Mind Map Notes for Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (Chapters 1-5)
Chapter 1: The Particulate Nature of Matter
Central Node: States of Matter
● Solids
○ Definite shape and volume.
○ Particles vibrate in fixed positions.
○ Low compressibility.
● Liquids
○ Definite volume but no fixed shape.
○ Particles move around each other.
○ Slight compressibility.
● Gases
○ No fixed shape or volume.
○ Particles move freely and randomly.
○ Highly compressible.
Sub-node: Kinetic Theory
● Particles are in constant motion.
● Temperature increases particle speed.
● Heavy particles move slower than light ones.
Sub-node: Changes of State
● Melting, boiling, freezing, condensation, sublimation.
● Energy exchange during state changes.
Sub-node: Diffusion and Brownian Motion
● Diffusion: Particles spread from high to low concentration.
● Brownian Motion: Random motion caused by collisions.
Chapter 2: Elements, Compounds, and Experimental Techniques
Central Node: Elements and Compounds
● Elements
○ Made of one type of atom.
○ Examples: Metals (shiny, conductive) vs. Non-metals (dull, insulating).
● Compounds
○ Formed by chemically combining elements.
○ Properties differ from constituent elements.
Sub-node: Mixtures
● Physical combinations of substances.
● Components retain their properties.
● Examples: Air, seawater.
Sub-node: Separation Techniques
● Filtration, evaporation, distillation, chromatography.
● Based on physical properties like solubility, boiling point.
Sub-node: Accuracy in Experiments
● Use of precise instruments (burettes, balances).
● Minimize contamination for reliable results.
Chapter 3: Atomic Structure and Bonding
Central Node: Atomic Structure
● Protons: Positive charge, in the nucleus.
● Neutrons: Neutral charge, in the nucleus.
● Electrons: Negative charge, orbiting the nucleus in shells.
Sub-node: Bonding
● Ionic Bonding
○ Transfer of electrons.
○ Metals and non-metals form ions.
○ Example: NaCl.
● Covalent Bonding
○ Sharing of electrons.
○ Non-metals form molecules.
○ Example: H₂O.
● Metallic Bonding
○ Positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons.
○ Explains malleability and conductivity.
Chapter 4: Stoichiometry – Chemical Calculations
Central Node: Stoichiometry
● Moles
○ Represents 6.022 × 10²³ particles.
○ Formula: Moles = Mass / Molar Mass.
● Balanced Equations
○ Reflect conservation of mass.
○ Determine reactant-product ratios.
Sub-node: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
● Empirical: Simplest whole-number ratio of elements.
● Molecular: Actual number of atoms in a molecule.
Sub-node: Limiting Reactants and Yield
● Identify the reactant that limits product formation.
● Calculate percentage yield and atom economy.
Chapter 5: Electricity and Chemistry
Central Node: Electrolysis
● Definition: Decomposition using electricity.
● Key Components:
○ Anode: Positive electrode, site of oxidation.
○ Cathode: Negative electrode, site of reduction.
● Electrolyte: Conductive solution or molten compound.
Sub-node: Common Reactions
● Molten PbBr₂
○ Produces lead and bromine.
● Water Electrolysis
○ Produces hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Sub-node: Applications
● Electroplating metals.
● Purifying copper.
● Manufacturing chemicals like chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
Mind Map Summary
● Chapter 1: Matter exists in solid, liquid, or gas states. Particle behavior explains state
changes, diffusion, and motion.
● Chapter 2: Elements form compounds with fixed ratios, while mixtures retain properties.
Separation depends on physical properties.
● Chapter 3: Atomic structure defines elements, while bonding types (ionic, covalent,
metallic) determine chemical properties.
● Chapter 4: Stoichiometry involves mole calculations, balanced equations, and efficiency
metrics like yield.
● Chapter 5: Electrolysis decomposes compounds using electricity, with industrial
applications in purification and chemical production.
