INTRODUCTION

 Transformer is a device which increase or

decrease the voltage. It is based on the
Principle of mutual induction. According to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an E.M.F. is
induced in the neighboring coil.

 A transformer is an electrical device which is

used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
  In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit
takes place without the use of moving parts.

 A transformer which increases the voltages

is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
An essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
 THEORY
 When an altering E.M.F. is supplied to the
primary coil p1&p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced E.M.F.
induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus, if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the E.M.F.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer
and
dΦ/dt =rate of change of flux in each,
turnoff the coil at this instant
we have,
Ep = -Np dΦ/dt ---------------------(1)
And,
Es = -Ns dΦ/dt ---------------------(2)
Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so by dividing Eq (2) by (1),
We get,
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np --------------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back
E.M.F. induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the resistance,
p1&p2 coil, then the instantaneous current
Ip in the primary coil is given by:-

Ip = E – Ep/Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary coil is

small, Rp Ip can be neglected, so therefore-
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
 Thus, back E.M.F. = input E.M.F.
Hence equation (3) can be written as :-

Es/Ep = Es/E
Output E.M.F./ Input E.M.F. = Ns/Np = K

{where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.}
IN A STEP-DOWN
TRANSFORMER
 Es < E, so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If,
Ip = value of primary current at the same
instant
And,
Is = value of secondary current at this instant
Then,
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And,
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer.
Then,
Input power = Output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
 IN A STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER

Es > E, so K > 1, Hence Ns > Np

As, K > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
  i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we
lose in current in the same ratio.

 Similarly it can be shown, that in a step

down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current n the same ratio.

 Thus, a step up transformer in reality steps

down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current.

EFFICIENCY
  Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
 Thus in an ideal transformer, where
there is no power losses, η = 1. But in
actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES
 Following are the major
sources of energy loss in a
transformer:-

1. Copper loss:- Is the energy loss

in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss:- Is the energy loss in

the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.

3. Hysteresis loss:- Is the loss of

energy due to repeated
 magnetization and demagnetization
of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

 Leakage of magnetic flux:-

Occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of S1&S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of P1&P2.

 Magneto striation:-
i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
 APPARATUS
REQUIRED

-----(IRON ROD)

------(COPPER WIRE)

(VOLTMETER) (AMMETER)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE
1) Take thick iron rod and cover it with a
thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin copper wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil
transformer.

2) Cover the primary coil with a sheet of

paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.

3) Connect p1, p2 to A.C. main and

measure the input voltage and current
using A.C. voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4) Similarly, measure the output voltage
and current through s1 and s2.

5) Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C. main

and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.

6) Repeat all steps for other self made

transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
 USES OF
TRANSFORMER
1. In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for

welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for

obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the

production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the

transmissions of A.C. over long
distances.

7. Small transformers are used in

Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells, etc.
 SOURCES OF
ERROR

 Values of current can be changed

due to heating effect.

 Eddy current can change the

readings.
 CONCLUSION
 The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
input voltage.

 The output voltage of the transformer

across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
input voltage.

 There is a loss of power between input

and output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS

Keep safe yourself from high

voltage.

 While taking the readings of

current and voltage the A.C.
should remain constant.
 BIBLOGRAPHY

1. NCERT TEXTBOOK

2. PHYSICS LAB MANUAL

3. CHATGPT

4. WWW.GOOGLE.COM

5. WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM