Bond and
Development
Length
RCC DESIGN
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Bond and Development Length
'Bond' in reinforced concrete refers to the adhesion between the reinforcing steel and the surrounding
concrete. It is this bond which is repressible for the transfer of axial force from a reinforcing bar to the sur-
rounding concrete, thereby providing strain compatibility and 'composite action' of concrete and steel.
If this bond is inadequate, 'slipping' of the reinforcing bar will occur, destroying full 'composite action'.
Hence, the fundamental assumption of the theory of flexure, viz. plane sections remain plane even after
bending, remains valid in reinforced concrete only if the mechanism of bond is fully effective.
Factors affecting Bond Strength
I. Pure Adhesion: It is the adhesion produced between steel and concrete during hydration of cement.
II. Frictional Resistance: It develops due to roughness of bars and shrinkage of concrete.
III. Mechanical Resistance: It develops due to lugs and corrugation present on bars due to twisting for de-
formation.
In case of HYSD bars all of the above 3 mechanisms are applicable whereas for Mild Steel, only first two
mechanisms are applicable.
Here, τbf = Flexural bond stress
V = Axial Force on the bars
Σo = Sum of the perimeters of all the bars
j = Lever-arm length factor
d = Effective depth of the beam
Flexural Bond: It develops along the length of the bar which allows such adhesion between concrete
and steel that they start acting together in flexure. It occurs due to variation in axial tension along the
reinforcement. Bond stress is higher at locations of high shear and this bond stress can be increased by
increasing perimeter of bars by using smaller diameter bars.
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Development Length: It is the minimum depth down to which the reinforcement is required to be em-
bedded so that strength of the bond is equal to the strength of the reinforcement. It can be found by
equating the limiting strength of bond and limiting axial strength of the bar.
Development length required for adequate bond for WSM:
And for LSM:
Here, ϕ = Diameter of reinforcement
τbd = Bond strength of the given grade of concrete
Grade of Concrete WSM (N/mm2) LSM (N/mm2)
M15 0.6 -
M20 0.8 1.2
M25 0.9 1.4
M30 1.0 1.5
M35 1.1 1.7
M40 1.2
M45 1.3 1.9
M50 1.9
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For deformed bars, the values given in above table are increased by 60% and in case of compression,
these values are raised by 25%.
Checking Development Length at in a Simply Supported Beam at joints
for positive Moment Reinforcement
At simple support, positive moment (Tension Reinforcement) at point of inflection should be limited to
such a diameter that following condition should satisfy:
Here, Development Length LD depends on method of design (WSM or LSM) such that,
MR = Moment of resistance of the beam at the point of inflection also depend on method of design (WSM or
LSM) such that,
V = Shear Force at point of Inflection
Lo = Sum of anchorage beyond centre of support and equivalent anchorage value of any hook or
mechanical anchorage such that,
The value of MR/V can be increased by 30% when reinforcement is confined by compression at the
reaction:
Providing Hooke or Bond for Simple Support
Providing Straight Bar:
Here, Ls = Width of Support
x' = Gap between beam face and end of bar
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Providing 90° Bent:
For Mild Steel bars:
For HYSD bars:
Providing U-Type Hooke or 90° Bent:
For Mild Steel bars:
For HYSD bars:
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Anchorage Length of Reinforcement bars (Lo):
The anchorage value of bond shall be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar for each 45° bend
subject to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar (U-type hook).
Anchorage length of straight bar in compression shall be equal to the development length of bar
in compression.
Anchorage Shear Reinforcement
Angle of Bent around bars 90° 135° 180°
Continuation of Length of bar beyond bend 8ϕ 6ϕ 4ϕ
Shear reinforcements are always tied in compression side.
Curtailment of Reinforcement in a Flexure Member
IS 456:2000 Clause 26.2.3.1: For Curtailment, reinforcement shall not extend beyond a point at which
it is no longer required to resist flexure for distance greater than or equal to 12 times the diameter of
bars or effective depth whichever is more (12ϕ or d).
A point at which reinforcement is no longer required to resist flexure is where resistance moment of
the flexure considering only continuing bar is equal to the design moment.
IS 456:2000 Clause 26.2.3.3: At least one-third of the positive reinforcement provided in simply support-
ed beam and one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement in continuous member shall extend
along the same face of the member in to the support to a length equal to L/3.
IS 456:2000 Clause 26.2.3.4: At least one-third of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment
at the support shall extend beyond the point of inflection for a distance not less than greater of effective
depth of the member, 12 times the diameter of the bars and 1/16 times the length of the clear span.
Splicing of Bars
Splicing is provided in bars when there is a change in diameter of the bar or when the bars are
discontinuous.
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In large diameter bars (ϕ ≥ 36 mm), splicing is provided with spiral binding. Further,
Here, V = Shear Force at point of contra flexure
MOR = Moment of Resistance at Point of Contraflexure
Design For Torsion in RCC Beam
An RCC member is likely to be subjected to torsion in following cases:
In case of edge-beam of a structure.
In case of ring beam in water tanks.
In case of beams curved in plan.
Torsion in Rectangular Beam:
On longer edge of the beam:
And on smaller edge of the beam:
Here, α = Constant which is given as follows:
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n = Constant which is a function of ratio ‘D/b’
Primary Torsion in RCC Member: It is induced by any eccentric load with respect to the shear centre
and the equilibrium condition alone help in determining the twisting moment.
Secondary Torsion/ Compatibility Torsion in RCC Member: This torsion is induced by need for mem-
ber to undergo an angle of twist to maintain deformation compatibility and hence resulting twisting
moment depends upon torsional stiffness of the member.
Torsional Reinforcement isn’t calculated separately; instead, total longitudinal reinforcement is de-
termined for a fictious bending moment which is a function of bending moment and torsion. Similar
procedure is adopted for shear reinforcement.
Design Procedure for Torsional Reinforcement
Given: Loads on the beam
Maximum Bending Moment (M)
Maximum Shear Force (V)
Maximum Torsional Moment (T)
Material Specification
Check for equivalent Shear:
If τeq > τc-max, then either redesign the section or raise the concrete grade.
While redesigning, try to raise the width of the beam to increase its lateral stability.
Further if τeq > τc, shear reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement both are provided as
per the combined action torsional moment, bending moment and shear.
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Design moment for Longitudinal Reinforcement: Equivalent Bending Moment (Meq):
Transverse Reinforcement: If τeq > τc
Here σsv will be replaced by 0.87fy in case of LSM design.
Maximum Spacing between the reinforcements:
Here, x1 and y1 are centre to centre distance between the stirrup legs along the width face and height face
respectively.
Side Face Reinforcement
It is provided to improve lateral restrain against buckling
under torsion. Cracking may occur on large un-reinforced
face of concrete on account of shrinkage and temperature.
This can be counteracted by using side face reinforcement.
Code recommends when depth of beam exceeds 750 mm,
side face reinforcement is provided along two face such
that its area shall not exceed 0.1% of web area and shall
be distributed equally on two faces at spacing not
exceeding lesser of 300 mm or web thickness.
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