C R E S L N OT E
-negatively charged
subatomic particle of a
atom
RPICOIED
LT A E B
-rows and columns
arrangement of the
chemical elements
M O I A CT B O I T RA L
-a mathematical term in
atomic theory and quantum
mechanics that describes the
position and wavelike
behavior of an electron in an
atom
N R E YG E
V L E E LS
-are fixed distances
from the nucleus of an
atom where electrons
may be found
T M O A C I
U M E N R B
-the number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom,
which determines the
chemical properties of an
element and its place in the
periodic table.
ELECTRONS AND
ENERGY LEVEL
Fireworks effects are produced by the
combustion of explosive materials present in
fireworks. These explosive materials are also
called metal salts.
Table 1. Color emitted of some metal salts and its element
responsible for its color
Metal salts Element Color of
giving color flame
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) Sodium (Na) Yellow
Barium Chloride (BaCl2) Barium (Ba) green
Barium Nitrate (Na2NO3) Barium (Ba) green
Calcium Chloride (Ca2Cl) Calcium (Ca) Orange
Copper Chloride (CuCl) Copper (Cu) Blue
Lithium Carbonate Lithium (Li) red
(Li2CO3)
SPECTROSCOPE
- one can detect a series of narrow lines or
line spectrum on the light given off by an
element.
- the spectral lines suggest different energy
levels in an atom
Bohr’s Model
Absorption and Emission of Energy
EXCITED STATE- if the electron
received an extra energy, it can
jump into a higher energy level
GROUND STATE- the electron
is in the excited state and return
to its original lower energy
level by releasing a discreet
amount of energy in the form of
light
Schroedinger
- developed a mathematical equation to describe
the hydrogen atom
Heisenberg (1927)
- discovered that for a very small
particle like the electron, its
location cannot be exactly known
and how it is moving
- that the position and the velocity
of an object cannot both be
measured exactly at the same time
De Broglie
- proposed that electron could also be thought as
a wave
ATOMIC ORBITAL
- the volume or region of space
around the nucleus where an
electron is most likely to be found
- serves as house of electrons and
can accommodate a maximum of 2
electrons
Quantum Numbers
-was introduced to describe the
characteristics of electrons and
their orbitals:
1. Principal quantum number(n)
2. Azimuthal quantum number( l)
3. Magnetic quantum number(ml)
4. Spin quantum number
A. Principal Quantum Number (n)
- denotes the energy
level of the electrons of
an element.
- represented by positive
non-zero integers
Example:
1s 2 -n of the two
electron is 1 because it
is located in period 1
B. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
- this denotes the sublevel of the
electrons of the element. It has a
symbol of (l)
- values are integers from 0 to (n-1)
Principal energy levels are broken
down into sublevels
Sublevels define the orbital
shapes (s, p, d, f)
➢n=1, 1 sublevel (s)
➢> n=2, 2 sublevel (s, p)
➢> n=3, 3 sublevel (s, p, d)
➢> n=4, 4 sublevel (s, p, d, f)
C. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
- denotes the orbital where the
electrons of elements are found
- describes the orientation of the
atomic orbital in space
- the number of ml values is
actually the number of atomic
orbitals in a particular sublevel
Each sublevel has different number of
orbitals.
For s: 0
For p: -1, 0, +1
For d: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
For f: -3, 2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
D. Electron Spin Quantum Number
- has a symbol of ms
- describes the spin direction of
an electron
- generates a magnetic field
- no two electrons in the same
orbital can have the same spin
Main Energy Number and kind Number of kind of atomic Maximum number
Levels (n) of sublevels atomic orbital orbitals of electrons)
1 (K) 1 (s) 1 1s 2
2 (L) 2 ( s and p) 4 1 s, 3p 8. __________
9. __________
3 (M) 3 (s, p, and d) 9 1s, 3p,5d
4 (N) 4 (s, p, d, and f) 16 1 s, 3p, 5d, 32
7f
6. _______
5 (O) 5 (s, p, d, f, and 25 50
g)
1. ______ 2. __________ 4. ________ 1s, 3p, 5d, 7f 10. _________
9g, 11h
3. __________ 5. ________ 7. ________
7 (Q) 98
What I Have Learned
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Distribution of electrons in the atomic
orbitals
Elements atomic orbitals Electron
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz Configuration
H1 ↑ 1s1
He2 ↑↓ 1s2
Li3 ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s1
Be4 ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s2
B5 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22p1
C6 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p2
N7 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p3
O8 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p4
F9 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22p5
Ne10 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s22p6
Electron Configuration
- the way in which
electrons are
distributed in the
different orbitals around
the nucleus of an atom
Aufbau Principle
- electrons fill up the
available low energy
orbitals before they
fill up the higher
energy
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
- a given atomic orbital can
only house a maximum
number of 2 electrons
with opposite spin
Hund’s Rule
- states that electrons
tend to fill up available
orbitals of the same
energy with one
electron before pairing
occurs
Each sublevel has different number of
orbitals.
Shown here are the orbital configurations for the
elements named. Each configuration is incorrect in
some way. Identify the error in each and write the
correct configuration.
1. Aluminum-13 : 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2
2pz2 3s2 3d11
2. Chlorine-17 : 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2
3s2 3px2 3py2 4s1
3. Neon-10 : 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz1 3s1
4. Potassium-19 : 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2
2pz2 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz2 3d11
5. Nitrogen-7 : 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1
