CS1529

Object Oriented Programming

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 About the Course
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It is about object-oriented programming (OOP)
principles
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Use of Java programming language to implement
various aspect of OOP
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Get acquainted with the concept of Inheritance
and Polymorphism as implemented in JAVA
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Learn to use the JAVA APIs, GUI components and
to develop object-oriented based applications
using JAVA Framework

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 Prerequisites
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Fundamentals of computer science
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C programming language
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Data structure and algorithms

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 Books
Text Book:
1. Schildt, Herbert. Java. The Complete Reference. Ninth edition, McGraw-
Hill Education, 2014.
2. E Balagurusamy, Programming with Java, McGraw Hill Education, 2019
3. John R. Hubbard, Programming With Java, second edition, McGraw Hill,
2020.
References:
1. Sierra, Kathy, and Bert Bates. Head First Java. 2nd ed, O’Reilly, 2005.
2. Burd, Barry. Java for Dummies. Seventh edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
3. Bloch, Joshua. Effective Java. Third edition, Addison-Wesley, 2018.
4. Loy, Marc, et al. Learning Java: An Introduction to Real-World Programming
with Java. Fifth edition, O’Reilly, 2020.

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 Evaluation Criteria
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Mid Sem – 30 Marks
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End Sem – 50 Marks
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Teacher Assessment – 20 Marks
– Classroom Assignment
– Quiz
– Attendance
– Development Task

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 Relationship of Java with C
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Java is related to C++
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C++ is a direct descendant of C
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Much of the character of Java is inherited from
these two languages
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Java derives its syntax from C
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Many of Java’s object-oriented features were
influenced by C++

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 Popular Java Development Tools
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Eclipse
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Intellij IDEA
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Visual Studio Code
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Apache Maven
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NetBean

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 Object-oriented Programming
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Object-oriented programming was developed
because limitations were discovered in earlier
approaches to programming

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 Procedural Languages
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Each statement in this language tells the computer to
do something:
– Get some input,
– add these numbers,
– divide by six,
– display that output.
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A program in a procedural language is a list of
instructions.
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When programs become larger, a single list of
instructions becomes unwieldy.
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 Procedural Languages(2)
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Function was adopted as a way to make programs
more comprehensible
– also may be referred to as a subroutine, a subprogram, or
a procedure in other languages
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A procedural program is divided into functions,
and (ideally, at least) each function has a clearly
defined purpose and a clearly defined interface to
the other functions in the program.
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C, Pascal, FORTRAN, and similar languages are
procedural languages.

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 Structured programming
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Grouping a number of functions together into a
larger entity called a module (which is often a
file)
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Dividing a program into functions and modules
is one of the cornerstones of structured
programming
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Structured programming influenced
programming organization for several decades
before object-oriented programming.

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 Problems with Structured
Programming
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Increase in complexity as the program grows
larger
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Functions have unrestricted access to global
data
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Functions and data are unrelated.
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A change made in a global data item may
necessitate rewriting all the functions that
access that item.
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Procedural paradigm provides a poor model of
the real world 12
 Real-world modeling
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In the physical world we deal with objects such as people,
institution, and cars.
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These are neither just data and nor like functions.
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Complex real-world objects have both attributes and
behavior.
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Attributes sometimes called characteristics in the real
world are equivalent to data in a program: they have a
certain specific values
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Behavior is something a real-world object is like a function:
you call a function to do something (display the inventory,
for example).
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So neither data nor functions, by themselves, model real-
world objects effectively. 13
 The Object-Oriented Approach
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The fundamental idea : “combine both data and the
functions that operate on its data into a single unit”.
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Such a unit is called an object.
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An object’s functions, called member function, typically
provide the only way to access its data.
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The data is hidden, so it is safe from accidental alteration.
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Data and its functions are said to be encapsulated into a
single entity.
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Data encapsulation and data hiding are key terms in the
description of object-oriented languages.
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This simplifies writing, debugging, and maintaining the
program.
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 Object-oriented program
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An Object-oriented program typically consists
of a number of objects, which communicate
with each other by calling one another’s
member functions.

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 Object
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Things having physical or logical existence
– Physical objects
– Elements of the computer-user environment
– Data-storage constructs
– Human entities
– Collections of data
– User-defined data types
– And so on...

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 Class
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Objects are member of classes.
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Defining the class doesn’t create any objects
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A class is thus a description of a number of similar
objects.
– Himesh, Vishal, and Ankit Tiwary are members of the
music composer.
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There is no one person called “music composer,”
but specific people with specific names are
members of this class if they possess certain
characteristics.
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An object is often called an “instance” of a class. 17
 Characteristics of Object-Oriented
Languages
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Data abstraction
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Encapsulation
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Inheritance
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Polymorphism
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Reusability

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 Data abstraction
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Abstraction refers to the act of showing essential
features without including its implemetation details.
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It focuses on the outside view(interface) of an object.
Therefore, it serves to separate an objects essential
behaviour from its implementation.
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It is used to reduce complexity by ignoring some
aspect of a subject that are not relevant to the current
purpose.
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The type that uses data abstraction are known as
Abstract Data Type.

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 Encapsulation
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The binding of data and functions into a single unit is
know as encapsulation.
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Encapsulation achieves information hiding ; hiding all
the information that is unnecessary to the outside
world
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Each abstraction have two parts : an interface and an
implementation.
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Encapsulated elements may be termed as the
secrets of abstraction

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 Inheritance
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It is the process by which objects of one class
acquire the properties of objects of another class.
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It supports the concept of is-a kind of
hierarchical classification
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Each derived class shares common
characteristics with the class from which it is
derived.
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Provides the idea of reusability

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 Polymorphism
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“ability to take more than one form”
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An operation may perform different task in different
instances.
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The behaviour depends upon the types of data used in the
operation.
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Supports function overloading in java
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Using single function name to perform different types of
tasks is known as function overloading
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Example: message draw
– Circle responds with drawing a circle
– Polygon responds with drawing a polygon
– …
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 Benifits of OOP
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Elimination of redundant code via inheritance
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Saves development time
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Data restricted from unauthorized access
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Easily scalable
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Interface between objects is simpler
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Lesser complexity
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Encourages reusability

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 OOP languages
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Java, C++, C#, Python, PHP, JavaScript,
Ruby, Perl, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Dart,
Swift, Scala, Common Lisp, MATLAB,
Smalltalk and the list goes on...

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