INDEX

1. AIM OF PROJECT
2. INTRODUCTION
3THEORY
4. APPARATUS REQUIRED
5. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
6. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
7. CONCLUSION
8. PRECAUTIONS
9. SOURCES OF ERROR
10. BIBILIOGRAPHY

AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio of-

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self
made transformer.
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage

to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to

this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.

voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to

another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step- up

transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
 THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1 p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and

dɸ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this

instant,
we have
(1) Ep = -Np dɸ/dt
(2) Es = -Ns dɸ/dt
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by
1, we get

Es / Ep = (– Ns) / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary
coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied
and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es/Ep = Es/E = output e.m.f/input e.m.f = Ns/Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

And Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power =

output power

Or Ep*Ip = Es* Is Or
Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
 STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we
lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &a step
down transformer steps up the current.
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power.
i.e. η= output power/input power = Es*Is / Ep*Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

2
`1 1
+
1− =1−
1 1 cos Ø1

I1R1
η=1− −
v1 cos Ø1 1 1 cos Ø1
 . . 1

η =0− 1
+
1 v1 cos Ø1 2
11 cos Ø1

η
η will be maximum at =0
1
η will be maximum at
1
=
1 cos Ø1 11
2 cos Ø1

2
1 1
=
11
2 cos Ø1 11
2 cos Ø1

2
1 1 =

ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. IRON ROD
2. COPPER WIRE

3. VOLTMETRE
 4. AMMETRE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1∆ ∆ ∆ 2∆
= 1+ − = 2 +
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

The mutual inductance term in the

secondary represents the coupling from
The mutual inductance term in the the primary and acts as the voltage source
primary circuit represents the load of
that drives the secondary circuit
the secondary. It has the negative sign
because it helps the source to produce
more current in response to increasing
load in the secondary circuit.
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
 3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through sland s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. in voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,

etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells etc

CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant.
 SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics textbook for class XII , 1st Edison NCERT (2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edison, Bharati

Bhawan(1993).

3. Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl

walker