Chapter 7.

Atomic Structure
Exercise 7

Solution 1.

The latest research on atom has proved that most of the postulates of Dalton’s atomic
theory contradict. But Dalton was right that atoms take part in chemical reactions.
Comparison of Dalton’s atomic theory with Modem atomic theory.

Dalton’s atomic theory Modern atomic theory

1. Atoms are divisible into sub-atomic particles like
1. Atoms are indivisible particles.
protons, neutrons and electrons.
2. Atoms can neither be created nor 2. Atoms can be created and destroyed by nuclear
destroyed. fusion and fission.
3. The atoms of an element may not be alike in all
3. The atoms of an element are respects, as it is seen in the case of isotopes.
alike in all respect and differ from Isotopes which are atoms of the same element
atoms of other elements. having the same atomic number but different
mass numbers.

Solution 2.

(a) Inert elements: The elements which have complete outer most shell i.e. 2 or
electrons. They ordinarily do not enter into any reaction.

(b) These exist as monoatoms because molecules of these elements contain only one
atom.

(c) Valence electrons: The number of electrons present in the outermost shell or
valence shell is known as valence electrons.

Solution 3.

The three isotopes of hydrogen differ only due to their mass number which is respectively
1,2 and 3 and named protium, deuterium and tritium.
Solution 4.

Atomic number Name with valency

4 –
15 A solid non-metal of valency 3.
8 A gas of valency 2.
19 A metal of valency 1.
14 A non-metal of valency 4.

Solution 5.

Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of Electronic

Atom
number mass Protons Electrons Neutrons configuration
(a) Sodium 11 23 11 11 12 2, 8, 1
(b) Chlorine 17 35 17 17 18 2, 8, 7
(c) Oxygen 8 16 8 8 8 2, 6
(d) Carbon 6 12 6 6 6 2, 4
Solution 6.

The significance of the number of protons found in the atoms in each of different element
is fixed its place in periodic table.

Solution 7.

Atomic numbers of –

X Y Z
6 9 12
(2,4) (2,7) (2,8,2)

(a) Y (2,7) forms Anion.

(b) Z (2, 8, 2) forms Cation.
(c) X (2,4) has four electrons in the valence shell.

Solution 8.
(a) X+1
(b) Oxidising agent, because it has ability to donate electron.

Solution 9.

(a) Mass number:The atomic mass number is defined as the sum of the number of
protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom of that element. It is denoted
by the symbol A.

(b) Ion: An atom or molecule that carries a positive or negative charge because of loss
or gain of electrons.

(c) Cation: It is positively charged ion that is formed when an atom loses one or more
electrons e.g. Na+, Hg2+, Ca2+ etc.

(d) Atom: It is defined as the smallest unit of matter which takes part in a chemical
reaction.

(e) Element: It is a substance which cannot be split up into two or simpler substances
by usual chemical methods of applying heat, light or electric energy. e.g. Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Chlorine etc.

(f) Orbit: It is defined as a circular path around the nucleus in which electrons of the
atom revolve.

Solution 10.

Atomic number = 2 Mass number = 4

Solution 11.

(a) (i) Atom E contains 7 protons.

(ii) Atom E has an electronic configuration 2, 7.

(b) Atom C Stands for 73Li

Atom D stands for 816O
Compound formula = Li2O

(c) Metals are: A and C Non-metals are: E, D, E

Solution 12.

No of electrons in M Shell = 2
Number of electrons in K and L shell will be 2, 8 and respectively.
Therefore, Electronic configuration will be: 2, 8, 2.
Atomic number = 2 + 8 + 2 = 12, Since, atomic number = Number of Protons
No of Protons = 12

Solution 13.
(a) (ii) Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
(b) Mass numbers are different of two isotopes of magnesium because of different
number of neutron, that is, 12 and 14 respectively.

Solution 14.

Nucleons: Particles which constitute nucleus are called nucleons. Proton and neutrons
are the nucleons.
At. weight of phosphorus = 31 Atomic number = 15
Total number of nucleons = 31 (No. of P + No. of N) No. of neutrons = 31 – 15 = 16
Electronic configuration
No. of electrons = 15 = 2,8,5

Solution 15.

(a) Atoms of the same elements differing in the number of neutrons in their nuclei are
known as isotopes. Thus, isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but
different atomic mass number.
The fundamental particles is Neutrons which differs.

Uses of isotopes:

1. Some isotopes are Redioactive; isotopes of cobalt are used for treating cancer and
other diseases.
2. An isotopes of uranium 235U is used as a fuel in nuclear reactor.

(b)
Solution 16.

In chemical reactions only electrons take part. The chemical properties depend upon the
electronic configuration.

The isotopes of element 1735Cl and 1737Cl have same atomic number and hence,
the same configuration. So they have same chemical properties. These differ only in
physical contents and weights because neutrons contribute to the mass of an atom.

35 and 1737Cl have different number of neutrons 18 and 20 respectively.

17 Cl

Solution 17.

The atomic masses of the isotopes of chlorine are 35 and 37. However in any given
sample of chlorine gas, the isotopes occur in approximate 3 : 1, 75% of Cl35, and 25% of
Cl37. Therefore, the relative atomic mass or atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5.

Fractional atomic weight of chlorine

Solution 18.

(a) Atomic number: The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is the
atomic number of that atom. It is represented by the symbol Z.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons (p)

(b)

No. of No. of No. of Atomic

Mass number
Protons Electrons Neutrons number
35 Cl
17
17 17 18 17 35

37 Cl
17
17 17 20 17 37

(c) Electronic configuration of chlorine is 2, 8, 7.

Solution 19.

(a) Hydrogen
(b) Element of zero group i.e. He (Helium)
(c) Calcium (2, 8, 8, 2). Therefore, 2 electrons in valance shell. Hence valency is 2.
(d) Chlorine atoms: 1735Cl and 1737Cl
(e) K shell.

Solution 20.

(a) Physical properties depend on the Atomic mass and isotopes have different mass
number. (A) i.e. they have different number of neutrons. So, isotopes have different
physical properties.

(b) Argon does not react as, Argon has completely filled outer-most orbit. The atomic
number of argon is 18. Therefore, electronic configuration is 2, 8, 8. There are 8
electrons in the outermost or valance shell. Therefore, argon does not react.

(c) Actual Atomic Mass is greater than mass number (P + N) since mass number is a
whole number approximation of atomic mass unit. In fact Neutrons are slightly heavier
than protons and atom includes the existence of over 200 sub-atomic particles.

(d) 1735Cl and 1737Cl are isotopes of chlorine element which differ in number
of neutrons. Whereas chemical properties are determined by electronic configuration of
an atom. Isotopes of an element are chemically alike.

Solution 21.

Element A

Atomic number = 7
Electronic configuration: = 2, 5
Valency of element A = 8-5 = (3–)

Element B

Electronic configuration 2,8,8 Valency of element B = Zero Element C

Number of Electrons 13 Electronic configuration: 2,8,3
Valancy of element C = 3+

Element D

Protons = 18 = electrons Electronic configuration: 2,8, 8

Valency of element D = Zero

Element E

Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 8, 1
Valency of element E = 1+
[ii] C and E are metals [iii] A is a Non-metal
[iv] B and D are inert gases. (A, C and E are not inert gases.)

Solution 22.
(a) C. Atomic nucleus
(b) A. 6
(c) C. 2,8,8,1

Solution 23.

Elements tend to combine with one another to attain the stable electronic configuration of
the nearest noble gas/inert gas (Duplet or Octet)

(a) Sodium Chloride

The electronic configuration of Sodium is 2, 8, Thus, Sodium atom tends to lose one
electron to attain the stable electronic configuration of neon gas 2, 8.

The electronic configuration of Chlorine is 2, 8, 7. Thus, Chlorine atom needs one electron
to complete its octet and achieve the stable electronic configuration of Argon 2, 8, 8.

When sodium and chlorine atoms approach each other, the sodium atom, Na, loses an
electron to form sodium ion, The cation, Na+, carries a single positive charge.
Na → Na+ + e–

The electron lost by sodium atom is transferred to the chlorine atom forming chloride
ion, Cl–.
Cl + e– → Cl–

The sodium and chloride ions thus, achieve stable electronic configurations.

(b) Hydrogen H2

Hydrogen atom has one electron in its valence shell. Hydrogen atom needs one more
electron to complete its duplet and attain the stable electronic configuration of Helium.
In case of hydrogen H2 molecule, each of the two hydrogen H atoms contributes one
electron so as to have one shared pair of electrons. Both the hydrogen atoms attain
stable duplet structure resulting in the formation of a single covalent bond [H – H]
between them.

Both the hydrogen atoms have equal attraction for the electrons. Thus, the shared pair of
electrons remains equidistant from both the atoms.

Solution 24.

Element Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Symbol Number Number Neutrons Electrons Protons
Li 3 6 4 3 3
Cl 17 35 18 17 17
Na 11 23 12 12 11
Al 13 27 14 13 13
S 15 32 16 15 15