◦ The count of measurements.
◦ A specific integer.
Correct Answer: B
65. Which of the following correctly defines the relationship between a
random variable and probability?
◦ A random variable assigns a probability to each outcome.
◦ A random variable assigns an outcome to each probability.
◦ A random variable maps outcomes of a random experiment to
numerical values.
◦ A random variable is the same as the sample space.
Correct Answer: C
66. If X represents the outcome of a die roll, the sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6}. X is a random variable. What is P(X = 3)?
◦ 1/6
◦ 1
◦ 0
◦ Cannot be determined without knowing if the die is fair.
Correct Answer: D
67. Consider the experiment of drawing a card from a standard deck. Let X
be 1 if the card is a heart and 0 otherwise. X is:
◦ A continuous random variable.
◦ A discrete random variable.
◦ Not a random variable.
◦ A constant.
Correct Answer: B
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of a probability mass function
(PMF)?
◦ It is used for continuous random variables.
◦ The sum of probabilities over all possible values is 1.
◦ It describes the probability density at a point.
◦ It is always a continuous function.
Correct Answer: B
69. Which of the following is a characteristic of a probability density function
(PDF)?
◦ It is used for discrete random variables.
◦ The value of the PDF at a specific point represents the probability
of that exact value.
◦ The integral of the PDF over the entire range is 1.
◦ The PDF must be between 0 and 1 for all values.
Correct Answer: C
70. If X is a discrete random variable, P(X ≤ x) is called the:
◦ Probability Mass Function.
◦ Probability Density Function.
◦ Cumulative Distribution Function.
◦ Expected Value.
Correct Answer: C
71. If Y is a continuous random variable, P(Y ≤ y) is calculated by:
◦ Summing the values of its PDF.
◦ Integrating its PDF from negative infinity to y.
◦ Using a single probability value from its PMF.
◦ Multiplying its PDF by y.
Correct Answer: B
72. Which of the following scenarios describes a discrete random variable?
◦ The speed of a car on a highway.
◦ The weight of a patient.
◦ The number of patients in a hospital waiting room.
◦ The exact time a train arrives.
Correct Answer: C
73. Which of the following scenarios describes a continuous random
variable?
◦ The number of heads in 5 coin flips.
◦ The number of cars passing a toll booth in an hour.
◦ The length of a randomly selected piece of wood.
◦ The result of rolling a die.
Correct Answer: C
QUIZ SECTION 2: DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES -
PMF, CDF, EXPECTATION, AND VARIANCE
This section delves deeper into the properties of discrete random variables
(DRVs), focusing on their probability distributions. You will be tested on your
understanding of Probability Mass Functions (PMF) and Cumulative
Distribution Functions (CDF), as well as your ability to calculate and interpret
key statistical measures like expected value, variance, and standard deviation
for DRVs. Please select the best answer for each question.
1. For a discrete random variable X, the probability mass function (PMF),
denoted by P(X=x), must satisfy which of the following conditions?
◦ P(X=x) > 0 for all possible values of x.
◦ P(X=x) ≤ 0 for all possible values of x.
◦ 0 ≤ P(X=x) ≤ 1 for all possible values of x, and the sum of P(X=x)
over all possible x equals 1.
◦ P(X=x) = 1 for all possible values of x.
Correct Answer: C
2. Consider a discrete random variable X with the following PMF: P(X=1) =
0.3, P(X=2) = 0.4, P(X=3) = 0.3. What is the probability P(X ≤ 2)?
◦ 0.3
◦ 0.4
◦ 0.7
◦ 1.0
Correct Answer: C
3. If X is a discrete random variable, its cumulative distribution function
(CDF), F(x), is defined as:
◦ F(x) = P(X > x)
◦ F(x) = P(X = x)
◦ F(x) = P(X ≤ x)
◦ F(x) = P(X < x)
Correct Answer: C
4. Let X be a discrete random variable with PMF given by P(X=k) = k/10 for k
= 1, 2, 3, 4. What is the probability P(X=3)?
◦ 0.1
◦ 0.2
◦ 0.3
◦ 0.4
Correct Answer: C
5. The expected value (or mean) of a discrete random variable X, denoted
E[X] or μ, is calculated as:
◦ The sum of all possible values of X.
◦ The square root of the variance.
◦ The sum of each possible value multiplied by its probability: Σ [x *
P(X=x)].
◦ The number of possible outcomes.
Correct Answer: C
6. Consider a discrete random variable X with the following PMF: P(X=0) =
0.1, P(X=1) = 0.5, P(X=2) = 0.4. What is the expected value of X, E[X]?
◦ 0.1
◦ 1.0
◦ 1.3
◦ 1.5
Correct Answer: C
7. The variance of a discrete random variable X, denoted Var(X) or σ²,
measures:
◦ The average value of X.
◦ The sum of all probabilities.
◦ The spread or dispersion of the values of X around the mean.
◦ The maximum possible value of X.
Correct Answer: C
8. The variance can be calculated using the formula: Var(X) = E[X²] - (E[X])².
What is E[X²] for the random variable X in Question 6 (P(X=0)=0.1,
P(X=1)=0.5, P(X=2)=0.4)?
◦ 1.0
◦ 1.3
◦ 1.69
◦ 2.3
Correct Answer: D
9. Using the values from Question 6 and Question 8, what is the variance
of X?
◦ 0.3
◦ 0.61
◦ 1.0
◦ 2.3
Correct Answer: B
10. The standard deviation of a discrete random variable X is defined as:
◦ The square of the variance.
◦ The expected value of X.
◦ The square root of the variance, σ = √Var(X).
◦ The sum of probabilities.
Correct Answer: C
11. What is the standard deviation of the random variable X from Question
6?
◦ 0.3
◦ 0.61
◦ √0.61 ≈ 0.78
◦ 1.3
Correct Answer: C
12. Consider the PMF of a discrete random variable X: P(X=-1) = 0.2, P(X=0) =
0.5, P(X=1) = 0.3. What is P(X ≤ 0)?
◦ 0.2
◦ 0.5
