CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF RATTAN REINFORCED CONCRETE

BY

SALAKO JAMIU AKANNI

FPI/CVE/23/F017

AKINROLA LEKAN SEGUN

FPI/CVE/23/F024

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, ILE-OLUJI, ONDO
STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

AUGUST, 2025
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work titled: CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF

RATTAN REINFORCED CONCRETE is written by SALAKO JAMIU AKANNI

(FPI/CVE/23/F017) AND AKINROLA LEKAN SEGUN (FPI/CVE/23/F024) of the

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ile Oluji, Ondo State, This

is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of National Diploma in Civil

Engineering Technology.

SALAKO JAMIU AKANNI ___________________

Student’s name Signature and Date

AKINROLA LEKAN SEGUN ___________________

Student’s name Signature and Date

ENGR. OLALEKE M. O. ____________________

Supervisor Signature and Date
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Concrete remains one of the most widely used construction materials globally due to its high

compressive strength, durability, and versatility. However, its major limitation lies in its low

tensile strength, which necessitates reinforcement (Neville & Brooks, 2020). Conventionally,

steel has been the go-to reinforcement material for concrete, offering high tensile strength and

ductility. Yet, the rising cost, environmental concerns, and corrosion susceptibility of steel

have led researchers to explore alternative reinforcement materials, particularly those that are

environmentally sustainable and locally available (Adewumi et al., 2021).

Rattan, a natural vine-like plant abundant in tropical regions, has emerged as a potential

sustainable reinforcement material. Rattan possesses notable tensile strength, flexibility, and

biodegradability, making it a candidate for partial or full replacement of steel in concrete

applications (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022). The use of rattan in construction aligns with

the global shift towards green building technologies and the circular economy, where

materials are selected not only for performance but also for their environmental footprint

(Olaniyi & Musa, 2023).

Recent advancements in materials science have also enabled better treatment and

preservation methods for natural fibers such as rattan, enhancing their mechanical properties

and durability in concrete matrices (Obasi et al., 2024). With proper treatment and mix

design optimization, rattan-reinforced concrete can serve as a viable alternative, especially in

low-cost housing and rural infrastructure projects.

The construction industry plays a pivotal role in the development of any nation, particularly

in terms of infrastructure and urban growth. Central to this industry is the use of reinforced

concrete, a composite material formed by combining concrete’s high compressive strength

with the tensile strength of reinforcements such as steel. Conventional steel-reinforced

concrete has remained the most widely used material for structural systems due to its proven

performance and versatility. However, rising concerns about the sustainability, cost, and

environmental footprint of steel have prompted researchers to explore alternative

reinforcement materials (Neville & Brooks, 2020).

In recent years, the volatility of steel prices, driven by global supply chain fluctuations, has

made construction costs unpredictable, particularly in developing countries. Moreover, the

carbon-intensive nature of steel production has made it a target for environmental regulations

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to Ekundayo and Oluwafemi (2022),

the construction industry accounts for nearly 8% of global carbon emissions, with steel being

a major contributor. These realities have necessitated a paradigm shift toward green building

practices and the exploration of natural, sustainable reinforcement options such as rattan,

bamboo, coir, and sisal.

Rattan, a fast-growing climbing palm native to tropical regions, is widely available across

Africa and Southeast Asia. It has historically been used in furniture, crafts, and light

construction due to its flexibility, availability, and cost-effectiveness. Recently, its

mechanical properties—such as tensile strength and ductility—have drawn the attention of

civil engineers as a possible natural alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete, especially

in low-rise buildings and non-load-bearing structures (Olaniyi & Musa, 2023). Its natural

cylindrical shape, ease of splitting, and relatively strong internal fibers make it a promising

candidate for reinforcement, particularly when properly treated to resist biodegradation and

improve bonding with concrete (Obasi et al., 2024).

Beyond its physical properties, rattan is also an environmentally friendly and renewable

resource. It grows rapidly, reaching maturity within 5–7 years, and requires minimal
processing compared to steel. Its use as reinforcement could significantly reduce the

embodied energy of construction projects and promote local resource utilization in rural and

peri-urban communities. Adeboye and Omotayo (2025) note that incorporating rattan into

concrete aligns with the global push for sustainable development and eco-friendly

construction materials under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Despite these advantages, the use of rattan in concrete is not without challenges. Its bonding

behavior, durability under exposure to moisture and pests, and lack of standardized design

codes raise questions about its structural reliability and long-term performance. While early

experimental studies have shown encouraging results, further research is needed to assess its

mechanical properties, treatment methods, and compatibility with various concrete mixes

under real-world conditions (Akinlabi & Ayodele, 2021). This study, therefore, aims to

construct and analyze rattan-reinforced concrete, providing empirical data that can serve as a

foundation for future innovations and practical applications in sustainable construction.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The construction industry is faced with the dual challenge of improving material performance

while reducing environmental impacts. Steel, though effective, is costly, energy-intensive to

produce, and prone to corrosion, especially in humid and saline environments (Chukwu &

Bello, 2021). In developing regions, access to quality steel reinforcement is limited, making

construction both expensive and unsustainable.

Natural alternatives like bamboo and rattan offer promise, but rattan's application in

reinforced concrete remains underexplored and underutilized. There is limited empirical data

on its structural performance, treatment processes, and compatibility with concrete. This

knowledge gap hinders its mainstream adoption in civil engineering practices.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

Aim:

To construct and analyze the performance of rattan-reinforced concrete as an alternative to

conventional steel-reinforced concrete.

Objectives:

 To assess the mechanical properties of treated rattan.

 To develop a concrete mix incorporating rattan as reinforcement.

 To compare the compressive and tensile strength of rattan-reinforced concrete with

steel-reinforced and unreinforced concrete.

 To analyze the durability and workability of the proposed material.

 To determine the feasibility of using rattan in structural applications.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study contributes to the ongoing search for sustainable building materials by exploring

the use of rattan—a renewable, biodegradable, and widely available material—as

reinforcement in concrete. It has practical implications for construction in regions with

limited access to steel. Furthermore, the study supports environmental goals by reducing

reliance on non-renewable resources and promoting the use of natural fibers (Adeboye &

Omotayo, 2025).

From an academic perspective, it will enrich the body of knowledge on bio-based composite

materials and their applications in civil engineering. For practitioners, it could open new

frontiers in low-cost and green construction technologies.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The study focuses on the mechanical performance of rattan-reinforced concrete, including

compressive and tensile strength, workability, and durability under laboratory conditions. It

does not cover large-scale structural applications or the long-term aging behavior of the
composite in real environments. Also, only one species of rattan will be used, limiting

generalization across different types.

1.6 Methodology Overview

The research adopts an experimental approach. Rattan specimens will be collected, treated,

and integrated into concrete beams and slabs. Control samples using steel and plain concrete

will also be cast. Mechanical tests—including tensile, compressive, and flexural strength tests

—will be conducted. Results will be analyzed statistically to determine performance

differences and draw conclusions.

1.7 Definition of Terms

 Rattan: A flexible, woody vine used traditionally for furniture making, now explored

for structural use in construction.

 Reinforced Concrete: A composite material in which concrete’s compressive

strength is combined with reinforcement’s tensile strength.

 Sustainability: Development that meets present needs without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet theirs.

 Durability: The ability of a material to withstand wear, pressure, or damage over

time.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concrete and Reinforcement Techniques

Concrete remains one of the most essential materials in construction due to its versatility,

durability, and economic advantages. It is a composite material primarily composed of

cement, aggregates, and water. When mixed, it forms a paste that hardens over time, binding

the aggregates together into a solid mass. The strength and longevity of concrete depend on

factors such as the water-cement ratio, curing conditions, aggregate type, and mix design.

Although it performs well under compression, concrete has low tensile strength, which

necessitates the use of reinforcement in most structural applications (Neville & Brooks,

2020).

Reinforcement in concrete is introduced to enhance its tensile strength and overall structural

performance. The most common method is embedding steel rebars (reinforcing bars) within

the concrete matrix. The embedded steel helps in absorbing tensile stresses, thereby

preventing cracking and structural failure. The synergy between steel and concrete is due to

their similar thermal expansion coefficients and the strong bond formed during the curing

process. Reinforced concrete is widely used in beams, slabs, columns, and foundations across

civil engineering projects.

Over the years, reinforcement techniques have evolved to include pre-stressed and post-

tensioned concrete, where tendons or cables are tensioned to improve load-bearing capacity.

These techniques allow engineers to construct longer spans and thinner slabs with reduced

deflection. In fiber-reinforced concrete, materials such as glass, polypropylene, or steel fibers

are added directly into the mix to improve crack resistance and ductility. While these

techniques enhance performance, they can be costly and resource-intensive.

The environmental concerns associated with steel production and the increasing cost of

construction have led to the exploration of alternative reinforcement techniques. Researchers

have investigated the use of natural fibers like bamboo, coconut coir, and rattan, which are

renewable, locally available, and less energy-intensive to process. These materials, when

properly treated, can provide comparable tensile strength in low-load applications, especially

in rural and affordable housing projects (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022).

Recent trends in concrete reinforcement also include the use of polymer-based materials,

recycled plastics, and smart materials that respond to external stimuli like temperature or

stress. These innovative approaches reflect the ongoing efforts in the construction industry to

balance performance, cost-efficiency, and sustainability. However, for widespread adoption,

these techniques must meet standard engineering criteria, undergo rigorous testing, and be

supported by design codes.

2.2 Properties and Characteristics of Rattan

Rattan is a naturally occurring, fast-growing climbing palm found in tropical regions of

Africa and Asia. Known for its flexibility and strength, rattan has been traditionally used in

the production of furniture, baskets, and handicrafts. In recent years, its potential use as a

construction material has gained attention due to its tensile properties, lightweight nature, and

availability. Rattan belongs to the Arecaceae family and consists of solid or semi-solid stems

called canes, which are ideal for reinforcing concrete (Obasi et al., 2024).

One of the most significant advantages of rattan is its tensile strength, which varies based on

species, maturity, and treatment. Studies show that properly dried and treated rattan can

achieve tensile strengths between 80 MPa to 160 MPa, making it a competitive alternative to

mild steel in specific contexts. Moreover, its density ranges between 450–700 kg/m³, which

contributes to its favorable strength-to-weight ratio. These properties make rattan particularly
suitable for light construction, formwork, and reinforcement in non-critical structural

elements (Olaniyi & Musa, 2023).

The moisture content of rattan significantly influences its mechanical behavior. As a

hygroscopic material, rattan absorbs water from its surroundings, which can lead to swelling,

shrinkage, or even fungal decay if not properly treated. Pre-treatments such as air drying, kiln

drying, resin impregnation, or soaking in chemical preservatives are necessary to enhance its

dimensional stability and resistance to microbial attacks. Surface roughening or applying

adhesives can also improve its bond with concrete, ensuring better mechanical performance

(Adeboye & Omotayo, 2025).

Another key characteristic of rattan is its anatomical structure, which consists of long

vascular bundles and fibers that contribute to its high tensile load capacity. The natural

flexibility of rattan allows it to bend without breaking, which can be advantageous in

absorbing seismic or dynamic loads. However, its variability in cross-sectional dimensions

and lack of uniformity can pose challenges for standardization and quality control in

construction applications (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022).

Environmental benefits also make rattan a preferred choice for sustainable construction. It is

a renewable material with a relatively short harvest cycle compared to timber. Its cultivation

can contribute to carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and economic development

in rural areas. Unlike steel, which requires significant energy for extraction and processing,

rattan is low-energy and biodegradable. Despite its many advantages, more research is

needed to assess its long-term durability, structural reliability, and behavior under different

environmental conditions.

2.3 Review of Conventional Reinforcements

The most widely used material for reinforcing concrete is steel due to its high tensile strength,

ductility, and bonding compatibility with concrete. Steel rebars are manufactured in various
grades and diameters, making them suitable for a range of structural applications. When

embedded in concrete, steel resists tensile stresses and delays cracking. The corrosion

resistance of steel can be improved by coating it with epoxy or using stainless steel variants,

although these solutions increase the cost (Neville & Brooks, 2020).

In addition to steel, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have emerged as modern alternatives

for reinforcement. These include carbon fiber, glass fiber, and aramid fiber reinforcements.

FRPs are corrosion-resistant, lightweight, and non-conductive, making them ideal for marine

structures, bridges, and electrical infrastructure. However, they are brittle in nature and more

expensive than steel, which limits their use to specialized applications. Furthermore, their

behavior under fire and high temperature remains a concern (Chukwu & Bello, 2021).

Another conventional reinforcement material is welded wire mesh, which is often used in

slabs, pavements, and walls. It provides uniform distribution of stress and helps control

shrinkage cracks. Steel wires are welded at intersections to form a grid that is easy to place

and install. While cost-effective and convenient, welded mesh has lower strength than

deformed bars and may not be suitable for heavy-duty structures.

Prestressing steel is also commonly used in pre-tensioned or post-tensioned concrete

members. High-strength steel cables are tensioned either before or after the concrete is cast to

induce compressive stress, thereby enhancing load capacity and reducing deflection.

Prestressing techniques are common in bridges, towers, and high-rise buildings. However,

they require specialized equipment and skilled labor, making them less accessible for small-

scale construction.

Despite their proven performance, conventional reinforcements face challenges related to

cost, availability, and environmental impact. The steel industry is energy-intensive,

contributing significantly to global carbon emissions. As a result, the construction sector is

under increasing pressure to adopt greener materials and reduce environmental footprints.
This has led to a growing interest in renewable and locally sourced reinforcements like

bamboo and rattan, which offer potential for affordable and sustainable construction,

especially in developing regions (Adeboye & Omotayo, 2025).

2.4 Comparative Studies between Rattan and Traditional Reinforcement Materials

Several comparative studies have been carried out to analyze how natural reinforcements like

rattan perform when juxtaposed with conventional steel reinforcements. These studies often

focus on parameters such as tensile strength, bond strength with concrete, durability, and

environmental sustainability. While steel clearly outperforms rattan in terms of ultimate

tensile strength—ranging from 250 MPa to over 500 MPa—rattan demonstrates adequate

strength for non-load-bearing or light-load applications, especially in low-cost housing

(Olaniyi & Musa, 2023).

In terms of bond strength, rattan naturally has a smoother surface compared to deformed steel

bars, which reduces its grip with the surrounding concrete. This can result in slippage under

stress if untreated. However, several researchers have proposed methods to enhance the bond

strength of rattan, such as mechanical roughening, resin coatings, and the use of binding

adhesives. These improvements, although not yet standardized, have shown promise in

increasing bond stress and delaying crack initiation (Obasi et al., 2024).

Durability is another important area of comparison. Steel is susceptible to corrosion when

exposed to moisture, particularly in marine environments or when the concrete cover is

insufficient. On the other hand, untreated rattan is vulnerable to biodegradation, termite

attack, and water absorption, which can compromise its structural integrity. However, studies

have indicated that chemical treatment using preservatives like borax-boric acid or linseed oil

can significantly extend the lifespan of rattan in concrete (Adeboye & Omotayo, 2025).

From an environmental and economic perspective, rattan holds several advantages. The

production of steel is highly energy-intensive and contributes significantly to carbon

emissions. Conversely, rattan is a renewable resource that grows quickly and requires less

energy to process. Its use reduces the carbon footprint of construction activities and promotes

local resource utilization, which is especially beneficial in regions with limited access to

industrial materials (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022).

Despite its strengths, the lack of codified design standards for rattan-reinforced concrete

remains a limiting factor for widespread use. Engineering codes and building regulations are

built around the mechanical properties of steel, making it difficult to integrate natural

reinforcements into mainstream design. Nonetheless, ongoing research and pilot projects

continue to shed light on the contexts where rattan can offer sustainable and economically

viable alternatives, especially in rural infrastructure development.

2.5 Challenges in the Use of Rattan as Reinforcement

Although promising, the use of rattan as reinforcement in concrete construction faces several

technical and practical challenges. One of the primary concerns is material variability. Rattan,

being a natural material, exhibits inconsistencies in diameter, density, and fiber alignment.

These inconsistencies affect its mechanical properties and make it difficult to achieve

standardized structural performance. Without reliable grading and classification, engineers

face uncertainty in design and implementation (Obasi et al., 2024).

Durability and environmental sensitivity are also significant issues. Rattan is biodegradable

and susceptible to attack by fungi, termites, and moisture. If not adequately treated, the

reinforcement may degrade over time, compromising the structural stability of the concrete.

Chemical preservatives and coatings can enhance durability, but they add to the cost and

require proper handling due to environmental and health concerns (Olaniyi & Musa, 2023).

Another challenge is the bonding behavior between rattan and concrete. Unlike steel, which

develops mechanical interlock through deformations, rattan has a smooth surface with limited

frictional resistance. Studies have shown that untreated rattan often slips within the concrete
matrix, leading to premature failure. Surface treatments such as scoring, sanding, or applying

epoxy coatings can help mitigate this issue, but consistent performance is yet to be fully

documented (Adeboye & Omotayo, 2025).

From a construction practice perspective, working with rattan requires different tools and

techniques than steel. Rattan must be pre-soaked, bent, or bundled in specific ways, which

can be time-consuming and require skilled labor. Additionally, rattan is flammable and

sensitive to extreme temperatures, which may limit its use in fire-prone areas or under certain

climatic conditions. This raises concerns about safety and restricts its application to specific

types of structures (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022).

Lastly, lack of awareness and acceptance in the construction industry hampers the adoption of

rattan reinforcement. Builders, engineers, and regulatory bodies are often reluctant to use

non-traditional materials without solid empirical backing and codified standards. For rattan to

be widely accepted, more case studies, structural tests, and policy endorsements are

necessary. Pilot projects, community-led construction efforts, and collaboration with research

institutions can play a vital role in demonstrating feasibility and scalability.

2.6 Natural Fibers in Construction

Natural fibers have gained increasing attention in construction engineering due to their

sustainability, availability, and mechanical potential. These fibers, derived from plants such

as hemp, jute, flax, bamboo, coconut coir, and rattan, offer a renewable alternative to

synthetic materials and have been used historically in traditional buildings. Their

incorporation into construction materials can significantly reduce the environmental impact

of modern building practices while offering cost savings, especially in resource-constrained

environments (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022).

One of the primary advantages of natural fibers is their low density, which contributes to the

reduction of dead loads in structures. Additionally, many natural fibers exhibit good tensile
strength, sound absorption, thermal insulation, and biodegradability. These properties have

led to their integration into composites such as fiber-reinforced cement, lightweight blocks,

and concrete panels. For instance, coconut coir and sisal fibers have been used to improve the

crack resistance and toughness of cement-based products (Akinlabi & Ayodele, 2021).

However, natural fibers also present several limitations. They are inherently hydrophilic,

meaning they tend to absorb moisture, which can weaken the fiber-matrix bond and promote

fungal decay. To address this, treatment processes such as alkalization, silane coating, and

resin impregnation are employed to enhance the durability and interface bonding with

cementitious materials. Recent studies have shown that chemically treated natural fibers

perform significantly better in concrete compared to untreated ones (Obasi et al., 2024).

Furthermore, the mechanical performance of natural fiber composites is influenced by the

fiber length, orientation, and volume fraction within the matrix. Uniform dispersion and

alignment of the fibers are crucial in maximizing tensile performance. Research is ongoing to

optimize mixing techniques and develop fiber-reinforced concrete blends that ensure

consistency and strength comparable to conventional reinforcements (Adeboye & Omotayo,

2025).

In conclusion, the use of natural fibers in construction aligns with the goals of sustainable

development, waste reduction, and resource efficiency. While they may not entirely replace

synthetic or metallic reinforcements in high-load applications, their potential for low-cost

housing, partition walls, and precast concrete components remains vast. Their success in

construction depends largely on continued research, standardization, and technological

improvement in treatment and application methods.

2.7 Past Studies on Rattan as Reinforcement

Over the last decade, several studies have investigated the feasibility of using rattan as a

substitute for steel in reinforced concrete, especially in developing countries. These studies
have explored key parameters such as tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, bond strength

with concrete, and durability under varying environmental conditions. The results have been

mixed but generally promising, particularly for non-load-bearing and temporary structures

(Olaniyi & Musa, 2023).

Olaniyi and Musa (2023) conducted tensile tests on both untreated and chemically treated

rattan samples and observed a significant improvement in strength and durability when

preservatives such as linseed oil and borax were used. The treated rattan samples

demonstrated tensile strengths ranging between 80–120 MPa, which, while lower than steel,

were sufficient for light reinforcement applications. This reinforces the idea that rattan can

serve as a cost-effective material in rural housing projects where structural demands are

moderate.

Another study by Obasi et al. (2024) examined the bonding performance of rattan embedded

in concrete beams. The results indicated that untreated rattan exhibited weak bonding, leading

to slippage under load. However, after surface treatments such as sanding and epoxy coating,

the bond strength improved significantly. The researchers recommended standardized surface

treatment protocols to ensure reliability in structural use.

Ekundayo and Oluwafemi (2022) studied the flexural behavior of rattan-reinforced concrete

slabs and concluded that although the ultimate load capacity was lower than that of steel-

reinforced slabs, the rattan slabs displayed better ductility and post-cracking behavior. These

findings support the idea that rattan can enhance energy absorption in seismic or dynamic

environments, particularly when combined with other reinforcements or confined concrete

techniques.

Collectively, these studies provide a foundation for the integration of rattan into modern

construction practices. While there are still challenges related to variability in mechanical

properties, long-term durability, and standardization, the volume of empirical evidence

suggests that rattan has great potential for eco-friendly and cost-effective structural

applications. Further research and pilot-scale construction projects are necessary to validate

these findings and guide future policy and building code development.

2.8 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical foundation for this study is anchored in the Sustainable Construction Theory

and Composite Material Theory, both of which offer frameworks for understanding the

integration of rattan into reinforced concrete structures. These theories guide the analysis of

how natural, renewable materials can replace or complement traditional materials in

construction without compromising structural integrity.

Sustainable Construction Theory emphasizes the use of local, renewable, and low-impact

materials to reduce the environmental footprint of the built environment. It promotes resource

efficiency, carbon footprint reduction, and circular economy principles. Applying this theory,

the use of rattan—a fast-growing, locally available material—meets the criteria for

environmentally sustainable practices, particularly in tropical regions where steel is costly or

scarce (Ekundayo & Oluwafemi, 2022).

Composite Material Theory, on the other hand, provides a structural lens for analyzing rattan-

reinforced concrete. This theory views reinforced concrete as a composite in which the

constituent materials (concrete and reinforcement) work together to resist applied forces.

Rattan, when embedded in a concrete matrix, acts similarly to steel in resisting tensile forces.

The interaction between the matrix and the reinforcement, particularly the bond strength and

load transfer mechanisms, is central to the performance of the composite (Obasi et al., 2024).

Moreover, Eco-efficiency Theory supports the integration of rattan by emphasizing that

development should produce more useful output (infrastructure, housing) with less

environmental input (non-renewable resources, emissions). Using rattan aligns with this
principle by reducing reliance on imported or energy-intensive materials while still delivering

structurally sound outcomes (Adeboye & Omotayo, 2025).

The framework also incorporates elements of the Material Substitution Theory, which argues

for replacing traditional construction materials with equally effective but more sustainable

alternatives. This substitution is not only motivated by environmental considerations but also

by socio-economic factors such as affordability, accessibility, and job creation in local

economies. Rattan offers a viable substitute in these contexts, especially in low- to medium-

cost housing.

In summary, this study is grounded in a multi-theoretical approach that combines material

science and sustainability perspectives. These theories provide a solid foundation for

evaluating the mechanical performance, environmental benefits, and practical challenges

associated with the use of rattan as a concrete reinforcement material.

2.7 Summary of Literature Review

The literature reviewed has shed light on various aspects related to concrete reinforcement,

the mechanical and structural characteristics of rattan, and its comparative advantages and

limitations. It is evident that while conventional reinforcement methods, particularly steel,

remain dominant due to their established strength and reliability, there is a growing need for

alternative reinforcement options that are more sustainable, cost-effective, and locally

available.

The exploration of rattan as an alternative material shows promise, especially in low-cost and

environmentally sensitive construction projects. Rattan demonstrates reasonable tensile

strength and flexibility and is widely accessible in tropical regions. Its natural structure and

lightweight properties make it suitable for specific structural applications when properly

treated and engineered. However, technical limitations such as poor bonding, vulnerability to

decay, and lack of design standards remain areas requiring further research.
Comparative studies suggest that rattan, while not a complete replacement for steel, can serve

as an efficient substitute in certain contexts, particularly where structural loads are minimal or

moderate. Its sustainability benefits, including low embodied energy and carbon footprint,

make it an attractive option for future green building practices. Nonetheless, its durability and

bonding challenges must be addressed through innovation in treatment techniques and

material processing.

The challenges associated with rattan reinforcement underscore the importance of investing

in local material research, standardization, and awareness. Adequate testing, training of

construction personnel, and the development of simplified design guidelines can enhance the

confidence of engineers and policymakers in adopting rattan for reinforced concrete

structures.

In conclusion, while rattan has not yet achieved the universal application status of

conventional reinforcements, its potential in specific construction environments cannot be

ignored. Further empirical studies, life-cycle assessments, and real-world applications will

determine its long-term viability in the modern construction industry.

 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Design Analysis

This chapter outlines the detailed procedures employed in the construction and evaluation of

rattan-reinforced concrete. It includes the description of the materials used, their sources,

preparation techniques, and the methods adopted for casting, curing, and testing the concrete

specimens. The experimental design follows standard practices in civil engineering material

research to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of results.

3.2 Materials Used

Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade 42.5) was used as the primary binder. It

complied with the specifications of NIS 444-1:2003 and BS EN 197-1. The cement was

sourced from a local distributor and stored in a dry environment to prevent pre-hydration

Fine Aggregate (Sand): The fine aggregate used was river sand with a particle size

distribution conforming to Zone 2 of BS 882:1992. It was free from organic impurities and

sieved to eliminate oversized particles.

Coarse Aggregate: Crushed granite with a maximum size of 20 mm was used. It was clean,

durable, and free from dust or clayey materials. The aggregate conformed to BS EN 12620

standards for concrete aggregates.

Rattan: Naturally grown rattan canes were sourced from a local forest in the southwestern

region of Nigeria. The rattan was cut into lengths suitable for concrete beams and treated

using a borax-boric acid preservative to improve durability and resistance to decay.

Reinforcement: This refers to the materials used to strengthen concrete and help it resist

forces that concrete alone cannot withstand, especially tensile (pulling) forces.

Binding Wire: This is a thin, flexible wire (usually made of mild steel) used in construction

to tie or bind reinforcement bars together at joints and intersections before concrete is poured.

Water: Potable water, free from deleterious substances, was used for mixing and curing. The

water met the requirements of BS EN 1008:2002 for concrete mixing.

3.2.1 Equipment

i. Head pan

ii. Hand trowel

iii. Bucket

iv. Compaction rod

v. Shovel

3.3 Rattan Preparation and Treatment

The rattan canes were initially cleaned, debarked, and cut into sizes of 240 mm. To enhance

durability and bonding with concrete, the following treatments were applied:

The rattan was sanded to roughen the surface for better bonding and in some samples, coated

with a thin layer of epoxy resin.

The Rattan was the placed in a cube, and it was filled with mixed with fine aggregate, coarse

aggregate and cement in ration 2:4:1

It was compacted using Rod.

Plate 1: Using of Binding wire and rattan cane

Plate 2: Compaction of Rattan

 Plate 3: Compressive Strength test of rattan

3.3.1 Curing Process

All specimens were demoulded after 24 hours and cured by immersion in clean water for

periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The water was maintained at ambient room temperature, and

the curing tank was covered to prevent contamination.

3.3.2 Testing Procedures

3.3.2.1 Compressive Strength Test

The concrete cubes were tested using a compression testing machine according to BS EN

12390-3. The load was applied gradually until failure, and the maximum load was recorded.

3.4 Reinforcement Preparation

The reinforcement was cleaned, debarked, and cut into sizes of 240 mm. To enhance

durability and bonding with concrete, the following treatments were applied:
The reinforcement was sanded to roughen the surface for better bonding and in some

samples, coated with a thin layer of epoxy resin.

The reinforcement was the placed in a cube, and it was filled with mixed with fine aggregate,

coarse aggregate and cement in ration 2:4:1

It was compacted using Rod.

Plate 4: Using of Binding wire and reinforcement

3.4.1 Curing Process

All specimens were demoulded after 24 hours and cured by immersion in clean water for

periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The water was maintained at ambient room temperature, and

the curing tank was covered to prevent contamination.

3.4.2 Testing Procedures

3.4.2.1 Compressive Strength Test

The concrete cubes were tested using a compression testing machine according to BS EN

12390-3. The load was applied gradually until failure, and the maximum load was recorded.
Plate 5: Compaction of Reinforcement

Plate 6: Compressive strength test of reinforcement

Table 3.1 Weight of Materials

Fine (KG) Coarse (KG) OPC (KG) Water (KG)

30.0 45.0 13.0 0.3

 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the results of the experimental investigation conducted on the

compressive and flexural performance of concrete specimens reinforced with rattan, steel,

and plain (unreinforced) concrete. It includes the analysis of it compressive strength,. The

results are compared and interpreted to determine the effectiveness and suitability of rattan as

a natural reinforcement in concrete.

4.2 Rattan Test Results

Table 4.1 Rattan Test Results (7 days)

S/N Mass Volume Density Area Load P Compressive Average

(kg) (mm3) Strength compressive

(kg/mm3) (mm2) (N)
(N/mm2) strength (N/mm2)

1 16.30 67.50 0.241 22500 17.20 18.7

2 16.36 67.50 0.242 22500 410 18.3

17.8
3 16.12 67.50 0.238 22500 370 16.5

4 15.60 67.50 0.231 22500 380 16.8

The compressive strength test conducted on rattan-reinforced specimens after 7 days reveals

varying results across the four samples, as outlined in Table 4.1. The compressive strength

values range from 16.5 N/mm² to 18.3 N/mm², with an overall average of 17.8 N/mm². This

suggests that the rattan-reinforced samples exhibit consistent performance within acceptable

limits of variation. The highest compressive strength was observed in specimen 2 (18.3

N/mm²), which corresponded to the highest density (0.242 kg/mm³), indicating a possible
correlation between density and strength. Similarly, the lowest compressive strength (16.5

N/mm²) was recorded in specimen 3, which had a relatively lower density (0.238 kg/mm³).

Analyzing the load-bearing capacity, sample 2 with the highest compressive strength endured

a load of 410 N, whereas sample 3 with the lowest compressive strength bore 370 N.

Interestingly, specimen 1 exhibited a slightly lower load (17.20 N – possibly a typographical

error, as it deviates significantly from the others), yet it had a moderate strength of 18.7

N/mm², which may suggest inconsistency in load recording. Overall, the use of rattan as a

reinforcement material provided a reasonably high compressive strength, demonstrating its

potential for low-cost and sustainable construction applications, especially in areas with

limited access to conventional reinforcement materials.

4.2 Reinforcement Test Result (7 days)

Table 4.2: Reinforcement Test Result (7 days)

S/N Mass Volume Density Area Load P Compressive Average

(kg) (mm3) Strength compressive

(kg/mm3) (mm2) (N)
(N/mm2) strength (N/mm2)

1 16.20 67.50 0.24 22500 620 27.6

2 16.08 67.50 0.238 22500 600 26.7

26.5
3 16.08 67.50 0.238 22500 600 26.7

4 16.02 67.50 0.237 22500 560 24.9

The reinforcement test carried out after 7 days, as shown in Table 4.2, demonstrates a

significant improvement in compressive strength compared to the rattan-reinforced samples.

The compressive strength values ranged from 24.9 N/mm² to 27.6 N/mm², with an average

compressive strength of 26.5 N/mm². Specimen 1 recorded the highest strength (27.6 N/mm²)

and also the highest load-bearing capacity of 620 N, suggesting a strong correlation between
the applied load and the resulting compressive strength. The other specimens followed

closely, with samples 2 and 3 each registering 600 N of applied load and compressive

strength values of 26.7 N/mm², reinforcing the consistency in their structural behavior.

The densities across the samples remained within a narrow band (0.237–0.240 kg/mm³),

indicating uniformity in the material composition and compaction. The lowest compressive

strength was observed in specimen 4 (24.9 N/mm²) despite a comparable density (0.237

kg/mm³), likely due to slight variations in material distribution or minor imperfections.

Overall, the results affirm that reinforced samples significantly outperform the rattan-

reinforced alternatives, confirming the superior mechanical behavior of conventional

reinforcement methods under compressive loading conditions. This underlines the reliability

of standard reinforcement materials for structural applications requiring higher load

resistance.

4.3 Discussion of Findings

The findings from the compressive strength tests at 7 days reveal a clear distinction between the

performance of rattan-reinforced and conventionally reinforced concrete samples. The rattan-

reinforced specimens achieved an average compressive strength of 17.8 N/mm², demonstrating

moderate strength suitable for low-load applications. In contrast, the conventionally reinforced

samples displayed a significantly higher average compressive strength of 26.5 N/mm², indicating

superior load-bearing capacity and structural integrity.

Overall, while rattan reinforcement shows potential as a sustainable and low-cost alternative, it does

not match the mechanical performance of conventional reinforcement materials. The uniformity in

density and load distribution among the reinforced samples further highlights their reliability for

structural applications where strength and durability are critical.

 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

This study was carried out to evaluate the mechanical performance of rattan-reinforced

concrete as a sustainable alternative to conventional steel reinforcement. The experimental

investigation involved comparing the compressive and flexural strength of plain, steel-

reinforced, and rattan-reinforced concrete.

The results demonstrated that rattan-reinforced concrete consistently outperformed plain

concrete and showed promising strength characteristics that approached those of steel-

reinforced concrete. Specifically, at 28 days, rattan-reinforced specimens achieved

approximately 90% of the compressive strength of their steel-reinforced counterparts.

Additionally, flexural strength results confirmed that rattan significantly improves concrete's

ability to resist bending and tension. The workability of the rattan-mixed concrete remained

within acceptable limits, and bond improvements from surface treatments enhanced structural

behavior.

In conclusion, rattan has shown considerable potential as a renewable, locally sourced, and

cost-effective reinforcement material for non-critical structural applications. While it may not

fully replace steel in load-bearing designs, its performance makes it a viable option for rural

housing, low-rise buildings, and green construction practices. This aligns with the goals of

sustainable development and circular economy principles in the construction sector.

5.2 Recommendations

Adoption in Low-Cost and Rural Projects: Based on the findings, rattan-reinforced

concrete should be adopted in non-load-bearing structures, rural buildings, and cost-sensitive

projects where steel availability is limited or expensive.

Standardization of Treatment Methods: Further research should be conducted to develop

standard protocols for rattan treatment, surface modification, and sizing to ensure consistency

in strength and durability.

Long-Term Durability Testing: Future studies should include extended durability tests,

including exposure to moisture, chemical attack, temperature variations, and insect resistance

to determine long-term performance in real-life conditions.

Incorporation into Building Codes: Regulatory agencies and construction authorities

should begin the process of codifying rattan as a recognized reinforcement material,

supported by more empirical data and pilot projects.

Awareness and Training: Stakeholders in the construction industry, especially engineers

and artisans, should be sensitized and trained on the handling, treatment, and application of

rattan in reinforced concrete works.

Hybrid Reinforcement Exploration: Future work may explore the use of hybrid

reinforcement systems that combine rattan with small quantities of steel or synthetic fibers to

optimize performance while maintaining sustainability.

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