Elements of Mechanical
Engineering
B. Tech 1st Semester
Unit -4
Stress and Strain
Presented by –
Mr. Shashank Pal
Assistant professor
Mechanical Engineering dept.
Content
▪ Stress and Strain
▪ Tensile and compressive stress and strain
▪ Stress and strain diagram
▪ Elastic constants
▪ Temperature Stress and Strain
▪ Shear stress and Strain
▪ Stress due to torsion and bending
Strength of materials
Strength of materials is the property of materials by virtue of which the material can resist external force
applied to it per unit cross-sectional area.
Classification of materials
1. Elastic materials
2. Plastic materials
3. Rigid materials
Elastic materials- It is the materials which undergo deformation when external force is applied to it and
regain their original dimensions after the withdrawal of external force from it.
Plastic materials- It is the material which undergoes continuous deformation so long as the external force
continues to act on it, and does not regain its original dimensions, even after withdrawal of external force from
it. “Deformation of plastic materials is permanent”
Rigid Material- A rigid materials is that materials which does not undergo any deformation under the action of
external force applied to it, whatever may be the magnitude of the force.
Type of forces
▪ Tensile force Stress and Strain:
When a tensile force is applied to a material,
▪ Compressive force
it creates tensile stress, which is defined as
▪ Shear force force per unit area. This stress can lead to
Tensile force strain, which is the deformation or
displacement of the material in response to
• Tensile force is the force which pulls an object. The
the applied force.
line of action of this force is parallel to the length of
the object or perpendicular to the cross-section of the
object.
• Tensile force is the force that tends to elongate or
stretch an object.
Force (P)
Compressive force
A compressive force is a force that tends to reduce the volume of a
material or push it together. When compressive force is applied to
an object, it tries to compress or squeeze the object, resulting in a
decrease in its length, volume, or shape depending on the
material's characteristics and the amount of force applied. This
type of force is opposite to tensile force, which stretches or
elongates an object.
Force (P)
Shear Force
Shear stress is a force that acts parallel to an object's
surface, causing it to deform or slide. It's represented
by the Greek letter tau (τ).
Examples of Shear Force
1.Beams in Construction: In a beam supported at both
ends, a load applied in the middle generates shear forces
along the length of the beam. These forces are highest near
the supports, where the beam tries to slide along the cross-
section.
2.Scissors Cutting Paper: When scissors cut paper, each
blade exerts a shear force that slices through the material.
This force is parallel to the paper's surface, causing it to
separate.
3.Riveted or Bolted Joints: Rivets or bolts in joints
experience shear forces that try to slide the connected parts
relative to each other. If the shear force exceeds the shear
strength of the bolt or rivet, it can lead to structural failure.
Tensile stress and Strain
Tensile Stress is the force per unit area within materials that occurs as they are
stretched or pulled. It is calculated as:
where:
F is the applied tensile (pulling) force,
A is the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the force.
Tensile stress is measured in pascals (Pa), or N/m².
Tensile Strain is the deformation that occurs due to tensile stress, measured as
the relative elongation of the material. It’s calculated by:
where:
ΔL\Delta is the change in length (stretching),
L0 is the original length.
Tensile strain is dimensionless, as it’s a ratio.
Compressive stress and strain
Compressive Stress is the internal force per unit area that resists a material being compressed or
squished. It is calculated similarly to tensile stress:
where:
F is the applied compressive (pushing) force,
A is the cross-sectional area.
Compressive Strain is the relative decrease in length due to compressive stress. It’s measured as:
Where
ΔL\Delta represents the decrease in length under compression.
Shear Stress and strain
Shear Stress occurs when forces act parallel to the surface of a material, causing it to deform by sliding
layers over each other. It’s calculated by:
where:
F is the applied shear force,
A is the area parallel to the direction of the force.
Shear stress is also measured in pascals (Pa).
Shear Strain measures the angular distortion that occurs due to shear stress, essentially showing how
much the material’s shape changes. For small deformations, it’s given by:
where: Φ
Δx is the horizontal displacement,
L is the original height or length over which the shear force is applied
Stress and Strain
Proportional Limit :
It is observed from the diagram that the stress-strain relationship is linear from point O to A after A
curve begins to deviate from the straight line.
Hooke's law states that stress is directly proportional to strain.
The term proportional limit is defined as the stress at which the stress-strain curve begins to deviate
from the stress line so point A indicates the proportional limit.
Modulus of Elasticity :
Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain up to point P.
It is given by the slope of the line OP
E = tanƟ = AP/OP = Stress / Strain
Where,
Stress = Vertical line perpendicular to point A on the X-axis point named P = AP
Strain = Horizontal distance from O to P = OP
Elastic Limit :
When the specimen is stressed beyond point A and up-to point B. It will regain its initial size and shape
when the load is removed. This indicates that the material is an elastic stage up to the point E. So the E is
called the elastic limit.
The Elastic Limit of the material is defined as the maximum stress without any permanent deformation.
Proportional limit and Elastic limit are very close to each other.
Yield Strength :
When the specimen is stress beyond point B, plastic deformation occurs and the material starts yielding.
It is seen from the diagram that beyond point B, the strain increases at a faster rate up to a certain point
then a small reduction in load and the curve drops down point C. So B is called upper yield stress point
and C is called lower yield stress point.
The Yield Strength is defined as the maximum stress at which a marked increase in elongation occurs
without an increase in the load.
Ultimate Tensile Strength :
After point C, the plastic deformation of the specimen increases, the material becomes stronger due to
strain hardening, and a higher and higher load is required to deform the material. Finally, the load
increase so stress reach a maximum value, as given by point D. The stress corresponding to point D is
called the ultimate stress point.
The Ultimate Tensile Strength is the maximum stress that can be reached in the tension test.
Breaking or Rupture point :
For ductile material, the diameter of the specimen begins to decrease rapidly beyond the ultimate
stress point D. There is a start reduction in cross-sectional area is called necking.
As the tensile stress progresses and load increases the fracture takes place.
This is shown by point E. So E is called the breaking or rupture point.
Therefore, ultimate tensile strength is considered as failure criterion in brittle materials
Elastic constant
The elastic constants of a material describe its mechanical response to applied stresses and
strains. These constants are fundamental properties in solid mechanics and can be expressed in
terms of different material behaviors, including stretching, compression, and shear.
Poisson ratio
Poisson’s ratio is the ratio between a material’s lateral and longitudinal strain
when it is stretched. The lateral strain is the relative change in the diameter of a
circular wire with respect to the diameter of the wire.
“It is a measure of the deformation of a material in directions perpendicular to
the direction of applied stress. It is a dimensionless quantity and is defined as”
Temperature stress and strain
Temperature stress or thermal stress is the stress set up in a material body due
to a rise or drop in temperature of the body , both ends of the body being fixed
to some other object.
Thermal
Strain
Thermal
Stress
Stress due to
Torsion
Stress due to
bending
Numerical
