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M Prakash Institute STD IX-2Yrs Chemistry

L6 Elements, Compounds, Mixtures (Part-2)

MIXTURES
Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure forms of
matter, known as a substance. Substances which form a mixture
are called as components.
Properties of a mixture:
(i) A mixture contains more than one components.
(ii) The components of a mixture might not be in a fixed propor-
tion.
(iii) Components are present in a mixture without the loss of iden-
tity. Each component shows its properties independently.
(iv) The components of the mixture can be separated by simple
physical methods most of the times.
A substance cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any
physical process. We know that dissolved sodium chloride/sugar
can be separated from water by the physical process of evaporation.
However, sodium chloride/sugar is itself a substance and cannot be
separated by physical process into its chemical constituents.
TYPES OF MIXTURES:
1. Homogeneous mixture 2. Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture: The components are mixed uniformly to
microscopic level. In this mixture, the components are not visible
even by using powerful microscope, because the size of particles in it
less than one nanometer. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances. Homogeneous mixture is uniform through-
out having a single phase. It is isotropic in nature; i.e. every drop
of the solution has the same composition and same properties.
Properties of a solution
i. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
ii. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10−9 metre)
in diameter. So,they cannot be seen by naked eyes.
iii. Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam
of light passing through the solution. So, the path of light is not
visible in a solution.
iv. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by
the process of filtration. The solute particles do not settle down
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when left undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable.

v. Solution can be separated by some special methods. Like: dis-
tillation, chemical separation

Types of Solutions:

Solid Solutions
S.No. Solute Solvent Types of Examples
Solution
1. Solid Solid Solid in All alloys like brass, bronze,
solid an alloy of copper and gold
2. Liquid Solid Liquid in Amalgam of mercury with N a,
solid CuSO4 .5H2 O, F eSO4 .7H2 O
3. Gas Solid Gas in Solution of H2 in P d,
solid dissolved gases in minerals

Liquid Solutions
S.No. Solute Solvent Types of Solution Examples
4. Solid Liquid Solid in Liquid Sugar solution,
salt solution, I2 in CCl4
5. Liquid Liquid Liquid in Liquid Benzene in toluene,
alcohol in water.
6. Gas Liquid Gas in Liquid CO2 in water,
N H3 in water etc.

Gaseous Solutions
S.No. Solute Solvent Types of Solution Examples
7. Solid Gas Solid in gas Iodine vapours in air,
camphor vapours in N2 .
8. Liquid Gas Liquid in gas Water vapours in air,
CHCl3 vapours in N2
9. Gas Gas Gas in gas Air (O2 + N2 )

Heterogenous mixture: A heterogeneous mixture can have two

or more phases. It has anisotropic properties; i.e. the properties
are not uniform throughout the mixture. Egs: Soil, smoke, etc.
Types of heterogeneous mixtures:
1. Suspension 2. Colloids
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Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which

the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended through-
out the bulk of the medium. Particles of a suspension are visible
to the naked eye. e.g. dust in air
Properties of a Suspension
1. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of a suspension can be seen by the naked eye.
3. The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing
through it and make its path visible.
4. The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undis-
turbed, that is, a suspension is unstable. They can be separated
from the mixture by the process of filtration.
Colloid: The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread through-
out the solution. Due to the relatively smaller size of particles, as
compared to that of a suspension, the colloid appears to be ho-
mogeneous. But actually, a colloidal solution is a heterogeneous
mixture, E.g., milk. Because of the small size of colloidal particles,
we cannot see them with naked eyes. But, these particles can easily
scatter a beam of visible light. This scattering of a beam of light
is called the Tyndall effect after the name of the scientist who
discovered this effect.

Properties of a colloid
1. A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture at microscopic level, which
appears to be homogeneous at the macroscopic level.
2. The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually
seen by naked eyes.
3. Colloids are big enough to scatter a beam of light passing
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through it and make its path visible.

4. They do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a colloid
is quite stable.
5. Components cannot be separated from the mixture by the pro-
cess of filtration.
The components of a colloidal solution are the dispersed phase and
the dispersion medium. The solute-like component or the dispersed
particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase, and the component
in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as the disper-
sion medium.

Table : Common examples of colloids

Sr. Dispersed Dispersion Type Example
No. Phase Medium
1. Liquid Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, clouds,
mist, insecticide, sprays
2. Solid Gas Solid Aerosol Smoke, exhaust,
bacteria in air, dust
3. Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream, Shaving cream,
soap suds, soap lather
4. Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream,
mayonnaise, butter
Sr. Dispersed Dispersion Type Example
No. Phase Medium
5. Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia,
mud, paints, cell fluids
6. Gas Solid Solid Foam Foam, rubber,
sponge, marshmallow, pumice stone
7. Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese,
butter
8. Solid Solid Solid Sol Colored gemstone,
milky glass, coloured glass
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True Solution, Suspension and Colloidal Solution

The table given below summarizes the major properties and points
of distinction between each type of solution with respect to differ-
ent properties.
Property True Solution Colloidal Suspension
Particle size < 1 nm 1 − 1000 nm > 1000 nm
Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
Filterability Particles diffuse particles pass particles do not
(Diffusion thro’ rapidly thro’ thro’ filter paper pass thro’
parchment paper) filter paper but not thro’ filter paper and
as well as parchment paper parchment paper
parchment paper
Visibility Particles are Particles are Particles are
not visible not visible visible
to naked eye to naked eye to naked eye
but can be
studied thro’
ultra microscope
Tyndall effect Not seen Seen Seen
Appearance Transparent Translucent Opaque
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Alloy:
Definition: A material that has metallic properties and is composed
of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal
.Alloys are classified as ferrous and non ferrous alloys. Ferrous al-
loys always contain iron, carbon .‘Alnico’ is an acronym referring
to a family of iron alloys which in addition to iron are composed
primarily of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), hence al-
ni-co. They also include copper, and sometimes titanium. An alloy
containing one componenet as Mercury is called an amalgam.Alloys
are made as their properties are more suitable for certain applica-
tions than do simple metals. They are harder and stronger.
Examples:
Alloy Composition Main uses
Brass Cu 60-80% Utensils,
Zn 20 -40 % electrical goods
Bronze Cu 75 -90% Coins, statues,
Sn 10 -25 % Utensils
German silver Cu 56%, Zn 24 % Utensils
Ni 20% resistance coils
Gun metal Cu 87%, Sn 10 % Machine parts,
Zn 3 % guns
Magnalium Al 94% , Mg 6 % light instruments
Duralumin Al 95 %, Cu 4 %, making aeroplanes
Mn 0.5%, Mg 0.5 %
Nichrome Ni 60 %, Cr 15% Electrical
Fe 25 % resistances
Stainless steel Fe 89.4%, Cr 10% Utensils
Mn 0.35 % , C 0.25 % ornamental pieces
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What is 24 Karat Gold?

24 karat gold is pure gold. The term “Karat” refers to the per-
centage of gold, versus the percentage of other metals, in an alloy.
Since gold is too soft to be usable in its purest form, it is usually
combined with other metals.Complete the following table using the
given value
Karatage Percentage of Karatage Percentage of
fine gold fine gold
24 100 ? 91.66
18 ? 14 ?
? 50 ? 42
9 ? 8 ?

Assignment :
Q I. Explain the following statements:
(i) Homogeneous solutions are isotropic in nature.
(ii) Heterogeneous solutions are anisotropic in nature.
(iii) Homogeneous solutions are stable.
(iv) Heterogeneous solutions are unstable.
Q II. Classify the following:
(i) solutions as per their types:
Sodium amalgam ,hydrogen absorbed on Pd, Iodine vapours in air.
Benzene in toluene, Carbon dioxide in water, Chloroform vapours
in Nitrogen, .
(ii) colloids as per their types:
smoke, shaving cream, gemstones,Milk of magnesia, jelly,face cream.
Q III. What is ‘tyndall effect?’ . Explain with examples.
Q IV. ‘The components of a mixture do not lose their identity.’
explain the statement with an example.