Environmental

Science: Theory
into Practice 1
(Important Questions)
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 Question: What is the Environment? What are the
Various Components of the Environment?
The environment refers to the surrounding conditions in which living
organisms (humans, animals, plants, and microbes) exist, grow, and interact.
It includes both natural and man-made elements that influence life on Earth.
• In simple words, Environment is everything that surrounds us and affects
our lives.
• According to the UNESCO,
“Environment is the sum total of living and non-living components
that surround an organism.”
• According to Boring,
“Environment is a total set of stimuli which influence the
development and behavior of an organism.”
Components of Environment:
The environment is mainly divided into two major categories:
• Natural Environment
• Human-made (Anthropogenic) Environment
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 Question: What is the Environment? What are the
Various Components of the Environment?
 Natural Environment:
This includes all naturally occurring elements, divided into:
Biotic Components (Living):
• Flora (plants)
• Fauna (animals)
• Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.)
• Human beings
Abiotic Components (Non-Living):
• Air (Atmosphere)
• Water (Hydrosphere)
• Land/Soil (Lithosphere)
• Climate and Weather

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 Question: What is the Environment? What are the
Various Components of the Environment?
 Human-made Environment:
These are elements created by humans to fulfill their needs.
Examples include:
• Buildings, Roads, Bridges
• Factories and Industries
• Cities and Towns
• Technology and Infrastructure
Classification Summary Table:
Component Type Examples
Biotic Living Plants, Animals, Humans
Abiotic Non-living Air, Water, Soil, Sunlight
Natural Environment Naturally existing Forests, Rivers, Mountains
Human-made Environment Man-made Cities, Machines, Buildings

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 Question: what is the difference between environmental
studies and environmental science? why is environmental
studies referred to as multidisciplinary?
 What is the Difference Between Environmental
Studies and Environmental Science?
Aspect Environmental Studies Environmental Science
A broad, multidisciplinary academic
A branch of science that focuses on the scientific study
Definition field that explores human
of the environment and ecological processes.
interaction with the environment.
Theoretical + Practical + Policy-
Nature Pure and Applied Science
oriented
Human relationships, social impact, Natural systems, scientific data, experiments, and
Focus
sustainability, law, ethics analysis
Disciplines Includes science + humanities + Mainly includes biology, chemistry, geology, physics,
Involved economics + sociology + law ecology
Environmental policy, education, Research, laboratory science, environmental
Career Paths
law, sustainable development engineering, ecology
Create awareness & find solutions
Study environmental phenomena scientifically and
Goal for environmental problems
find technical solutions
through integrated knowledge

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 Question: what is the difference between environmental
studies and environmental science? why is environmental
studies referred to as multidisciplinary?
 Why is Environmental Studies Called Multidisciplinary?
Environmental Studies is called a multidisciplinary field because it
combines multiple academic disciplines to understand environmental
issues from scientific, economic, legal, social, political, and ethical
perspectives.

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 Question: what is the difference between environmental
studies and environmental science? why is environmental
studies referred to as multidisciplinary?
Disciplines Involved in Environmental Studies:
Discipline Contribution
Biology/Ecology Study of living organisms and ecosystems
Chemistry Analysis of pollutants, air and water quality
Geography Study of landforms, climate, natural resources
Economics Cost-benefit analysis of environmental policies
Sociology Human interaction with nature, cultural values
Law & Policy Environmental protection acts and regulations
Government roles, international treaties, climate
Political Science
negotiations
Ethics/Philosophy Moral duties and responsibilities towards nature

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 Question: define sustainable development. what are the
main indicators of sustainable development?
Sustainable Development is defined as:
"Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs."
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
It aims to balance economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental
protection so that human development can occur in a healthy and long-
lasting way.
Key Principles of Sustainable Development:
• Intergenerational equity (future generations)
• Conservation of biodiversity and natural
resources
• Pollution control and waste reduction
• Economic and social justice
• Participatory decision-making

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 Question: define sustainable development. what are the
main indicators of sustainable development?
Main Indicators of Sustainable Development:
Indicators are tools used to measure the progress towards sustainability. These
indicators are categorized into three main areas:
 Environmental Indicators:
Indicator Description
Air and Water Quality Level of pollutants, clean water access
Biodiversity Index Number of species, protected areas
Forest Cover and Deforestation Indicates land use and conservation
Rate efforts
Carbon Footprint / CO₂ Emissions Measures climate impact
Waste Generation & Recycling Indicates waste management
Rate efficiency

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 Question: define sustainable development. what are the
main indicators of sustainable development?
Main Indicators of Sustainable Development:
Indicators are tools used to measure the progress towards sustainability. These
indicators are categorized into three main areas:
 Economic Indicators:

Indicator Description
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Measures national economic output
Employment Rate Tracks job availability and income generation
Resource Efficiency / Energy Use
Measures how effectively resources are used
per GDP
Green Investments Investments in renewable energy, clean tech

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 Question: define sustainable development. what are the
main indicators of sustainable development?
Main Indicators of Sustainable Development:
Indicators are tools used to measure the progress towards sustainability. These
indicators are categorized into three main areas:
 Social Indicators:
Indicator Description
Health and Life Expectancy Access to health care and living standards
Education Levels / Literacy
Basic knowledge and human capital
Rate
Poverty Rate / Inequality Index Measures social inclusion and justice
Access to Basic Amenities Water, sanitation, energy, housing

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 Question: what is an ecosystem? what do you understand
about ecosystem services and ecological pyramids?
An ecosystem is a natural system in which all living organisms
(plants, animals, microbes) interact with each other and with
their non-living environment (like air, water, and soil), forming
a stable life-supporting unit.
Definition:
“An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living
organisms interact with each other and with their physical
environment.”
Components of an Ecosystem:
Biotic (Living) Components:
• Producers: Green plants (make food via photosynthesis)
• Consumers: Animals (eat plants/other animals)
• Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria (break down dead
matter)

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 Question: what is an ecosystem? what do you understand
about ecosystem services and ecological pyramids?
Abiotic (Non-Living) Components:
• Sunlight, air, water, temperature, minerals, soil
Types of Ecosystems:
• Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forests, deserts,
grasslands
• Aquatic Ecosystems: Freshwater (ponds, lakes),
marine (oceans)
 What are Ecosystem Services?
Ecosystem services are the benefits humans get
from nature and ecosystems. These services are
essential for survival and well-being.

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 Question: what is an ecosystem? what do you understand
about ecosystem services and ecological pyramids?
Categories of Ecosystem Services:
Type of Service Description Examples
Provisioning Products obtained from
Food, water, wood, fuel
Services ecosystems
Regulate environmental Climate regulation, flood control,
Regulating Services
conditions pollination
Essential for the functioning of Nutrient cycling, soil formation,
Supporting Services
all other services oxygen production

Cultural Services Non-material benefits Recreation, tourism, spiritual values

Example: Pollination by bees is a regulating service essential for agriculture.

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 Question: what is an ecosystem? what do you understand
about ecosystem services and ecological pyramids?
 What are Ecological Pyramids?
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation that shows the
relationship between different levels (trophic levels) in a food chain.
There are three main types of ecological pyramids:
Pyramid of Numbers:
• Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level.
• Usually upright (more producers, fewer top consumers)
Pyramid of Biomass:
• Shows the total mass of living organisms at each level.
• May be upright (in forests) or inverted (in aquatic ecosystems)
Pyramid of Energy:
• Shows energy flow from producers to consumers.
• Always upright, because energy decreases at each level due to loss
as heat (10% rule).
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 Question: describe the food chain and food web in an
ecosystem, with proper examples.
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by
the next one in the chain. It shows who eats whom in an ecosystem.
Definition:
A food chain represents the flow of energy and nutrients from one organism
to another through feeding relationships.
Trophic Levels in a Food Chain:
Trophic Level Role Example
Producers Make their own food (autotrophs) Grass, algae
Primary Consumers Eat producers (herbivores) Grasshopper, deer
Secondary Consumers Eat herbivores (carnivores) Frog, snake
Tertiary Consumers Eat other carnivores Eagle, tiger
Decomposers Break down dead organisms Bacteria, fungi

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 Question: describe the food chain and food web in an
ecosystem, with proper examples.
Example of a Terrestrial Food Chain:
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle
Example of an Aquatic Food Chain:
Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small Fish → Large Fish → Shark
 What is a Food Web?
A food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains. It
shows how different food chains are linked together in an ecosystem.
Definition:
A food web represents all the possible feeding relationships among
organisms in an ecosystem.
 Why is a Food Web More Realistic than a Food Chain?
Organisms eat more than one type of food, not just one organism.
It shows ecosystem stability and biodiversity.
If one species goes extinct, others can adapt using alternate food
sources.

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 Question: describe the food chain and food web in an
ecosystem, with proper examples.
Example of a Food Web (Grassland Ecosystem):
• Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake
• Grass → Rabbit → Fox
• Grasshopper → Lizard → Hawk
• Dead organisms → Bacteria → Nutrients for Grass
 Key Differences Between Food Chain and Food Web:
Feature Food Chain Food Web
Structure Simple and linear Complex and interconnected
Pathways Single path of energy flow Multiple paths of energy flow
Stability Less stable More stable
Realism Less realistic More realistic

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 Question: define the following
 atmosphere and lithosphere
 Atmosphere
Definition:
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It is held
in place by Earth's gravity and is essential for life because it provides
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and regulates temperature.
Key Features:
• Contains gases like nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and others (1%)
• Divided into layers: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and
Exosphere
• Protects Earth from harmful UV rays (ozone layer)
• Helps in weather formation and climate regulation
 Lithosphere
Definition:
The lithosphere is the outermost solid layer of the Earth, made up of the
crust and upper part of the mantle. It includes landforms like mountains,
rocks, soil, and continents.

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 Question: define the following
Key Features:
• Composed of minerals and rocks
• Supports terrestrial life, forests, agriculture, and human
settlements
• Source of natural resources like minerals, fossil fuels,
and soil
• Divided into tectonic plates that move and cause
earthquakes
Easy Comparison:
Feature Atmosphere Lithosphere
Type Gaseous layer Solid outer layer
Composition Gases (O₂, N₂, CO₂, etc.) Rocks, soil, minerals
Importance Breathing, weather, climate Agriculture, habitats, mining

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 Question: define the following
 terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Definition of Ecosystem :
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals,
microbes) interacting with their non-living environment (air, water, soil)
in a particular area.
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Definition:
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found on land, including
forests, deserts, grasslands, and mountains.
Examples:
• Forests (tropical, temperate, coniferous)
• Deserts (Thar Desert, Sahara)
• Grasslands (Savannas, Prairies)
• Mountains (Himalayas)

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 Question: define the following
Features:
• Climate varies greatly (hot, cold, dry, wet)
• Temperature and rainfall play a major role
• Rich biodiversity
• Soil is a major abiotic component
 Aquatic Ecosystem
An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem that exists in water bodies, such
as oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds.
Types:
• Freshwater ecosystems (ponds, lakes, rivers)
• Marine ecosystems (oceans, seas, estuaries)
Features:
• Water is the main abiotic component
• Temperature is more stable than land
• Light availability affects life (deep sea vs. surface)
• Aquatic organisms include fish, algae, plankton, etc.
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 Question: define the following
Quick Comparison Table:
Feature Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem
Location On land In water
Abiotic Component Soil, air, temperature Water, light, dissolved gases
Biodiversity Forests, deserts, grasslands Lakes, rivers, oceans
Oxygen availability From air Dissolved oxygen in water
Examples Forest, desert, grassland River, lake, ocean

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 Question: define the following
 oxygen cycle and nitrogen cycle
Oxygen Cycle
oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of
oxygen within and between the atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere.
Main Steps of the Oxygen Cycle:
1.Photosynthesis
• Green plants and algae produce oxygen while converting CO₂ and water
into glucose.
• 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
2.Respiration
• Animals and plants consume oxygen to break down food and release
carbon dioxide and water.
3.Decomposition
• Microbes use oxygen to decompose dead organisms, releasing nutrients
and CO₂.

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 Question: define the following
 oxygen cycle and nitrogen cycle
4. Combustion
• Burning of fuels uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
5. Oxygen Reservoirs:
• Atmosphere, water (dissolved oxygen), and minerals (oxidized rocks).
Importance:
• Supports life processes (breathing,
decomposition).
• Maintains balance of gases in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the process through which nitrogen is
converted into various chemical forms and circulated among the
atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.

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 Question: define the following
 oxygen cycle and nitrogen cycle
Main Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle:
1. Nitrogen Fixation
• Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃) by:
• Lightning (natural fixation)
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (like Rhizobium)
2. Nitrification
• Conversion of ammonia into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻) by
nitrifying bacteria.
3. Assimilation
• Plants absorb nitrates from soil and use them to make proteins.
4. Ammonification
• Decomposers convert dead plants/animals and waste into ammonia.
5. Denitrification
• Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N₂),
releasing it to the atmosphere.
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 Question: define the following
 oxygen cycle and nitrogen cycle
Importance:
• Essential for plant growth
• Maintains the nitrogen balance in the atmosphere
• Supports protein and DNA synthesis in living beings
Quick Comparison Table:
Cycle Key Element Importance Major Processes
Supports respiration, Photosynthesis,
Oxygen Cycle Oxygen (O₂)
combustion respiration, combustion
Nitrogen Essential for proteins, Fixation, nitrification,
Nitrogen (N₂)
Cycle DNA assimilation

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 Question: define the following
industrial waste and agriculture waste
Industrial Waste
Industrial waste refers to the unwanted materials and by-products
generated from industrial operations such as manufacturing, mining,
construction, and chemical production.
Examples:
• Chemical waste (acids, solvents)
• Metal scraps
• Plastic and packaging waste
• Sludge from factories
• Fly ash from thermal power plants
Impact on Environment:
• Air pollution (toxic gases)
• Water pollution (discharge into rivers/lakes)
• Soil contamination
• Harmful to human and animal health

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 Question: define the following
industrial waste and agriculture waste
Agricultural Waste
Agricultural waste includes all residual waste materials that result from
farming and livestock activities.
Examples:
• Crop residues (straw, husk, stems)
• Animal manure
• Pesticide and fertilizer runoff
• Waste from dairy farms and poultry sheds
Impact on Environment:
• Water contamination (fertilizer runoff →
eutrophication)
• Air pollution (burning of crop residues → smog)
• Methane emission from decomposing manure
• Land degradation

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 Question: define the following
industrial waste and agriculture waste
Quick Comparison Table:
Type of Waste Source Examples Environmental Impact
Factories, mines, Chemicals, plastics, fly Pollution of air, water, and
Industrial Waste
industries ash soil
Agricultural Farms, livestock, crop Manure, crop residue, Eutrophication, air
Waste fields pesticides pollution, methane gas

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 Question: assess the relevance of sustainable
development goals (SDGs) in improving the quality of
life?
Introduction: What are SDGs?
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals
adopted by the United Nations in 2015, under the Agenda 2030. They
aim to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate
change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
 Relevance of SDGs in Improving Quality of Life:
1. Poverty Eradication (SDG 1)
• Reduces hunger and homelessness
• Ensures basic income and social protection
• Improves access to clean water, food, and housing

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 Question: assess the relevance of sustainable
development goals (SDGs) in improving the quality of
life?
2. Health and Well-Being (SDG 3)
• Focus on universal health care, vaccination, and mental health
• Reduces infant and maternal mortality
• Improves life expectancy and disease control
3. Quality Education (SDG 4)
• Promotes literacy and lifelong learning
• Empowers marginalized groups, especially girls
and rural populations
• Education leads to better job opportunities
4. Gender Equality (SDG 5)
• Empowers women and girls
• Promotes equal pay, representation, and rights
• Reduces domestic violence and discrimination
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 Question: assess the relevance of sustainable
development goals (SDGs) in improving the quality of
life?

5. Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6)

• Access to safe drinking water and hygiene
• Prevents water-borne diseases
• Ensures dignity and health, especially for women
6. Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8)
• Promotes job creation, especially for youth
• Focuses on safe working environments
• Boosts economic stability and self-reliance

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 Question: What measures can be taken to promote
water conservation in rural and urban areas?
Introduction:
Water is a precious and finite natural resource. With rising
population, industrialization, and climate change, water scarcity has
become a major concern in both urban and rural areas. Promoting
water conservation is essential for sustainable development and long-
term water security.
 Water Conservation Measures in Rural Areas:
1. Rainwater Harvesting
• Collecting and storing rainwater for drinking, irrigation, and livestock use.
• Traditional systems like Kunds, Tankas, Johads can be revived.
2. Check Dams and Percolation Tanks
• Small structures built across streams to stop surface water and allow it to
percolate underground.
3. Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation
• Efficient use of water in agriculture, reducing wastage by 30-70%.

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 Question: What measures can be taken to promote
water conservation in rural and urban areas?
4. Awareness Campaigns
• Educating farmers and villagers on water-saving techniques.
• Encouraging community participation in water management.
5. Crop Selection and Rotation
• Promoting water-efficient and drought-resistant crops like millets
instead of water-intensive ones like paddy.
 Water Conservation Measures in Urban Areas:
1. Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Buildings
• Making rooftop harvesting mandatory in housing societies,
apartments, schools, and offices.
2. Water Meters and Usage Monitoring
• Promoting judicious use by metering water supply to track
consumption.

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 Question: What measures can be taken to promote
water conservation in rural and urban areas?
 Water Conservation Measures in Urban Areas:
3. Recycle and Reuse Wastewater
• Use of greywater (from wash basins, baths) for gardening, flushing,
and cleaning.
• Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) should be installed and maintained.
4. Fixing Leaks and Upgrading Infrastructure
• Repairing leaky pipes and taps to reduce loss of potable water.
• Promoting water-efficient fixtures like low-flow showers and dual-
flush toilets.
5. Urban Green Spaces
• Develop green areas that require less water and are drought-
resistant.
• Promote permeable pavements to recharge groundwater.

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 Question: What measures can be taken to promote
water conservation in rural and urban areas?
 General Measures (Applicable to Both Urban & Rural Areas):
Measures Description
Public Awareness Use of media, schools, and NGOs to educate
Campaigns people.
Enforcing water conservation laws and
Policy Support
incentives for water-saving technology.
Community Empowering local bodies like Panchayats and
Involvement RWAs for water management.
Watershed Conserving soil and water together for long-
Management term sustainability.

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 Question: Brief Comment on:
 Ozone
Ozone (O₃) is a pale blue gas made up of three oxygen atoms. It plays a
dual role in the Earth’s atmosphere:
1. Ozone in the Stratosphere – “Good Ozone”
• Found in the ozone layer (10 to 50 km above Earth’s surface).
• Protects life by absorbing the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV)
radiation.
• Without it, humans and animals would face severe health issues
like skin cancer and eye cataracts, and plants would suffer
damage.
2. Ozone at Ground Level – “Bad Ozone”
• Formed by reactions between pollutants like nitrogen oxides
(NOₓ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence
of sunlight.
• A major component of smog in urban areas.
• Causes respiratory problems, asthma, and harms vegetation.
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 Question: Brief Comment on:
Ozone
Ozone (O₃) is a pale blue gas made up of three oxygen atoms. It plays a
dual role in the Earth’s atmosphere:
 Threats to the Ozone Layer
• Human-made chemicals like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) damage the
ozone layer.
• The Montreal Protocol (1987) is a global agreement that has helped
reduce ozone-depleting substances.

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 Question: Brief Comment on:
tundra
Tundra is a cold and treeless biome found in the Arctic region and on
high mountain tops where the climate is harsh and permafrost
(permanently frozen ground) exists. It is characterized by extremely low
temperatures, short growing seasons, and low biodiversity.
Vegetation is limited to mosses, lichens, grasses, and dwarf shrubs, and
only a few adapted animal species like polar bears, arctic foxes, and
caribou can survive here. Due to frozen soil, no deep-rooted trees grow
in this region.
Tundras are highly sensitive ecosystems and are vulnerable to climate
change, where rising temperatures can rapidly alter the habitat and
threaten wildlife.

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 Question: Brief Comment on:
river water conflict
River water conflict arises when two or more regions, states, or
countries dispute over the sharing and usage of river water, especially
when the river flows through multiple political boundaries.
In India, famous examples include the Cauvery water dispute between
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and the Satluj-Yamuna link canal issue
between Punjab and Haryana.
Such conflicts occur due to increasing water demands, population
growth, climate change, and poor water management policies. These
disputes can impact agriculture, drinking water supply, and industrial
use.
Peaceful negotiation, inter-state agreements, and scientific water-
sharing models are essential to resolve such issues and ensure
equitable distribution for sustainable development.

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 Question: Brief Comment on:
Ganga action plan
The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched in 1986 by the
Government of India with the aim to clean and rejuvenate the River
Ganga, which is not only a lifeline for millions but also holds deep
religious and cultural importance.
The main objectives were:
• Control pollution from domestic sewage and industrial waste
• Treat wastewater before discharging into the river
• Promote public awareness about river conservation
Despite some achievements in building sewage treatment plants, the
GAP faced challenges like poor implementation, lack of coordination,
urban population growth, and limited community participation.
Later, it was merged into broader programs like Namami Gange
Mission (2014), which has taken a more integrated and well-funded
approach.

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