AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

organism cannot make (or synthesize) its own

The organism makes its own food food from simple inorganic materials.
from simple inorganic materials
Example: Green Plants,
Autotrophic Bacteria
Holozoic Saprophytic Parasitic
Organisms consume Organisms feed Organisms derive nutrition
and internally digest on dead and from another living
complex organic food decaying organic organism (host), often
substances. matter. causing harm to the host.
e.g. Fungi (bread e.g. : lice, leech,
e.g. Human beings moulds, tapeworm , Cascuta
Dog , Cat
yeast, mushroom)
(amer-bel)
The process by which plants make their own food from
carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in
the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

Conditions necessary for photosynthesis

A) Sunlight B) Chlorophyll
C) Carbon dioxide D) Water

●● CO2 enters through Stomata

leaves
Stomata →
tiny pores present on the Surface of the
1)Absorptionoflight energy by chlorophyll.
↓
2)Conversionoflight energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules
intohydrogenand oxygen. WATER - TAKEN UP BY ROOTS FROM SOIL
↓ Nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium, and iron are
3)Reductionofcarbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
also taken
Nitrogen is taken in form of nitrates and nitrites
Site of photosynthesis: Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll is present in the green-coloured organelles
In plants, food (glucose) is stored in the form of starch
called ‘chloroplasts’ inside the plant cells. The leaves are
In animals, it is stored in the form of glycogen
green because they contain chloroplasts.
 Variegated leaf Activity 5.1 & 5.2

Starch is present at green sites only

1) Boiling Water Proving chlorophyll is essential for
2) Boiling Alcohol photosynthesis

3) Iodine Solution
blue black colour with starch

1) Glass jars sealed & kept in Sun

2) KOH in one jar

3) Test for Starch KOH

Carbon Dioxide is essential for Photosynthesis

Question - (a) What is photosynthesis? Identify the organelle and the organs
where it occurs, explain the process using the balanced equation, and state the
source of the oxygen released during this process.

(b) How would you design an experiment to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is
essential for photosynthesis, and what would be the expected observation and
conclusion? (CBSE 2021,2022,2023,2024)
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION
breaks

exit of waste material via anus is regulated by anus sphincter

A B
Herbivorous --> longer small
intestine for digestion of
cellulose
Carnivorous --> shorter
small intestine since meat is
easier to digest

No color change
Starch not present

CONCLUSION
Question - (a) What is the name of the enzyme found in the fluid of our mouth
cavity, and which gland produces it? Explain the action of saliva on food with the
help of an activity.

(b) Name the type of nutrition exhibited by Amoeba. Explain how food is taken in
and digested by this organism. (CBSE 2023, 2024)
Question - (a) What is the role of each of the following in the human digestive
system:
(i) Hydrochloric acid (ii) Villi (iii) Anal sphincter (iv) Lipase (v) Mucus (vi) Bile
juice (vii) Trypsin
(b) How is the absorption of digested food carried out in the small intestine, and
why is it necessary?
(c) Why is the small intestine longer in herbivores than in carnivores?
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 Alcoholic respiration/ Fermentation

Lactic acid respiration/ Fermentation

The buildup of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps
 Rings Of Cartilage
Prevents air passage from collapsing

(voice-box)

Exchange
The diaphragm is a large, dome-
shaped muscle that separates
the chest from the abdomen

Inhalation / Inspiration Exhalation / Expiration

diaphragm contracts diaphragm relaxes

diaphragm moves downward diaphragm moves upward and

Residual volume - Amount of
air always remaining in lungs and becomes flat. becomes dome-shaped.
(to provide sufficient time to Chest cavity becomes larger Chest cavity becomes smaller
absorb O2 and release CO2)
Air is sucked into the lungs Air is pushed out from the lungs
 Day Time : Breathe Oxygen Use dissolved
Photosynthesis -> Oxygen produced in atmosphere oxygen in water
Respiration -> Carbon Dioxide is produced
This CO2 is used in Photosynthesis
Rate of breathing
Rate of breathing is more
Net Result -> O2 is given out
is less
Night Time :
No Photosynthesis
Respiration -> Carbon Dioxide is produced
Net Result -> CO2 is given out

Breathing in Fish
Fish → take in waterthrough Mouth →
force it
past the gills -> dissolved O2 is taken by blood
Mouth open , Gill closed
Vice-Versa
Question - States reasons for the following:
(i) Sometimes while running, the athletes suffer from muscle cramps.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximize the area for
exchange of gases.
(iii) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in
terrestrial organisms.
(iv) In human beings, when air is taken into the body through the
nostrils and passed through the throat, the air passage does not
collapse.
(v) The test tube containing lime water turns milky when we exhale.
CBSE(2020, 2021, 2022, 2024 )
 The process of transfer of substances from one part
of the body to other parts.

TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood,

and blood vessels
 Exceptions -
BLOOD VESSELS Pulmonary artery- Carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein- Carries oxygenated blood

Feature Arteries Veins Capillaries

Carries
Direction blood away
from the Returns blood to Helps in exchange of
of Blood
heart the heart substances
Flow
Rich in
oxygenated Contains Transports both
Oxygen blood deoxygenated oxygenated &
blood deoxygenated blood
High
pressure
Pressure Low pressure Moderate pressure
Thick and
elastic walls
Thin and less Very thin (one cell
Walls
elastic walls thick)
Present (to prevent Valves are present in veins to
Valves Not present backflow) Absent prevent backflow of blood
Double Circulation
Blood flowstwicethrough the heart before completing
a full circuit.
Single Circulation
Blood passes only once through the heart in a
complete cycle.

Heart Body Temperature

Animal Group Circulation Type
Chambers Regulation

Birds (Aves) , Complete double

4 Warm blooded
Mammals circulation
Amphibians, Partial double
Reptiles 3 circulation Cold blooded
Fishes
(Pisces)
2 Single circulation Cold blooded
 Blood Components LYMPH or TISSUE FLUID
Plasma: Fluid medium,transports food,carbon Some components of blood leak through pores
dioxide and nitrogenous waste. in walls of capillaries ( plasma, proteins and blood cells
RBCs: Contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen (Not RBC)
Lymph is a part of lymphatic system
WBCs: Fight infections. Produce antibody to kill Colourless fluid
pathogens Contains less protein than blood
Platelets: Clotting of blood Carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine
Drains excess fluid back into the blood

red blood cells

blood
vessels
White
blood
cells

Plasma
Question - States reasons for the following:
(i)The muscular walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the
atria.(2020)
(ii) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in
terrestrial vertebrates.
(iii) When we are injured and start bleeding, it stops after some time.
 Slow transportation system - 1)Plants do not move 2) have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues.
Hence they have low energy needs and use slow transport systems.
But, transportation distance canbe very large

Xylem & Phloem are independent conducting tubes

Feature Xylem TransportPhloem Transport
Transports
Food, amino acids and
Water and minerals other substances
Bidirectional (both
Unidirectional (upwards upward and downward)
Direction of Active transport
Flow from roots to aerial
parts) (requires energy in the
Physical forces( such as form of ATP)

Process root pressure and

Involved transpirational pull)

Main
Xylem vessels, Sieve tubes,
Tissues tracheids companion cells
Involved
 Transport of water
Root pressure-Roots take up ionsfrom soil which
creates difference in the concentration of these
ions
water from soil moves into the roots
there is a constant movement of water into root
xylem and water is steadily pushed upwards.

Transpiration The loss of water in the form of vapour

from the aerial parts of the plant is called transpiration

Role of transpiration Transport of food

1.Absorption and upward movement of Translocation
water and minerals from roots to leaves The transfer offood from leavesto other
2. Temperature regulation. parts of the plant is called translocation
phloem translocates the food made in the
leaves
Day time- Major force is transpirational pull
These substances are especially delivered
Night time -Root pressure
to the storage organs of roots, fruits and
seeds and to growing organs
Question - States reasons for the following:
(i) The transport system in plants is relatively slow.
(ii) During the day, water and minerals move more quickly through the
xylem compared to at night.
 EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Removal of harmful metabolicwastesfrom
the body is called excretion

The excretory system of human beings include-

Kidneys- Nitrogenous waste such as urea and
uric acid are removed from blood through
kidneys
A pair of ureters- Connects the kidneys with
the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder- Urine is stored in urinary
bladder until it is passed out (muscular, under
nervous control)
Urethra- Transports urine out of the body
 Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has large
number of nephrons GLOMERULAR FILTRATION-
Nitrogenous wastes, glucose,
water, amino acid, excessive
salts from the blood are filtered
and initial filtrate enters into
Bowman Capsule of the
nephron.

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION-
Useful substances like glucose,
amino acids, salts and a major
amount of water from the filtrate
Glomerulus- Cluster of are reabsorbed back by
blood vessels capillaries surrounding the
nephron
Bowmans Capsule- Cup
shaped structure in each TUBULAR SECRETION -Urea,
Nephron ,that surrounds extra water and salts are
glomerulus and collects secreted into the tubule which
open up into the collecting duct
the filtrate
& then into the ureter.
Amount of water reabsorbed depends on
1.Amount of excesswaterin body
2.Amount of dissolved waste to be excreted
 Question - Read the following and answer the questions.
In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be used. An artificial
kidney is a device to remove waste products from the blood through
dialysis.

(a) (i) Name the artery that brings oxygenated blood to the kidney.
(ii) Name the cluster the thin-walled blood capillaries present in the
Bowman’s capsule.
(b) In human excretory system name the organ which stores urine. Is this
organ under hormonal control or nervous control?
(c) (i) List two major steps involved in the formation of urine and state in
brief their functions.
(ii) In which part of the nephron does selective reabsorption take place?
List the factors which the amount of water from urine reabsorbed
depends on.
CBSE(2021, 2022, 2024) CBQ
 ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (HEMODIALYSIS)
In case of kidneyfailure, an artificialkidneycan beused
An artificial kidney removes nitrogenous waste products
from the blood through dialysis.
Artificial kidney --> No reabsorption involved

Dialysing fluid --> same osmotic pressure as blood

(without nitrogenous wastes)
Used dialysing solution --> rich in urea and excess
salts
Excretion in plants
Oxygen and carbon dioxide --> by
diffusion through stomata Excess
water --> removed by transpiration.
Shedding of old leaves Plants also
secrete some waste substances
into the soil around them.
Question - a) Describe the structure of the basic filtration unit present in the
kidney

b) Explain in brief two ways by which leaves of a plant help in excretion.

CBSE (2019 2020, 2021, 2023)