“TRANSFORMERS”

A PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY
DEVANSHU DOBARIYA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
SSCE-2024-25
IN
PHYSICS (042)
AT

J.B. DIAMONDS & KARP IMPEX

VIDYA SANKUL SCHOOL LASKANA,
KAMREJ ROAD, SURAT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to our principal
Mr.Gaurang Patel Sir who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic Transformers, which
also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so
many new things while making this
project.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame. I am making this
project not only for marks but also to
increase my knowledge. This project will
be remarkable for my career in the field
of Physics.

INDEX
1. Aim of the project
2. Apparatus required
3. Introduction
4. Principal of the project
5. Theory of the project
6. Uses of transformers
7. Sources of error
8. Precautions
9. Result
10. Bibiliography
 1. Aim of the project

To investigate the
relation between the ratio
of-

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made
transformer.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD

COPPER WIRE

VOLTMETRE

AMMETRE
 3. INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used
for converting a low alternating voltage to
a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the
Principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical
device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such transformers are built in
an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use
of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step- up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down
transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits
 4. PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of

mutual induction that is if a varying
current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying
current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in
the neighbouring circuit.
 5. THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to
the primary coil p1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and
Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
do/dt = rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np do/dt ----------(1)
and Es = -Ns do/dt ----------(2)
Since the above relations are true at
every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we
get (3)
Es/Ep-Ns/Np. ----------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back
e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E-Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and
back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence
equation 3 can be written as Es/Ep =
Es/E
= output e.m.f/input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.

 There are two types of

transformers :-
1) step down transformer
2) step up transformer

1. IN A STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If
Ip = value of primary current at the
same instant, And
Is = value of secondary current at this
instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip, And
Output power at the same instant = Es
Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then Input power = output
power
Or
Ep Ip = Es is
Or
Es/Ep = Ip / Is = K

ILLUSTRATION
 2. IN A STEP up TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns

> Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker
when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain
in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain
in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up
transformer in reality steps down the
current &a step down transformer
steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep
Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is
no power losses
, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
2
loos I 1 R 1+W 1
efficiency =1− =1−
input V 1 I 1 cos ∅ 1

I 1 R1 W1
η=1− −
V 1 cos ∅ 1 V 1 I 1 cos ∅ 1

differentiating above equation with respect

to 1,
dη R1 W1
=0− +
d I1 V 1 cos ∅ 1 V 1 I 21 cos ∅ 1

dη
η will be maximum at d I1
=0

Hence efficiency n will be maximum at

R1 W1
=
V 1 cos ∅ 1 V 1 I 21 cos ∅ 1
 2
I 1 R1 W1
2
= 2
V I cos ∅ 1
1 1 V 1 I 1 cos ∅ 1
2
I 1 R1=W 1

ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of

energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in
the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the
form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation
of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux
occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of
energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization
of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming
noise of a transformer

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 6. USES OF TRANSFORMERS

 In voltage regulator for T.V.,

refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is
used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used
for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used
for the production of X-rays and
NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in
voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
 Small transformers are used in
Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
 7. SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be

changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the
readings.

8. PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high

voltage.
2. While taking the readings of
current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
 9. RESULT
1. The output voltage of the
transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the
transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N
p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power
between input and output coil of a
transformer.
 10. BIBILIOGRAPHY

 NCERT Textbook Class 12

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual
Class 12
 Google Website

The
End