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📘 1. Grade 9 Science Notes – Motion and Forces
Topic: Motion and Forces
1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a force.
• Second Law (F = ma): Force equals mass times acceleration.
• Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
2. Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
• Speed = distance ÷ time
• Velocity = speed in a given direction
• Acceleration = (final velocity – initial velocity) ÷ time
3. Graphing Motion
• Distance-Time Graphs: Slope shows speed
• Velocity-Time Graphs: Slope shows acceleration
4. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
• Balanced: No change in motion
• Unbalanced: Causes acceleration or deceleration
✍️Tip: Practice drawing graphs and solving force-related problems.
📗 2. Math Formula Sheet – Algebra Essentials
1. Algebraic Identities
• (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
• (a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²
• a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)
2. Quadratic Formula
For ax² + bx + c = 0:
→ x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a
3. Linear Equations
• y = mx + b (slope-intercept form)
• m = (y₂ - y₁) / (x₂ - x₁)
4. Factoring Techniques
• Take out common factor
• Use special products
• Trial and error (trinomials)
✅ Tip: Always check factored form by expanding!
🧪 3. Chemistry Elements Cheat Sheet
1. Common Elements and Symbols
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• Carbon (C)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Sodium (Na)
• Chlorine (Cl)
2. Periodic Table Basics
• Groups = vertical columns
• Periods = horizontal rows
• Elements in same group = similar properties
3. Atomic Structure
• Protons = Atomic Number
• Electrons = Protons (in neutral atoms)
• Neutrons = Mass Number – Atomic Number
4. Chemical Bonding
• Ionic Bond: Electrons are transferred (e.g. NaCl)
• Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared (e.g. H₂O)
💡 Flashcards are great for memorizing symbols and atomic numbers.
🌱 4. Biology Cell Structure – Quick Notes
1. Cell Types
• Prokaryotic: No nucleus (e.g., bacteria)
• Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus (e.g., plant and animal cells)
2. Organelles
• Nucleus: Controls cell activity
• Mitochondria: Produces energy
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
• Cell membrane: Controls entry and exit of materials
• Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis (plant only)
• Cell wall: Structure (plant only)
3. Comparing Cells
• Plant Cells: Have a cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole
• Animal Cells: Have centrioles, smaller vacuoles
4. Microscopes
• Magnification = eyepiece × objective lens
• Always start with lowest magnification
🧬 Draw and label cells often to reinforce memory.
🔌 5. Physics Notes – Energy Concepts
1. Types of Energy
• Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
• Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position
• Thermal, Electrical, Chemical: Other common forms
2. Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
3. Work and Power
• Work = Force × Distance (Joules)
• Power = Work ÷ Time (Watts)
4. Units of Energy
• Joule (J)
• Kilojoule (kJ) = 1,000 J
5. Energy Conversion Examples
• Light bulb: Electrical → Light + Heat
• Battery: Chemical → Electrical
• Pendulum: Potential ↔ Kinetic
⚡ Look for energy conversions in your daily life to understand the concept better!
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