topic. Mark, what are your thoughts on this?"
Mark: "I understand where Jane is coming from, but I have concerns
about the potential drawbacks of the policy. I believe we should explore
alternative approaches."
You: "That's a valid point, Mark. It's essential to consider both the
benefits and potential drawbacks of any policy. Maybe we could find
some common ground by discussing potential compromises or middle-
ground solutions?"
Jane: "You're right. Maybe there are aspects we can agree on, even if we
have different overall views."
You: "Exactly. It's okay to have different opinions, but let's try to find
common points and respect each other's perspectives. We might not
change each other's minds entirely but understanding each other's
reasoning can be beneficial."
In this example, you demonstrate civil discourse by encouraging
respectful dialogue, actively listening to each person's viewpoint, and
seeking common ground. Instead of attacking or dismissing one
another's opinions, the focus is on fostering understanding and
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promoting a respectful exchange of ideas. Engaging in civil discourse

helps maintain open communication, builds empathy, and creates a
more inclusive environment where diverse perspectives can be
expressed and respected.
Volunteer: Get involved in your community by volunteering your time
and resources to support causes that promote social ethics, such as
poverty reduction, environmental conservation, or human rights.
By practicing these and other behaviors, you can help to promote social
ethics in your daily life and contribute to a more just and equitable
society.
Consequences of not following social ethics
The consequences of not following social ethics can be significant, both
for individuals and for society. Some of the potential consequences
include:
Damage to relationships: When individuals act in ways that are
disrespectful, dishonest, or unethical, it can damage their relationships
with others. This can lead to a breakdown in trust, which can be difficult
to repair.
Harm to others: Actions that violate social ethics can harm others in
various ways. For example, discrimination, harassment, or bullying can
cause emotional and psychological harm to the victims.
Legal consequences: Some actions that violate social ethics may also be
illegal, and individuals who engage in these activities may face legal
consequences such as fines, imprisonment, or other penalties.
Damage to reputation: Violating social ethics can damage an
individual's reputation both personally and professionally. This can
make it difficult to build and maintain relationships, find employment,
or be trusted in positions of authority.
Harm to society: When social ethics are not followed, it can lead to a
breakdown in social cohesion and trust and can contribute to broader
social problems such as inequality, discrimination, and injustice.
It is important to act in ways that are respectful, honest, and ethical in
order to promote a more harmonious and just society.
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Aspects of Social Ethics:

The distribution of economic goods, human subject research, animal
rights, euthanasia, abortion, discrimination and affirmative action,
pornography, crime and punishment, and war and peace are a few
examples of the types of concerns that fall within the category of social
ethics.
Moralities of everyday life:
The moralities of everyday life refer to the ethical principles and values
that guide our actions, decisions, and interactions in our day-to-day
activities. These moral considerations are essential for creating a
harmonious and just society and are often shaped by cultural, religious,
and philosophical beliefs. Here are some key aspects of moralities in
everyday life:
Honesty and Integrity: Being honest and truthful in our dealings with
others is a fundamental moral value. It involves being sincere and
transparent, not deceiving or misleading others, and taking
responsibility for our actions.
Compassion and Empathy: Showing kindness and understanding
towards others' feelings and situations is a cornerstone of morality.
Compassion involves recognizing the suffering of others and taking
steps to alleviate it.
Respect for Others: Treating all individuals with respect and dignity,
regardless of their background, beliefs, or status, is an essential moral
principle. This includes listening to others' perspectives and being open
to dialogue and cooperation.
Fairness and Justice: Ensuring that everyone is treated fairly and
equitably is a crucial aspect of morality. It involves upholding principles
of justice, equality, and impartiality in our interactions and decision-
making processes.
Responsibility and Accountability: Taking responsibility for our
actions and being accountable for the consequences of our choices are
important moral values. This means acknowledging mistakes and
working to rectify them.
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Caring for the Environment: Recognizing our responsibility towards

the environment and striving to protect it for future generations is a
growing moral concern in everyday life.
Loyalty and Trustworthiness: Being loyal to commitments,
relationships, and promises fosters trust and stability in personal and
professional interactions.
Humility and Modesty: Acknowledging our limitations and being
humble about our achievements can help maintain a balanced
perspective and avoid arrogance.
Courage and Standing up for What's Right: Sometimes, moral decisions
require courage to stand up for what is right, even when it is difficult or
unpopular.
Generosity and Altruism: Giving back to others and engaging in acts of
kindness without expecting anything in return demonstrates a strong
moral character.
Patience and Tolerance: Practicing patience and tolerance in the face of
adversity or when dealing with differing opinions can promote
understanding and harmony.
Non-violence and Conflict Resolution: Seeking peaceful resolutions to
conflicts and avoiding violence whenever possible align with moral
principles.
It's important to note that different cultures and belief systems may
emphasize different aspects of morality, and individual interpretations
can also vary. Nevertheless, the underlying goal is to cultivate a sense of
ethics and conscience that promotes well-being, cooperation, and a
positive impact on the world around us.
Ethical Dilemma:
An ethical dilemma is a complex situation in which a person faces
conflicting moral principles or values and must make a decision that
involves choosing between two or more courses of action, each of which
has both positive and negative consequences. These dilemmas often
arise when there is no clear or easy solution, and the decision-maker
must carefully consider the ethical implications of their choices.
Here's an example of an ethical dilemma:
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The Trolley Problem: Imagine you are standing next to a railway track,
and you see a runaway trolley hurtling down the tracks. There are five
people tied up and unable to move on the main track. The trolley is
headed straight for them, and they will likely be killed if nothing is
done. However, you notice a lever nearby that, if pulled, will divert the
trolley onto a side track. On this side track, there is one person tied up.
Pulling the lever will save the five people on the main track, but it will
result in the death of the one person on the side track.
Now, you face an ethical dilemma: Do you choose to do nothing and
allow the trolley to kill five people, or do you pull the lever and
intentionally cause the death of one person to save five others?
In this scenario, there is no clear "right" answer, and the decision you
make will be influenced by your ethical beliefs and values. Some people
may argue that it is morally acceptable to pull the lever, as it minimizes
overall harm and maximizes the number of lives saved. Others may
argue that intentionally causing harm to one person, even for a greater
good, is morally wrong and that doing nothing is the more ethical
choice.
Ethical dilemmas often raise important questions about the nature of
morality, the value of human life, the consequences of our actions, and
the principles we use to make ethical decisions. They challenge
individuals to think critically about their values and principles and to
grapple with the complexities of ethical decision-making.

VISION AND MISSION TOWARDS SOCIETY

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A Mission Statement defines the company's business, its objectives and its
approach to reach those objectives. A Vision Statement describes the
desired future position of the company. Elements of Mission and Vision
Statements are often combined to provide a statement of the company's
purposes, goals and values.
In general, a mission statement defines what an organization is currently
doing, while a vision statement is basically the ultimate goal of what
they'd like to accomplish. The mission is what people do in order to
achieve the vision. It is the how (mission) versus the why (vision).
The dominant values in our community, society, and world are shaped by
human beings, and can be changed by people of good will to better meet the
needs of all human beings on earth. Just as people are creations of given
social conditions and values, these same social conditions and values are
shaped and changed by human beings, by their organized activity. For these
reasons it is essential to envision different social conditions that would better
meet the needs of all human beings and create a more compassionate and
humane world. We need to ask the question: “What does it take to develop
a stable set of repeatable conditions whereby all human beings have access
to fulfilling, caring, meaningful, empowered, balanced lives?”

In answering this question, we posit that we need to create the time,

circumstances, and priority for individuals to recognize and understand
human needs. We start from the perspective that basic human needs and
international human rights are identifiable and can be fulfilled in different
culturally sensitive ways, but they can only be fulfilled in societies that
consciously organize to allow all individuals the time and resources to meet
their basic human needs, including reduced working hours and parity of
access to resources and responsibilities; societies that respect nature and
sustain the environment; societies that promote diversity and parity of
access and resources for women, racial and ethnic minorities, and all
historically underrepresented groups; societies that institutionalize
participatory and democratic structures at all levels; societies that take a
deep look at the root causes of inequality and address these root causes.

Basic human needs and international human rights cannot be fulfilled in

societies where unsustainable environmental degradation, patriarchy,
discrimination, authoritarianism and exploitation predominate.
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Goal is to create conditions to meet the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs
of all human beings

Their physiological needs such as nutritious food, clean air and water,
shelter from the elements, life protection services, and sexual gratification.

Their psychological needs such as the need for love and emotional security,
the need for spirituality and connection, the need for finding purpose and
meaning in life, sensual needs, and time for reflection.

Their family needs such as caring for children and elders, food preparation,
cleaning, home maintenance, and procreation.

Their needs for producing sustainable goods and services (such as health
care, teaching, distribution of resources, exchange, life protection services,
transportation, and communication) in ways that dignify work and provide
family-sustaining salaries.

Their need for life-long learning and reliable information.

Their need for democratic decision-making structures guided by ethical

choices at all levels of life, including the family, school, neighbourhood,
workplace, local, national, and international levels.

Their need for “free time” discretionary activities such as art, sport,
recreation, volunteerism, and entertainment to engage in their passions.

We assert that

1) all human beings possess such needs,

2) they have both the right and the responsibility to create the conditions for
meeting all these needs, and
3) Societies must work to consciously organize so that the need areas are
being met and integrated into the lives of all individuals.

We recognize that this requires the improved distribution and use of

resources. Improved balance in our lives premised upon a reasonable and
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reduced number of paid working hours is more important than excessive

materialism.

We recognize that we are not secure on this planet until the real human
needs of all persons are addressed. We know that issues of third world
underdevelopment are palpable and real. Until local communities, nation-
states, and global regions work together with mutual respect, we will not
achieve the harmony we seek.

Envisioning a world where all human beings can live without fear seems
utopian. Since World War II we have not had a single day without war on
the planet, despite the creation of many international institutions to prevent
such a situation.

Human needs cannot be met without making personal change, instituting

reforms, and promoting structural change. We must act and take action
patterned on the type of society we would like to create; seeking reforms
alone is insufficient.

We understand that in order to improve our own lives and the lives of
others, it is ultimately necessary to engage in disciplined, principled political
activity, improving political accountability. In order to be so engaged, we
must support each other along the way to provide healing and hope. We
must encourage people to be bold in working for change to improve the
world.

Core Values

 All human beings deserve respect, comparable opportunities in all

spheres of life, and access to meeting the full range of their human
needs and human rights.
 Human needs are identifiable and we must find the conditions that
meet the needs.
 All human beings deserve to live free of all forms of oppression and
discrimination.
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 All human beings deserve social conditions that favour individual,

group and social development towards building a base for balanced,
meaningful and fulfilling lives.
 All human beings deserve to live in a healthy natural environment.
 All human beings deserve to live in peace and without fear.
 All human beings should be judged by their human character, not by
their skin colour, national or ethnic origin, gender, sexuality, political
persuasion, possessions of material wealth, power, or control.
 Basic human needs cannot be fulfilled in societies where
environmental degradation, patriarchy, discrimination,
authoritarianism, or exploitation predominate.
 People around the world deserve an equal amount of influence in
decision-making about their own society and an equal amount of
power within international organizations and global networks.
 Our security depends upon the security of peoples around the world,
who must have the right to self-determination to meet their needs.
 All human beings should be empowered to understand that human
beings are not only products of social conditions, but that they also
create and change social conditions.
 In the struggle between values and power, we choose values over
power.
 We act and take action patterned on the type of society we would like
to create. We need to be the change we want to see.
 We want to be a positive force for change.
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SOCIAL CHANGE

Change has been an ever present universal reality. Greek

Philosopher Heraclitus has written. is impossible for a man to jump into
the same river twice”. It is impossible because in the interval between
two jumps, the river and the person both get naturally changed.

Change is the law of life. Nature always changes. So is the case of

society. No society is or can be a static society. Like nature, it is subject to
a continuous process of change. A.W. Grew has rightly observed that
“Each society is in a state of constant disequilibrium and social change
characteristics each society. Nothing social remains the same, it lives
with a continuous process of social change”.

Each society is subject to a continuous change, and change means any

alteration difference or modification that comes in a situation or in an
object through time. It means, as Fitcher writes “a variation from
previous mode of existence”, change as a process of social evolution
from simple to a more complex form of society.

He regards changes in adaptation as a major driving force of social

change. Human beings are always involved in the process of adaptation
along the changes in their natural, social, cultural, economic and
political conditions and in the process, social change comes over a
period of time.

MacIver and Page have written, Society is a web of social relationships.

Social change implies changes in the nature and functioning of these
relationships. Since these relationships are based on social norms and
values, social change implies changes in social norms, values, structures,
institutions, processes, functions, patters of human behaviour conditions
of life and the whole social set up. Social change is a very complex
phenomenon.

Sociologists are most interested in understanding changes that influence

existing patterns of social instructions and relations. They are concerned
with changes in values, norms, roles and institutions. All societies
evolve and change over a period of time.
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Social change is a natural part of the process of human growth and

evolution. Several internal and external factors play a major role in this
process. Further, the nature of social change can be progressive or
regressive, temporary or permanent, planned or unplanned,
unidirectional or multi-directional beneficial or harmful. It can be swift
radical and revolutionary or a slow, gradual and evolutionary. “The
society has to adjust with swift and radical changes, however it easily
absorbs the slow and steady changes which keep on coming
continuously over time.”

It must be however clearly understood that social change is different

from evolution and revolution. It is a very complex and perplexing
phenomenon. Sociologists have been advocating several different
theories of social change. Let us define social change and discuss the
characteristics factors, patterns and theories of social change.

Characteristics of social changes:

On the basis of the above definitions and considering the views of a
large number of well-known sociologists, we can identify the following
essential characteristics of Social Change.

1. Universality of Social Change:

Social change is universal. It characterises every society. No society is
static. It is continuously in flux. This becomes evident from the fact that
each modern society is today different from its past form. Under the
impact of several internal and external factors, each society experiences
changes in its structures, functions, institutions and processes.

2. Social Change is not uniform:

Social Change differs from society to society. Change is the law of
nature. Change is the spice of life. However, it can be progressive or
regressive, positive or negative, permanent or temporary, planned or
unplanned, unidirectional or multidirectional, beneficial or harmful.

Each society has its own history and culture and hence the process and
nature of social change always differs from society to society. This
makes it essential for the social scientists to study the process and nature
of social change in each society.
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3. Social Change involves Community Change:

Social Change does not mean the change in the life of an individual or
several individuals or some groups of individuals. It is a change
involving the life of the entire community. It characterises and
influences the life of the whole community. It is a community change
and not an individual change.

4. Nature and Speed of Social Change in Various Societies is

Different:
In all societies the nature and speed of social change varies. Each society
has it own history and culture. Naturally, it experiences social change
which is different in nature and speed from the social change which
comes in every other society.

The speed of change in some societies is slow while in others it is fast

and rapid. In societies with low levels of literacy and development, the
speed of social change in slow. In a developed and highly literate society
the social change speedily comes.

5. Social Change is again relative to Time:

Social Change characterises each society. Its speed, however, always
differs from time to time and is not essentially uniform. It keeps on
changing from time to time. Before 1947, when our country was living
under British imperialism, the speed of change remained slow.
However, after independence, the speed of change in Indian society
became very fast.

Rapid industrialisation, development of agriculture and initiation of the

process of planned socio-economic development increased the speed of
social change. Under the impact of information and communications
revolution of contemporary times, the speed of change has become very
fast. Thus the speed of change in each society continues to vary from
time to time.

6. Social Change shows a Chain-Reaction Sequence:

Since social change always comes under the impact of several social,
economic, technological and situational factors, it very often shows a
Chain-Reaction sequence i.e. change in one part/factor leads to changes
in other parts/factors and then a change in the way of life of the
community of people takes place. Industrialisation and urbanisation
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lead to changes in family life and village life. Increased need for labour
to run the factories encourages the women to join the work force.

This in turn changes the family life and gender relations. Need for
skilled labour encourages both men and women to go in for technical
education and training. This again leads to changes in all parts of social
relations. Thus, social change is always characterized by a chain-reaction
sequence.

7. Several Interdependent and Interacting Factors of Social Change:

Social Change always comes under the influence of several social,
economic, cultural, and political and science- technological factors. Even
the nature, speed and process of social change in other societies always
influence the nature and process of social change in a society.

The process of social change in western societies always acts has an

impact on social change in developing societies of Asia, Africa and Latin
American.

8. No one can predict Social Change:

It is indeed very difficult to predict the nature of social change that
might come in a society. No sociologist can really predict it. There can be
some probable or possible prediction but no can present any valid and
deterministic prediction about social change in society.

The process of social change is very complex and dynamic and it makes
prediction-making very difficult and problematic. No one can really
predict the exact nature and content of social change which can come in
a society.

These eight characteristics are the major essential/natural features of

social change. To sum up, we can say that social change refers to
modifications or replacements in social structure, social process, social
pattern social interaction and social organisation. It is change in the
structure and process of entire society.

Causes of social change

There are few identifiable characters of social change. Some of them are
as follows: that social change happens everywhere, but the rate of
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change varies from place to place; that social change is sometimes

intentional but often unplanned; that social change may generate
controversy; that some changes matter more than others do. For
example, the invention of personal computers was more important than,
say, patch dolls. These are some of the major factors that highlight the
causes of social change:

1. A large part of change in society is caused by change in culture.

Culture is a system that constantly loses and gains components.
Invention, discovery and diffusion are considered to be the main sources
of cultural change.

Inventions produce new products, ideas, and social patterns. It is a new

combination or a new use of existing knowledge. Inventions may be
classified into material (telephone, aeroplane), and social inventions
(alphabet, language, government, etc.). Each invention is new in form,
function and meaning and has long-term possibilities of impact.
Discovery is finding something that has never been found before, or
finding something new in something that already exists.

A discovery adds something new to the culture and becomes a factor in

social change only when it is put to use. Diffusion is a process of the
spreading of ideas, culture and objects to other societies. It operates both
within societies and between societies involving trading, migration, and
mass communication. It is indeed a two way process:

2. New ideas and modification of old ideas in a new context bring wide-
scale changes in society. For example, Max Weber established that
rationalisation of religious ideas brought about phenomenal change in
Protestant world.

3. Demographic change is caused by an increase in birth and decline in

death and migration of populations. Change occurs from the
demographic transition in society.

4. Social change is also caused by tension and conflict. Structural strain,

deprivation, cultural revitalisation have been the major causes of
conflict. Again social division based on class, caste, gender, ethnicity,
estate, etc. have also been important sources of conflict in society.
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5. Social movements are organised efforts of groups of people to bring

about deliberate change in the values, norms, institutions, culture
relationships and traditions of the society. They also generate new
identities and a new perspective.

Social Movements

While technology, population, environment factors, and racial inequality

can prompt social change, only when members of a society organize into
social movements does true social change occur. The phrase social
movements refers to collective activities designed to bring about or
resist primary changes in an existing society or group.

Wherever they occur, social movements can dramatically shape the

direction of society. When individuals and groups of people—civil
rights activists and other visionaries, for instance—transcend traditional
bounds, they may bring about major shifts in social policy and
structures. Even when they prove initially unsuccessful, social
movements do affect public opinion. In her day, people considered
Margaret Sanger's efforts to make birth control available extreme and
even immoral, yet today in the United States, one can easily purchase
contraceptive products.

Social scientists interest themselves in why social movements emerge.

Do feelings of discontent, desires for a “change of pace,” or even
yearnings for “change for the sake of change” cause these shifts?
Sociologists use two theories to explain why people mobilize for
change: relative deprivation and resource mobilization.

Relative deprivation
When members of a society become dissatisfied or frustrated with their
social, economic, and political situation, they yearn for changes. Social
scientists have long noted that the actual conditions that people live
under may not be at fault, but people's perceptions of their conditions
are. Relative deprivation refers to the negative perception that
differences exist between wants and actualities. In other words, people
may not actually be deprived when they believe they are. A relatively
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deprived group is disgruntled because they feel less entitled or

privileged than a particular reference group. For example, a middle‐
class family may feel relatively deprived when they compare their house
to that of their upper‐class physician.

For social discontent to translate into social movement, members of the

society must feel that they deserve, or have a right to, more wealth,
power, or status than they have. The dissatisfied group must also
conclude that it cannot attain its goals via conventional methods,
whether or not this is the case. The group will organize into a social
movement only if it feels that collective action will help its cause.

The relative‐deprivation theory takes criticism from a couple of different

angles. First, some sociologists note that feelings of deprivation do not
necessarily prompt people into acting. Nor must people feel deprived
before acting. Moreover, this theory does not address why perceptions
of personal or group deprivation cause some people to reform society,
and why other perceptions do not.

Resource mobilization

Resource mobilization deals with how social movements mobilize

resources: political pull, mass media, personnel, money, and so forth. A
particular movement's effectiveness and success largely depends on
how well it uses its resources.

Members of a social movement normally follow a charismatic leader,

who mobilizes people for a cause. Charisma can fade, and many social
movements collapse when this happens. Other movements, such as
bureaucratic ones, manage to last, however, usually because they are
highly organized.

Norms of behavior develop as people become part of a social movement.

The movement may require its members to dress in special ways,
boycott certain products, pay dues, attend marches or rallies, recruit
new members, and use new language. Concerning the latter, recent
social movements have given rise to new terms like Hispanic American,
African American, feminists, and psychiatrically disabled.
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For a social movement to succeed, leaders must heighten their followers'

awareness of oppression. To stimulate their social movement in the
1960s and 1970s, feminists convinced women that they were being
discriminated against in various arenas, including work, school, and
home.

Unlike the relative‐deprivation theory, the resource‐mobilization theory

emphasizes the strategic problems faced by social movements.
Specifically, any movement designed to stimulate fundamental changes
will surely face resistance to its activities. Critics feel the theory does not
adequately discuss the issue of how opposition influences the actions
and direction of social movements.

The causes of social change are diverse, and the processes of change can
be identified as either short-term trends or long-term developments.
Change can be either cyclic or one-directional.

The mechanisms of social change can be varied and interconnected.

Several mechanisms may be combined in one explanatory model of
social change. For example, innovation by business might be stimulated
by competition and by government regulation.

To the degree that change processes are regular and interconnected,

social change itself is structured. Since about 1965 there has been a shift
in emphasis from “structure” to “change” in social theory. Change on
different levels—social dynamics in everyday life and short-term
transformations and long-term developments in society at large—has
become the focus of much attention in the study of society.
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Individual Social Responsibility

The theory or philosophy of social responsibility is based on ethics and

values. Every individual or organization is bound to execute adequate
services to help society by all means. The ideology of social
responsibility promotes exclusive duties that every organization or
individual has to execute in order to strike a remarkable balance
between various systems present in a society. Generally, it indicates the
act of maintaining stability between the ecosystem and the economy.
The concept of social responsibility is not only valid for business,
economic, or other corporations, but also for every single person whose
performance or actions can influence the environment. While individual
or corporate social responsibility can be directly executed in the form of
various social activities, it can also be performed by not getting involved
in socially adverse acts.

Importance of Social Responsibility

The duties and activities involved in social responsibility are not only
valuable for business and social organizations, but are also beneficial for
the entire society. Various business organizations, being societal
members, consider it their duty to lend a helping hand to society in
order to deal with complicated issues and problems.

Individual Social Responsibility enables an individual to introduce

minor or major changes in his or her social environment. It makes a
person more responsible in his or her actions that are believed to impact
communities that may or may not be related to his or her immediate
surroundings. Individual Social Responsibility is a moral belief where we
as individuals, have a responsibility toward society. Being "socially
responsible" is about all individuals behaving ethically and sensitively
towards social, economic, and environmental issues. It is about being
accountable for our actions and being conscious of the impact your
actions have on others, our communities, and the environment.
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By taking an active participation in resolving some of the issues, we as

individuals should all strive to set good examples by applying and
adhering to socially responsible practices, such as improving the quality
of lives for individuals and their families, volunteer energy and time
towards improving and benefiting society.

A significant contribution is made to social responsibility by the kind of

choices and decisions that people make. Even their code of conduct,
their way of treating others, and the products, services, and resources
they prefer are related to the domain of social responsibility. Individual
social responsibility is majorly about treating others in the same way as
you want yourself to be treated. You are considered to be socially
responsible if you consider yourself accountable for your particular
actions and dealings. Your constant attempts to have a positive influence
on your fellows and to improve your environment make you socially
responsible as well as appreciable.
Enhance the environment by adopting a beach or park to maintain and
beautify. Provide a good "listening ear" for those who have problems
managing personal emotions, such as feeling of separation and loss, pain
and suffering, and coping with the imminence of death. Children without
a parent or parents. There are many ways of donating, for example,
donating goods, services, or monetarily. You can also invest in socially
responsible funds, consume green products, give blood to the 'Red Cross',
or give their time and life for good causes.
As individuals, our emotional intelligence skills, such as social
awareness and empathy, can be shown through our use of social
responsibility efforts within an organization but also through our
personal social responsibility efforts. ISR (individual social
responsibility) is defined as an individual being aware of how personal
actions have an effect on the community. ISR can include the following:
Charitable acts, including philanthropy such as donation of money.
Working for the community, such as volunteering, giving blood
donations, and working at a food bank or animal shelter.
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Supporting issues that affect society, such as advocating political or

social issues that can help others—for example, advocating for child
labour laws, purchasing fair trade products, recycling.
Individual ethics, such as integrity and honesty. These individual ethics
can also include the “golden rule”: treat others how you wish to be
treated. This might mean with empathy and a sense of fairness.

Engaging in ISR activities such as these can help us develop our

emotional intelligence skills through the use of social awareness—that
is, understanding how our actions can affect others and engaging in
empathy for others. In addition, we can build our self-esteem and self-
perception by helping othersBénabou, R. & Tirole, J (2010). Individual
and corporate social responsibility. Economica, 77, 1–19 and engaging in
socially responsible activities. As we have discussed throughout the
chapter, to improve human relations skills, we must understand that
ethics, social responsibility, and emotional intelligence skills are
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intertwined with each other. Those who continually develop their

emotional intelligence skills will likely engage in ethical and socially
responsible behaviour, both personally and as leaders of their
organizations.

UNITED NATION-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a

comprehensive set of global goals aimed at addressing various social,
economic, and environmental challenges to create a more sustainable
and equitable world by 2030. Here is a detailed note on the SDGs:
Background: The SDGs were adopted by all 193 United Nations Member
States in September 2015 at the UN Sustainable Development Summit.
They build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which
were a set of eight anti-poverty targets that were in effect from 2000 to
2015. The SDGs are more ambitious and encompass a broader range of
issues, including poverty eradication, health, education, gender equality,
climate action, and more.
Number and Structure: There are 17 SDGs, each with specific targets to
be achieved by 2030. The goals are interlinked and indivisible,
recognizing that progress in one area often depends on progress in
others.
Main Objectives: The primary objective of the SDGs is to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. The goals aim to tackle
the root causes of poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation
while leaving no one behind.
Scope: The SDGs cover a wide range of interconnected issues, including
poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, clean water, clean
energy, economic growth, infrastructure, climate change, sustainable
consumption, biodiversity, peace, and justice.
Global Agenda: The SDGs are a global agenda, meaning they apply to
all countries and regions, recognizing that sustainable development is a
shared responsibility across the international community.
Call for Collaboration: Achieving the SDGs requires collaboration and
partnerships between governments, businesses, civil society, academia,
and individuals. The goals cannot be accomplished by one entity alone;
collective action is essential.
Alignment with Other Agendas: The SDGs align with other global
agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, reinforcing the
interconnectedness of these challenges.
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Transformative Agenda: The SDGs call for transformative changes in

policies, practices, and mindsets to address the root causes of global
challenges and foster sustainable development at all levels.
Progress Monitoring: Regular monitoring and reporting on progress
towards the SDGs are crucial. The UN regularly publishes global
progress reports to track advancements and identify areas that require
additional attention and resources. Regular monitoring and reporting
are essential to ensure accountability and transparency.
The 5 Ps: The SDGs are often associated with the "5 Ps": People, Planet,
Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership. These represent the five key
dimensions of sustainable development.
Implementation: The implementation of the SDGs is the responsibility of
each country. Governments are encouraged to align national strategies
and policies with the goals and to develop specific action plans for their
achievement. Additionally, partnerships between governments, private
sector, civil society, and international organizations are crucial to
mobilize resources and expertise.
Leaving No One Behind: A central tenet of the SDGs is the commitment
to leave no one behind. This means ensuring that progress benefits all
people, including the most vulnerable and marginalized groups.
Universality: Unlike the MDGs, which were mainly targeted at
developing countries, the SDGs are universal. They apply to all
countries, regardless of their level of development, recognizing that all
countries have a role to play in achieving sustainable development.
Role of Stakeholders: Various stakeholders, including governments,
businesses, civil society organizations, academia, and individuals, play a
crucial role in the achievement of the SDGs. Partnerships and
collaborative efforts are encouraged to leverage expertise and resources.
Challenges: The SDGs face several challenges, including the need for
adequate financing, data gaps and limitations, policy coherence, and
ensuring that progress is equitable and inclusive.
Overall, the SDGs represent a comprehensive and ambitious agenda to
address the world's most pressing challenges and create a better future
for people and the planet. Achieving these goals requires collective
action and commitment from all sectors of society.
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The future of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is uncertain,

but there is a growing sense of urgency among world leaders and civil
society to accelerate progress. The SDGs are a set of 17 goals that were
adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. They aim to end
poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity by 2030.
There has been some progress in achieving the SDGs, but many
challenges remain. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has set back
progress on several goals, including those related to poverty, hunger,
and education. Climate change is also a major threat to the SDGs, as it is
exacerbating many of the world's most pressing problems, such as
poverty, hunger, and conflict.
Despite the challenges, there are reasons to be hopeful about the future
of the SDGs. There is a growing awareness of the importance of
sustainable development, and many countries are taking steps to
implement the SDGs. In addition, there is a growing movement of
businesses, investors, and civil society organizations that are working to
support the SDGs.
The future of the SDGs will depend on the actions of governments,
businesses, and civil society organizations. If we can work together to
accelerate progress, the SDGs can be achieved and we can create a better
future for all. Let us look at the facets elaborately.
The SDGs, adopted by the United Nations in 2015, represent a shared
commitment by nations worldwide to address pressing global
challenges. These 17 interconnected goals, along with their 169 targets,
serve as a roadmap for building a sustainable and equitable world by
the year 2030.
Each goal targets a specific aspect of human and environmental well-
being, from eradicating poverty and hunger to promoting quality
education, gender equality, clean water, and climate action. They are not
mere abstract aspirations but are grounded in the reality of a rapidly
changing world, calling for immediate action and collaboration across
borders, sectors, and communities.
Understanding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is essential
to grasp their significance and the global effort they represent
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Holistic Approach: The SDGs take a holistic approach to development,

recognizing that social, economic, and environmental issues are
interlinked. They emphasize the need for integrated solutions that
consider the interconnectedness of these challenges.
Inclusivity and Equality: A core principle of the SDGs is "leaving no one
behind." The goals seek to promote inclusivity and equality, addressing
the needs and rights of all people, regardless of their age, gender,
ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.
SDGs 17 Goals:

1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms and dimensions, ensuring

that all people have access to basic resources, services, and
opportunities.
2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security, and improve
nutrition while promoting sustainable agriculture.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all ages, including access to healthcare services.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls, ensuring equal opportunities in all aspects of life.
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6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable

management of water and sanitation for all.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive,
and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and
decent work for all.
9. Industries, Innovation and Infrastructure: Aims to increase the
industry's contribution to GDP and employment while promoting stable
industrialization. It also aims to broaden access to communications and
information technologies.
10. Reduced Inequalities: Promote the economic, political, and social
inclusion of all individuals regardless of their ethnicity, age, religion, or
other distinctions, to reduce inequality within and among countries.
Further, it is crucial to eliminate discriminatory policies, law and
practices in order to give equal opportunities and minimize outcome
inequalities.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Access to safe transportation,
enhance road safety, and preserve and protect the world’s natural and
cultural heritage to make cities safe, inclusive, sustainable and resilient.
12. Responsible consumption and production: Ensure sustainable
consumption and production patterns in order to sustain the way of life
for both present and future generations.
13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and
its impacts by incorporating appropriate measures into national policies
and strategies and improve people’s awareness of the problem.
14. Life below water: The goal is to protect and use marine resources
responsibly. All forms of marine pollution must be stopped or at least
reduced, the effects of ocean acidification must be mitigated, and certain
fishing subsidies must be outlawed.
15. Life on land: To protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse
land degradation and stop biodiversity loss.
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16. Peace Justice and Strong Institutions: Promotes peaceful and

inclusive societies, providing to justice for all and building effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
17. Partnerships for the goals: Revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development. This objective aims to increase financial
resource mobilization, support developing nations, and strengthen
domestic resource mobilization.
Understanding the SDGs is not only essential for policymakers and
leaders but also for individuals worldwide. It empowers people to
become active contributors to sustainable development, whether
through informed choices, advocacy, or participating in initiatives that
support the goals. By working together towards the SDGs, we can build
a better and more sustainable future for everyone.
The Importance of SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) hold immense importance
in addressing the most pressing global challenges and creating a more
sustainable and equitable world. The SDGs provide a universal and
inclusive agenda that applies to all countries, regardless of their level of
development. They recognize that sustainable development is a shared
responsibility and require collaboration from all nations. The SDGs take
a holistic approach, acknowledging the interconnectedness of social,
economic, and environmental issues. By addressing these challenges
collectively, the goals promote integrated and comprehensive solutions.
A core principle of the SDGs is "leaving no one behind." They aim to
uplift the most vulnerable and marginalized populations, ensuring that
progress benefits all segments of society by eradicating Poverty and
Hunger. Goals such as No Poverty and Zero Hunger aim to tackle
extreme poverty and hunger, promoting inclusive economic growth and
food security for all. The SDGs prioritize education and gender equality,
recognizing them as catalysts for social and economic progress. The
SDGs play a pivotal role in guiding the world towards a more
sustainable and inclusive future. Their importance lies in their potential
to address complex challenges, mobilize collective action, and create a
world where everyone can thrive, while safeguarding the planet for
future generations.
Progress and challenges
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Progress has been made in reducing extreme poverty globally. The

proportion of people living in extreme poverty has decreased steadily,
indicating that efforts to address poverty are yielding positive results.
Significant strides have been made in improving access to education,
particularly at the primary level, with more children attending school
than ever before. Progress has been made in reducing maternal and
child mortality rates in many regions, thanks to increased access to
healthcare services and improved maternal and child health programs.
The SDGs have fostered increased collaboration between governments,
organizations, and the private sector, leading to more effective and
targeted initiatives.
The challenges faced in the implementation of the SDGs
1. Despite progress, inequality remains a significant challenge, both
within and between countries. Disparities in income, education, and
access to resources persist, leaving many behind in the journey towards
sustainable development.
2. Climate change poses a severe threat to achieving many of the
SDGs. The increase in extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and
other climate-related impacts hinders progress in various areas,
particularly in vulnerable regions.
3. Hunger and malnutrition continue to be prevalent in some parts of
the world, exacerbated by conflicts, economic instability, and climate-
related events.
4. Despite efforts to promote sustainable practices, environmental
degradation, deforestation, and habitat loss persist, threatening
biodiversity and ecosystem health.
5. Ongoing conflicts and political instability in certain regions hinder
development efforts, making it challenging to implement and sustain
development initiatives.
6. Access to quality healthcare remains a concern in many areas,
particularly in low-income countries, where health systems may be
under-resourced.
7. Adequate funding for SDG implementation remains a challenge,
with many countries facing financial constraints, limiting their capacity
to undertake transformative projects.
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8. Collecting accurate and comprehensive data for monitoring

progress on the SDGs is a challenge in some regions, making it difficult
to assess the impact of interventions and identify areas requiring further
attention.
Addressing these challenges and accelerating progress on the SDGs
requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, civil society,
and individuals worldwide.
Role of Governments and Institutions
The role of governments and institutions is paramount in the successful
implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As the
main drivers of policy, regulation, and resource allocation, governments
and institutions play a crucial role in mobilizing action, fostering
collaboration, and creating an enabling environment for sustainable
development. Here are some key aspects of their role:
Policy Formulation and Implementation: Governments are responsible
for formulating policies and strategies aligned with the SDGs. This
involves integrating sustainable development principles into national
plans, laws, and regulations to guide actions and investments.
Resource Allocation: Governments have the authority to allocate
financial resources to support SDG-related projects and initiatives. They
play a critical role in securing funding, both domestically and through
international cooperation, to finance sustainable development programs.
Institutional Coordination: Effective coordination among government
ministries and agencies is essential to ensure a coherent and integrated
approach to implementing the SDGs. National bodies or councils may be
established to oversee and coordinate SDG-related activities.
Data Collection and Monitoring: Governments are responsible for
collecting relevant data and statistics to track progress towards the
SDGs. This involves establishing robust monitoring and evaluation
systems to measure indicators and identify areas that require additional
attention.
Regulation and Incentives: Governments can use regulatory frameworks
and incentives to encourage sustainable practices in the private sector.
This may include environmental regulations, tax incentives for
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sustainable businesses, and support for research and development of

sustainable technologies.
Capacity Building: Governments can invest in capacity building and
skills development to equip public officials and civil servants with the
knowledge and tools necessary for effective SDG implementation.
International Cooperation: Governments play a vital role in international
cooperation and partnerships for sustainable development. They engage
in diplomatic efforts, negotiate agreements, and participate in global
forums to foster collaboration and share best practices.
Addressing Policy Trade-offs: Achieving the SDGs may require
addressing policy trade-offs and balancing competing interests.
Governments must navigate challenges such as economic growth versus
environmental protection or social equity.
Local Implementation: Governments are responsible for translating
national policies into action at the local level. Effective local governance
and engagement with communities are crucial for achieving the SDGs
on the ground.
Policy Advocacy: Governments can act as advocates for sustainable
development on the global stage, championing the importance of the
SDGs in international forums and promoting a collective commitment to
their achievement.
Crisis Management: Governments and institutions must respond to
crises, such as natural disasters or public health emergencies, with a
focus on building resilience and ensuring a sustainable recovery.
Public Awareness and Participation: Governments can play a role in
raising public awareness about the SDGs, encouraging active
citizenship, and engaging civil society and stakeholders in the
implementation process.
By fulfilling their roles effectively, governments and institutions can
create an enabling environment for sustainable development, mobilize
resources, and drive transformative change to achieve the SDGs.
Role of Businesses
The successful achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) relies not only on governments and institutions but also on the
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active involvement of businesses and individuals. Businesses, as key

drivers of economic activities, and individuals, as consumers and
members of society, have critical roles to play in promoting sustainable
development.
Businesses can embrace CSR by integrating social and environmental
considerations into their core operations. This involves supporting
community development, investing in sustainable practices, and
promoting ethical business conduct. Businesses can drive innovation
and develop sustainable technologies that address global challenges,
such as renewable energy solutions, sustainable agriculture techniques,
and waste management technologies. Businesses can collaborate with
governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to leverage their expertise
and resources, leading to more effective solutions to global challenges.
Businesses can use their influence to advocate for policies and practices
that support sustainable development, both within their industry and in
broader policy discussions.
Role of Individuals
Individuals can contribute to sustainable development by making
conscious choices as consumers. Supporting sustainable products and
services, reducing waste, and practicing responsible consumption can
have a positive impact. Embracing a sustainable lifestyle by reducing
energy consumption, using public transportation, promoting recycling,
and supporting local businesses can contribute to SDG objectives.
Individuals can raise awareness about the SDGs by advocating for
sustainable practices among friends, family, and colleagues, fostering a
culture of sustainability in their communities. Individuals can advocate
for policies that promote sustainable development, such as climate
action, gender equality, and social inclusion, through petitions, letters to
policymakers, and grassroots campaigns. Individuals can consider
sustainable investment options that align with their values, supporting
businesses and projects that prioritize environmental and social
responsibility. By aligning their actions with the principles of sustainable
development, businesses and individuals can collectively contribute to
achieving the SDGs.
In order to make the world more sustainable and fair by 2030, the
United Nations has established a comprehensive set of international
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goals known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Here is

further information about the SDGs:
Here are some of the key trends that are likely to shape the future of the
SDGs:
• The rise of sustainable businesses: A growing number of
businesses are recognizing the importance of sustainability and are
taking steps to reduce their environmental impact. This is leading to the
development of new products and services that are more sustainable,
and it is also creating new opportunities for businesses to invest in
sustainable solutions.
• The growth of the green economy: The green economy is the part
of the economy that is focused on sustainable production and
consumption. It is growing rapidly, and it is estimated to be worth
trillions of dollars. The growth of the green economy is creating new
jobs and opportunities, and it is also helping to reduce pollution and
protect the environment.
• The increasing role of technology: Technology is playing a
growing role in the pursuit of the SDGs. For example, technology is
being used to develop new ways to generate clean energy, to improve
agricultural productivity, and to provide education and healthcare to
people in remote areas. As technology continues to develop, it is likely
to play an even greater role in achieving the SDGs.
The future of the SDGs is uncertain, but there is a growing sense of
urgency among world leaders and civil society to accelerate progress. If
we can work together to take advantage of the trends that are shaping
the future, we can achieve the SDGs and create a better future for all.
Role of Youth in SDG
Youth play a critical role in the achievement of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). They are the largest and most diverse
generation in history, and they have a unique perspective on the
challenges and opportunities of our time.
Here are some of the ways that youth can contribute to the SDGs:
• Act as change-makers: Young people are often at the forefront of
social movements and advocacy campaigns. They can use their energy
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and creativity to raise awareness of the SDGs and to demand action

from governments and businesses.
• Innovate and solve problems: Young people are often more open
to new ideas and technologies than older generations. They can use their
skills and ingenuity to develop new solutions to the challenges facing
our world.
• Empower others: Young people can play a role in empowering
other youth and marginalized groups. They can help to build capacity
and provide opportunities for others to get involved in the SDGs.
• Hold governments and businesses accountable: Young people can
hold governments and businesses accountable for their commitments to
the SDGs. They can use their voices to demand that these entities take
action to address the challenges facing our world.
The SDGs are ambitious, but they are achievable. With the engagement
and participation of youth, we can create a better future for all.
Here are some specific examples of how youth are already contributing
to the SDGs:
• In Kenya, young people are using technology to fight climate
change. They are developing mobile apps that help farmers to track
weather patterns and to adapt their practices to climate change.
• In India, young people are working to improve access to education
for girls. They are running campaigns to raise awareness of the
importance of education for girls, and they are providing support to
girls who are out of school.
• In the Philippines, young people are working to protect the
environment. They are planting trees, cleaning up beaches, and
advocating for policies that protect the environment.
These are just a few examples of the many ways that youth are
contributing to the SDGs. With their energy, creativity, and
commitment, young people can make a real difference in the world.
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SOCIAL ISSUES
A social cause is a problem that influences a considerable number of
individuals within a society. It is often the consequence of factors extending
beyond an individual's control, and is the source of a conflicting opinion on
the grounds of what is perceived as a morally just personal life or societal
order.

Social Issues in India

India is an ancient country and according to some estimates, Indian
civilization is about five thousand years of age. Therefore, it is natural that
its society will also be very old and complex. Throughout its long period of
history, India has witnessed and received several waves of immigrants such
as Aryans, Muslims etc. These people brought with themselves their own
ethnic varieties and cultures and contributed to India’s diversity, richness
and vitality.
Therefore, Indian society is a complex mix of diverse cultures, people, beliefs
and languages which may have come from anywhere but now is a part of
this vast country. This complexity and richness gives Indian society a
unique appearance of a very vibrant and colorful cultural country.

Major Problems in India

 Poverty
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/illiteracy/"Illiteracy
 Terrorism
 Casteism
 HYPERLINK "http://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/untouchability-in-
india/"Untouchability
 Corruption
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/overpopulation-in-india-causes-
effects-and-solutions/"Overpopulation
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/child-marriage-in-india/"Child
Marriage
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/starvation-in-india/"Starvation
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/child-labour-in-india/"Child
Labour
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/gender-inequality-in-
india/"Gender Inequality
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/dowry/"Dowry
 Domestic Violence against Women
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 Sexual Violence against Women

 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/sexual-harassment-of-women-at-
workplace/"Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
 HYPERLINK "http://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/child-sexual-abuse/"Child Sexual
Abuse
 Communalism
 Religious Violence
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/marital-rape/"Marital Rape
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/child-trafficking-reasons-laws-
and-solutions/"Child Trafficking
 HYPERLINK "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/bonded-labour-system/"Bonded
Labour

Reasons of Social Problems

But the very same complexity brings with itself complex nature of social
problems and issues. In fact every society of the world has their social
issues unique to their society. So does Indian society. Indian society is very
rooted in religious beliefs; there are people of different religious beliefs such
as Hindus, Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, Parsis etc. These all adds to the socio-
cultural varieties of the country. India’s social problems are also rooted in
the religious practices and beliefs of it people. Almost all forms of social
issues and problems find their origin in the religious and cultural practices
of the people of India. These social problems are developed in a long period
of times and are still continuing in one form or other.
Furthermore, India has witnessed several wars of large proportions; several
foreign invaders attacked India in its long history among whom few made
this country as their own and tried to force their socio-religious practices
which also deteriorated social conditions; the long period of British rule
crippled the country and had thrown it into backwardness. Thus, many
such reasons may be cited for India’s social problems but the fact remains
that we have these issues and only we can solve them.

Forms of Social Issues in India

Poverty
Poverty is a condition in which a household is not able to fulfill its basic
needs for survival i.e. food, clothing and shelter. Poverty is a widespread
condition in India. Since Independence, poverty is a prevalent concern. It is
the twenty-first century and poverty still is a persistent menace in the
country. India happens to be country wherein the disparities between the
haves and the have-notes are extremely wide. It needs to be taken into
account that although the economy has shown some visible signs of
progress in the last two decades, this progress been uneven across various
sectors or areas. The growth rates are higher in Gujarat and Delhi as
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compared to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of the population doesn’t
have proper shelter, access to a decent sanitation system, villages do not
have a nearby water source, and villages also do not have a secondary
school and lack of proper roads. Some sections of the society like the Dalits
are not even included in the poverty list maintained by the concerned
authorities assigned by the government. They’re groups that are
marginalized in the society.
The element which further complicates and deteriorates the situation is the
government subsidies system which has leakages in the distribution system.
They never reach the households.
Illiteracy
Illiteracy is a condition which becomes a blot on the development of nation.
India possesses the largest illiterate population. Illiteracy in India is a
problem which has complex dimensions attached to it. Illiteracy in India is
more or less concerned with different forms of disparities that exist in the
country. There are gender imbalances, income imbalances, state
imbalances, caste imbalances, technological barriers which shape the
literacy rates that exist in the country. The Indian government though has
launched several schemes to combat the menace of illiteracy but due to the
poor conditions of sanitation and expensive private education and defective
mid-day meal schemes, illiteracy still prevails. Not only the government, but
every literate person needs to accept the eradication of illiteracy as a
personal goal. Each and every contribution by a literate person can make a
contribution to eradicate the menace.

Child Marriage
According to the United Nations report, India has the second highest
number of child marriages. Marriage is considered to be a sacred union
between two mature and consenting individuals who are ready to accept
each other and share responsibilities for a lifetime. With respect to this
context, child marriages happen to be an unsound institution. Child
marriage mars the innocence of childhood. The Indian Constitution provides
for prohibitions against child marriage through various laws and
enactments. The first law that was designed was the Child Marriage
Restraint Act of 1929 which extended to the whole of India except Jammu
and Kashmir. This act defines the ages of an adult male and female. Also,
sex with minors is a criminal offence under Section 376 of the Indian Penal
Code. Proper media sensitization is required for a major change to take
place. While on one hand, it is stated that child marriage will still take
nearly fifty years to be eradicated, genuine efforts, strict enforcements of the
legal provisions and change the scenarios to a great extent.
Starvation
Starvation is a condition characterized by the deficiency in calorie energy
intake and is a serious form of malnutrition which ultimately leads to death
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if not taken care about. Historically, starvation has been constant across
various human cultures apart from India. Starvation can take place in a
country due to many reasons like war, famine, the disparities between the
rich and the poor and so on. Malnutrition conditions like kwashiorkor and
marasmus can also develop into serious causes of starvation. Generally, the
conditions of kwashiorkor and marasmus arise when people are taking diets
which are not rich in nutrients (proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates,
fats and fiber). In the context of India, it becomes needless to say that the
food distribution system is flawed. The Supreme Court has issued orders
over the past decades directing the government to take measures like mid-
day meal schemes and the provision of health care schemes for pregnant
and lactating women. The National Food Security Bill which has become a
landmark act does seem to show promises with respect to its measures of
the identification of the poor and the needy, redressal mechanisms for
grievances and children’s entitlements. But, this bill also is not without its
cons. Clear mechanisms with respect to the identification of beneficiaries
have not been defined. The indicators of the poor need to be made specific.
They are vague in description.
Child Labour
Child labour typically means the employment of children in any work with
or without payment. Child labour is not only limited to India, it happens to
be a global phenomenon. As far as India is concerned, the issue is a vicious
one as children in India have historically been helping parents at their farms
and other primitive activities. Over population, illiteracy, poverty, debt trap
are some of the common causes which are instrumental in this issue.
Overburdened, debt-trapped parents fail to understand the importance of a
normal childhood under the pressures of their own troubles and thus it
leads to the poor emotional and mental balance of a child’s brain which is
not prepared to undertake rigorous field or domestic tasks. Multinational
companies also recruit children in garment industries for more work and
less pay which is absolutely unethical. Child labour as a global concern has
been raised on international platforms as well. Abolition of child trafficking,
elimination of poverty, free and compulsory education, and basic standards
of living can reduce the problem to a great extent. The World Band,
International Monetary Fund can help in eradicating poverty by providing
loan to the developing countries. Strict implementation of labour laws is also
essential in order to prevent exploitation by parties or multinational
companies.
Homosexuality
Homosexuality is still considered a ‘taboo’ in India. India today is one of the
fastest developing nations with impressive economic growth rates. But is the
growth rate enough to imply that India is a developing nation. A nation is
also characterized by the way it treats its people. With respect to this
prerogative, the way India looks at homosexuality is certainly not the way to
look at it. Homosexuality is considered as a disease by most sections of the
society and there are only a few sections of the society who welcome
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homosexuality. Homosexuality thus is also regarded as a criminal offence in

India. Homosexuality is a ‘criminal offence’ under Section 377 of the Indian
Penal Code dating back to 1861 with punishments up to ten years which
makes it all the more hard to believe that India is a progressive nation and
that we are the 21st century inhabitants of the country. Although, this
subject did see the light of the day when the Delhi High Court legalized gay
sex among consenting adults holding that making it a criminal offence
violates fundamental human rights way back in the year 2009 as a result of
persuasive struggles carried out by Gay Rights activists and foundations.

In December 2013, the Supreme Court passed a controversial order making

gay sex illegal quashing the Delhi High Court’s decision on the matter. In
January 2014, the Supreme Court also refused to review the petition against
its order on gay sex being criminalized. Needless to remark, the refusal drew
flak internationally for violating fundamental rights. To sum up,
homosexuality needs tolerance both by the country and its citizens. It is
certainly not a disease hence it doesn’t require any treatment. According to
my viewpoint, the organizations which have been instrumental with the
emancipation of the LGBT community (Example- Naz Foundation) should
continue with their protests because slowly but surely people are changing
their perceptions towards this subject.
Other varied forms of social problems related to issues such
as Casteism, Untouchability, Bonded Labour, Gender
Inequality, Dowry, Domestic Violence against Women, Sexual Violence
against Women, Child Sexual Abuse, Communalism, Religious
Violence, Issues related to SC/STs, Marital Rape, Sexual Harassment of
Women at Workplace, Child Trafficking , Overpopulation etc.
The list may go on and it is not a comprehensive list. There are several other
social issues and problems ailing the country but above mentioned ones are
really pressing issues which need immediate attention.
It is not so that social ills have not been fought with; in fact from the
ancients times in our country there have been various social-cultural
reformers such as Budha, Mahavira, Kabir, Gurunanak, Raja Ram Mohun
Roy, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Ambedkar, Vinoba Bhave etc who have tried to
fight those evils throughout their lives; they have succeeded also to a certain
extent. But still the country is facing these socio-cultural problems in
various degrees which is an unfortunate reality of 21st century India.

Present Scenario:
We try to present our country as a modern, forward looking nation of the
world and it’s true that India is making strides in the world as a nation with
encouraging developments in scientific, economic and technological fields,
but as far as social developments are concerned it is still one of the lowest
ranked countries of the world. India’s Human Development Index (HDI) rank
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for 2013 is 135 out of 187 countries of the world which are listed in the
report. This shows the sorry state of affairs as far as India’s situation on
social indicators is concerned. This also shows that we as a society are still
people of orthodox beliefs in a negative sense who do not want to believe in
the concept of equality and brotherhood of all.
Though several Governmental and non-governmental (NGOs) bodies are
working towards improving the existing situation in the social fields but
results are not very encouraging. Perhaps the problem lies in the very deep
rooted beliefs in the minds of people of the country which is not letting the
situation to change.
For instance: the issue of Female Feticides is one of the shameful practices
in our country. Though there are various prohibitory measures the
Government and NGOs have taken but the practice is continuing. The real
reason for this is the Patriarchy system of society of our country which
considers male as the superior authority and women as subordinate to
them. Therefore, very strong desire of having a male child in comparison to
female child led to the shameful practice of female feticides. Thus, it is belief
system or the cultural conditioning of the people which is not letting the
society to change at a fast pace.
Though there have been several positive changes in the society such as now
girls are also going to school in vast majority and their employment ratio is
also increasing; illiteracy as whole is decreasing; conditions of SC/STs are
also improving etc but situation is far from satisfactory.
We witness inequality against women in our own homes, sexual violence
against women can be heard on daily basis, female feticide is continuing,
religious-communal violence is on the rise, untouchabilty is still a reality,
child labor is widely practiced etc.
Therefore, there is a lot needs to be done for the situation to improve. And
without changing the mindset and beliefs of the people it is a very difficult
task. For this purpose educating people about various social problems and
sensitizing them towards changing their way of thinking is the best way
forward. Because without people trying to change themselves, any
governmental or non-governmental efforts will prove as a half-measure. If we
want to make India as a true world leader and a modern 21st country of the
world, it is imperative that that we make an improvement on our social
front.