SST.

TERM TWO 2019

TOPIC –VEGETATION IN OUR DISTRICT

Vegetation is the plant cover of an area.

Examples (components of vegetation) forests, swamps, crops, grass,

shrubs, (food crops and cash crops)

TYPES OF VEGETATION

- Natural vegetation
- Plantation vegetation

Natural vegetation:
Natural vegetation is the plant cover of an area that grows on its own
Examples:
bushes,
swamps,
shrubs,
natural forests
semi arid areas
Swamps:
A swamp is a water logged area with vegetation.
Swamp reclamation /drainage is the clearing away of swamps.
The plant covers of an area that is grown by man.
Uses of swamps
- Swamps help in the formation of rainfall.
- Swamps are sources of water.
- Swamps are sources of raw materials e.g. papyrus and clay.
- Swamps are home for aquatic animals
- Crops like yams and rice are grown in swamps.
Caring for swamps
1. Avoid swamp drainage
2. Avoid building in swamps

Planted vegetation
This the plant cover that is planted by man
Examples of planted vegetation
- Trees (some forests)
- Crops
Forests:
A forest is a group of trees growing together in an area.

Types of forests
1. Natural forests
2. Planted forests
Natural forests
These are forests that grow on their own.

Characteristics of natural forests

1. Natural forests have hard wood trees.
2. Trees in natural forests are very large ad tall.
3. Natural forests have very little or grass under them
4. Trees in natural forests have buttress roots.
5. Natural forests are very think.

Examples of soft wood trees

1. Eucalyptus
2. Pines
3. Spruce
4. Conifers
Things made out of soft wood
- Match boxes
- Papers
- Ply wood
- Pencils
Importance of forests to people
- Forests help in the formation of rainfall.
- Forests are sources of herbal medicines
- Forests provide wood for furniture.
- Trees are used for fuel.
 - Forests are used for tourism.
- Forests are homes for wild animals.
- Forests are used for study purpose.
Termsrelated to forests
1. Deforestation:
Is the cutting down of trees on a large scale.

2. Afforestation:
Is the planting of trees where they have never been.

3. Re-afforestation:
Is the planting of tees where they have ever been.

4. Agro-forestry
Is the planting of trees alongside crops.
Examples of natural forests in Uganda
1. Budongo forest (the biggest natural forest in Uganda )
2. Mabira forest ( the biggest in central Uganda)
3. Bugoma forest
4. Bwindi impenetrable forest
5. Maramagambo forest

Planted forests
These are forests planted by man.

Characteristics of planted forests

1. Trees are planted in lines.
2. These are spaced
3. Trees are of one type
4. Planted forests provide soft wood
Examples of planted forests in Uganda
Lendu (the biggest planted forest in Uganda)
Mafuga forest
Magamaga forest
Nyabyeya forest
Grass land (savanna)
These are large pieces of land with tall grass.

Types of savanna
- Dry savanna (receives much rainfall)
- Wet savanna (receives little rainfall)
Savanna
Savanna is the example of natural vegetation that covers the largest part of
Uganda.
Most games parts in Uganda are located in areas with Savanna vegetation
because there is a complete food chain for animals.

Uses of grasslands to m an
- They provide pasture for animals
- They provide grass for thatching houses
- They are homes of wild animals
- They help to control soil erosion.
Semi arid vegetation
- These are areas which are hot and dry.
- Nomadic pastoralism is the major economic activity in semi-arid
areas.
- Pastoralism is the keeping of animals as a way of life.
- Nomadic pastoralism is the movement of people and their animals
from one place to another looking for water and pasture for their
animals.
- Karimojong and Bahima are some of the pastoral communities in
Uganda.

Uses of vegetation
- Sources of herbs e.g. (alovera, garlic)
- Sources of firewood
- Source of food
- Helps in rain formation
- Improves soil fertility.
 - For decoration.

HOW MAN HAS MISUSED VEGETATION

1. By swamp drainage
2. By deforestation
3. By building in swamps
4. By over stocking
5. By over cultivation.
Environmental Degradation Is the act of misusing the environment.

How to care for vegetation

1. By watering
2. Ensuring proper disposal of rubbish
3. Not building in swamps
4. Fencing
5. Through agro-forestry
6. Watering vegetation
7. Trimming them, mulching, pruning

Organizations that protect environment

1. National environment management Authority (NEMA)
2. National Forestry Authority (N F A)

Roles / activities of NEMA

1. Educates people the dangers of encroaching wetlands and forests.
2. To educate people the dangers of environmental degradation
3. To educate the public on the values of the environment
4. To educate the public on the proper ways of using the environment.
5. To protect wetlands, swamps and forests.

Factors that affect vegetation

- Afforestation
- Rood construction
- Swamp drainage
 - Deforestation
- Over cultivation
- Over stocking
- Agro-forestry
- Charcoal burning
- Re-afforestation
- Brick making

Natural factors
1. Altitude
2. Rainfall distribution
3. Nearness to water bodies
4. Soil fertility

NEGATIVE FACATORS POSITIVE FACTORS

- Bush burning - Re-afforestation
- Over cultivation - Agro-forestry
- Over grazing - Crop rotation
- Making bricks - Adding manure
- Deforestation - Watering vegetation
- Constructing roads - Agro-forestry
- Slashing

CROPS IN OUR DISTRICT

Types of crops:
Food crops: Are crops grown for food
Cash crops: Are crops grown mainly for selling

Examples of crops
Food crops Cash crops
- Bananas - Tobacco
- Maize - Coffee
 - Cassava - Tea
- Millet - Sugar
- Sorghum - Vanilla
- Sweet potatoes - cotton
- Beans

Types of cash crops

Traditional cash crops
Are crops that were originally grown for selling? E.g. Tobacco, cotton,
coffee, tea.

Non-traditional cash crops

These are crops that were originally grown for food but are now sold for
money. E.g. maize, beans, sugarcane, vanilla, millet, etc.

Crops and their products.

Crop product
Coffee - coffee powder, gun powder
Tea - tea leaves
Tobacco - cigarettes
Cotton - clothes, cotton wool, threads
Coca - cocoa beverage, biscuits, sweets
Pyrethrum - insecticides, perfumes
Sim sim - cooking oil
Palm oil (kalangala)- cooking oil
Sugar cane - sugar, sweets
Maize - posho
Vanilla - spices

PEOPLE IN OUR DISTRICT

The stone aged period
Before the coming of the ethnic group, the people who lived in Uganda
were called the bush men / early man.
They lived during the Stone Age Period.
What was the Stone Age period?
The stone age period was the period when early man used tools made out
of stones.
Stone Age is the period when early man used stone tools and weapons

Places where early man lived

- Caves
- Under big trees

Early man’s food

- Raw meat
- Roots
- Fruits
- Insects
- Fish
- Honey
Ways how early man got food
Gathering
Hunting
Fishing

Problems early man faced

- Attacks from wild animals
- Bad/harsh weather
- Lack of proper food
- Lack of proper shelter

Early man’s discoveries

Iron smelting
Fire
Farming

Stages of the Stone Age period

Old/early Stone Age period
Needs of man during this period
- Shelter
- Food
- Protection
Shelter
- They lived under big trees and caves
- Near lakes and rivers.
Food
They ate raw meat, fruits and honey

Early man tools

Bolar Hand axe Cleaver Thumb nail scrapper

Bone needle Club Spearhead pick

Use of each tool / weapon.

- Bolas – for trapping fast running animals
- Hand axe
- Thumb nail scrapper skinning animals

- Bone needle – joining skins to make clothes for earlyman.

- Club – for hitting trapped animals to death
- Cleaver – for splitting
- Pick – for digging holes
Note:
The early / Old Stone Age period ended with the discovery of fire.
Therefore the discovery of fire marked the end of the Old Stone Age period
and beginning of the Middle Stone Age Period.
Importance of fires to early man

- Scare away wild animals

- To light in the cave
- To roast meat.
- For warmth
- Boiling roots, berries and plants for poison to use on spear and arrow
tips.

The middle Stone Age period the middle Stone Age period, early man,
tamed the dog by giving the dog a bone.

How useful was a dog to earlyman

- For scaring away wild animal
- For hunting
- For company

Other important discoveries during the middle Stone Age period

- Manused skin and leaves as clothes
- Making pots for domestic use
- New ways of trapping and hunting animals
- Buried their dead
- Hunting tools were made better
NB: Early man tamed other animals like the goat, sheep and cattle during
the middle
Stone Age period.
The most important discovery of earlyman during the middle Stone
Age period
was farming.
Therefore, farming marked the end of Middle Stone Age period and
the beginning of the new/late Stone Age period.

THE NEW/LATE STONE AGE PERIOD

- Having discovered farming in the middle stone early man started
living a settled life in the late Stone Age period in order to look after
his animals and crops.
 - The most important discovery of early man during this period was iron
smelting
- New tools like knives, hoes and baskets were made to help dig the
land, saw and harvest crops.
- Drawing and painting s on walls of rocks
- Rock painting in Uganda can be found in Nyero in Kumi district.
- Iron smelting marked the end of the Stone Age period.

ARCHAEOLOGY
Archeology is the study of the remains of early man / early life.
Archeological work is done by digging the remains of early man
Early man remains are called fossils
Digging deep in the soil to find the remains of early man is called
excavation.

Archeologists
Archeologists are the people who study the remains of earlyman.

Sources of history
- Oral tradition (legends, fairytales, myth)
- Written records
- Archeology
- Linguistics
Dr. L. Leakey
- He is the most famous archaeologist in east Africa
- He discovered the oldest skull of early man in East Africa
- The skull was found at Old vai George in Tanzania.

What do Archaeologists study?

- Remains of plants and animals
- Stone Age tools
- Rock paintings
- Weapon
 - Remains of food
- Building materials
- Iron remains
Note:
The Bachwezi introduced the idea of iron work in Uganda.

Stone Age sites

These are places where early man is believed to have lived.

Examples of Stone Age sites

1. Luzira Stone Age site in Kampala
2. Nsongezi Stone Age site (largest Stone Age site in Uganda)
3. Nyero Stone Age site in Kumi district (known for rock painting)
4. Magosi in Karamoja region
5. ParaaStone Age site

A sketch map of Uganda showing Stone Age sites

Importance of Stone Age sites

1. They are a source of tourist attraction
2. They help us to know or to learn about the life of early man.
3. They help us to study things used by early people
4. We discover the origin of early man.

A Museum
A museum is a building where things of long ago are kept.

Importance of a museum
- For study purpose
- For tourist attraction
- Provides jobs to people

ETHNIC MIGRATION
Define an ethnic group
An ethnic group is a group of people with the same origin and speaks
related languages.

A tribe
A tribe is a group of people with the same origin and speaks the same
language.

A clan
A clan is an organized group of people under one fore father.

A lineage
This is a small group of people within a clan

A throne is a special seat for the King.

Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for
settlement.

Examples of ethnic groups in Uganda

- Bantu
- Nilotics (river – lake nilotes)
- Hamates
- Nilo – hamates

A sketch map of Uganda showing ethnic migration into Uganda

Causes of ethnic migration

- Famine in their homeland
- Outbreak of epidemic disease
- Drought in their homeland
- Search for fertile soil
 - Civil wars in their homeland
- Search for water and pasture for their animals

THE BANTU ETHNIC GROUP

1. The Bantu is the largest ethnic group in Uganda
2. They were the first group to enter into Uganda.
3. Their cradle land is Cameroon highlands.
4. They entered Uganda from western direction.
5. The Bantu are called so because they have a common word “ntu”
which means people or person.
6. The Bantu were originally farmers.

Examples of tribes under the Bantu.

- Baganda
- Banyankore
- Bagisu
- Basoga
- Bakiga
- Batooro – known for male circumcision.
- Bakonjo

THE NILOTICS
1. The Nilotics are also called River – lake nilotes
2. They are Luo speakers
3. They entered Uganda from the northern direction following river Nile.
4. Their original homeland in Bahel-el-Ghazel present day South Sudan
5. The nilotics are related to the legend of the spear and the bead.

Examples of Nilotics in Uganda

- Acholi
- Japadhola
- Alur
Nilo-hamites
The Nilo-hamites are divided into plain-nilotes and highland nilotes
- They were cattle keepers
 - They came from Ethiopia highland
- They entered Uganda from the north eastern direction
Plain nilotes
- Iteso
- Karimojong
- Langi
- Kumam
- Jie

Highland Nilotes
- Sabiny

Hamites
- They came from Ethiopian highlands
- They entered Uganda from south west
- They were cattle keepers
Examples of hamates
Bahima
Batutsi

Note: The Bahima and the Karimojongo are cattle keeps

Results of early ethnic migration

1. It led to over population
2. New crops were introduced
3. New languages
4. They introduced kingdoms
5. New culture was introduced
Languages spoken by different tribes
Baganda - Luganda
Basoga - Lusoga
Iteso - Ateso
Bagisu - Lugisu / Lumasaba
Banyoro - Lunyoro
Bakiga - Lukiga
Sabiny - Kup-sbiny
Karimojong - Akarimojong
Acholi - Acholi

Traditional leaders
Kingdom title of the cultural leader
Buganda - Kabaka
Busoga - Kyabazinga
Bunyoro - Omukama
Tooro - Omukama
Iteso - Emori mori
Alur /Acholi - Rwoth

NB: A clan is a group of people under one forefather

Symbols of a clan
- Clan name
- Totem
- Drumming

LEGENDS
1. The spear and the bead
2. Kintu and Nambi
3. Mundu and Seera
The spear and the bead

- Gipri and Labongo were sons of Olum

- The elephant ran away with the spear
- Ruhanga (the spirit) helped Gipir to look for Labong’s spear.
- The descendants of Labong are the Langi and Gipir are the Langi
and Alur respectively.

Lesson learnt from the legend of the spear and the bead

- To be kind
- To ask for permission
 - Revenge is bad and can lead to death

LEGEND OF KINTU AND NAMBI

Activity:

1. From which ethnic group is the legend of Kintu and Nambi?

2. Name the brother of Nambi who was;
- Cruel
- Kind
3. Why did Nambi and Kintu hate Walumbe?
4. How was Kintu related to Nambi?

Lesson we learn from the legend of Kintu and Nambi

1. Forgetfulness is bad
2. Poverty does not stop success
3. We learn to be kind to others,

The three sons of Kintu

1. What was the general name Kintu’s children

2. How many sons had Kintu?
3. Give the name which mean
a. Servant
b. Herdsman
c. Ruler/ leader
4. How was Ruhanga helpful to Kintu?
5. Name the youngest son of Kintu.

The legend of King Isaza and king Nyamiyonga

1. What was the most precious thing at Isaza’s palace?

2. Who were the following people;
a. Ndahura
b. Bukuku
c. Nyamiyonga
 d. Nyamwiru
e. Isimbwa
f. Namala
g. Mugizi
3. How did Bukuku become the king?
4. Name the
a. First king of Bachwezi
b. Last king of the Bachwezi
5. Which tribe tells the legend of king Isaza and king Nyamiyonga.

Migration today
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for
settlement
People move from one place to another in search for places with better
services

Rural – Urban migration

Rural –urban migration is the movement of people from villages to town for
settlement.
Another name for rural areas is village areas and another name for urban
areas is town.

Causes of rural-urban migration

1. Looking for better schools in town
2. Cultural practices in villages like forced marriage and circumcision
3. Due to insecurity in villages
4. Looking for better medical services in town
5. Looking for markets for their products
6. Epidemic diseases in villages
7. Better social amenities like electricity and piped water.

Problems faced by people living in town

1. Traffic jam
2. Noise pollution
 3. Congestion / over crowding
4. High crime rate
5. High cost of living
6. Unemployment
7. Poor sanitation

Note: As a result of rural –urban migration, there has been creation of slum
in urban centres.

Slum
A slum is an area with poor housing and sanitation facilities.
A slum is an area within the city with poorly built houses congested with
poor sanitation.
Dangers of slums
- Easy spread of diseases
- High crime rate
- Congestion
- Bad morals
- Pollution
How do people in towns benefit from villages
- They get food
- They get herbal medicines
- Cheap labour is got from villages
- They provide them with land
Urban – rural migration
Urban-rural migration is the movement of people from town to village for
settlement.

What can government do to encourage rural-urban migration?

- Setting up good schools in villages
- Extending piped water to villages
- Extending electricity to village
- Building and equipping hospitals in villages.
- Extending banking services to villages
- Constructing good roads in villages.
Social setup of people in our districts.
People in our district are organized under tribes, clans, lineage and
families.

1. A tribe is a group of people with the same culture and speaks the
same language.
2. A clan is a group of people under one forefather.
Each clan has three major symbols of identification namely
1. Totem
2. Clan name
3. Drumming
Each clan has a clan head who perform the following duties

Duties of a clan head

1. Registering clan members
2. Keeping clan records
3. Organizing clan ceremonies and functions
4. Setting disputes among clan members
5. Looking after clan property
A lineage is a small group of people in a clan.

A family
1. A family is a group of people living together related by blood,
marriage and adoption.
2. The husband and wife are related by marriage
3. Their children (off springs)are related by blood
4. Families that are related make up a clan.

Types of families
1. Nuclear family
2. Extended family
3. Foster family

A nuclear family
A nuclear family is a family made up of father, mother and their own
children.
The smallest nuclear family is made up of a couple; husband and wife.

Advantages of a nuclear family

1. Paying school fees is easy.
2. Promoting discipline is easy
3. It is easy to provide shelter
4. It is cheap to provide clothes
5. It is easy to provide medical care
Disadvantages of a nuclear family
1. This is lack of enough labour force
2. Family children may not know their relatives
3. In case both parents die, children may be left alone
4. Since the family members are few, there is limited social security.

Advantages of an extended family

1. There is good social security
2. Children may know their relatives
3. Incase both parents die, children can remain with their relatives.
4. Work can be easily done
5. There is enough social security

Foster family
A foster family is a type of family where children are brought up in a foster
home.
Orphans and abandoned children are provided with basic needs in foster
homes.

A family head
A family head is a person who heads the family. In most cases the father
heads a family. However some families are headed by mothers.

Duties of a family head

1. Paying school fees
 2. Providing security
3. Providing shelter
4. Bringing up children with good morals
5. Providing clothes to family members
6. Providing medical care.
Duties of children at home
- Respecting parents
- Doing house work
- Assisting the elderly.

PEOPLE IN OUR DISTRICT

Population is the number of people living in an area

Terms related to population

1. Population distribution:
Is the way people are spread in an area.

2. Population density
Is the number of people living in an area per square kilometer

3. Over population
Is when the number of people living in an area is more than the
available resources.

4. Under population
Is when the number of people is less than the available resources.

5. Population structure:
Is the number of people living in an area according to age and sex.

6. Population census: is the general counting of people living in an

area.

7. Census night
Is the night before census
 8. Enumerators:
Are people trained to count others during population census

9. Population growth:
Is the gradual increase of people living in an area.

10. Sparse population:

Is when the number of people living in an area is less than the land
available

Factors that determine population distribution

a) Climate
b) Industrialisation
c) Fertility of soils
d) Security
e) Market
f) Transport and communication
g) Employment
h) Drainage
i) Relief
j) Vegetation

Over population
This is when the number of people is higher than the available resources

Causes of high population

- Good climate
- Good communication
- Good security
- Availability of goods in an area
- Industrialization of an area

Problems caused by high population

- There is easy spread of diseases because of poor santitation
 - Insecurity
- Lack of enough clean water
- Slums\lack of enough social services
- Destruction of natural land forms

Advantages of high population

- Ready market
- Cheap labour
- Wide tax base
- Promotes investment

Under population
Is when the number of people living in an area is less than the available
resources.

Causes of low population

- Insecurity in an area
- Lack of market for people produce
- Poor medical facilities
- Soil infertility
- Diseases.
Disadvantages of low population
- Lack of enough market
- Lack of enough labour
- Low investment
Advantages of low population
- Easy provision of social services
- Availability of enough resources
- Low government expenditure
- Low crime rates.

Population census
Population census is the general counting of people living in an area.

Terms related to population censes.

 1. Census night
Is the night before census

2. Enumerators:
Are people trained to count others during population census
3. National population census:
Is the general counting of people living in a country
Note:
- Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development is the
ministry that organizes population census in Uganda.
- Hon Maria Kiwanuka is the current minister.

Reasons why the government carries out population census

- To know the number of people living in an area.
- To plan forth country
- To know the birth rate
- To know the death rate
- To know the population growth rate.

Information collected during population census

- Death
- Birth
- Marriage status
- Number of people in each family
- Education level
- Occupation
- Religion
- Tribe

How can population be controlled?

a) Promoting girl child education
b) Through family planning\teaching people the danger of a high
population
c) Setting up a child policy.
 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN OUR DISTRICT

Economic activities are activities people do to get money.

Types of economic activities

i) Traditional economic activities
ii) Modern economic activities

Traditional economic activities

These are activities that were done by people of long ago to get money.

Examples of traditional economic activities

1. Pottery is the making of things out clay.
2. Black smiting is the making of things out of iron
3. Back cloth making
4. Basket making
5. Weaving
6. Hunting

Modern economic activities

These are activities of modern economic activities
1. Farming
2. Banking
3. Fishing
4. Mining
5. Transport
6. Industry
7. Trade
8. Tourism

FARMING
Farming is the growing of crops and raring of animals.
Farming is the major economic activity in Uganda that is why it is called the
back bone of the Uganda’s economy.
Needs of a farmer
- Seeds
- Fertilizers
- Garden tools
- Fertile soils
- Market
- Labour

Types of crops
a) Food crops
b) Cash crops
Food crops
Are crops grown mainly for food

Examples of food crops

Maize banana cassava millet
Beans sweet potatoes simsim etc.

Note:
i) Food crops like cassava, sorghum and simsim are commonly grown
in dry areas.
ii) Rice and yams are commonly grown in swampy areas.
Cash crops
Cash crops are originally grown for selling.

Examples of cash crops

- Coffee
- Cotton
- Tea
- Sugar cane
- Tobacco

Newly introduced cash crops

1. Cocoa
2. Oil palm
 3. Pyrethrum
4. Sun flower

Types of farming
1. Subsistence farming
2. Mixed farming
3. Floriculture
4. Horticulture
5. Plantation farming

1. Subsistence farming:
Subsistence farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for
home use and the surplus is sold.

Advantages of subsistence forming

Subsistence farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for
homeuse and the surplus is sold.

Advantages of subsistence farming

1. Does not need skilled labour
2. Simple tools are used
3. It does not need much capital
4. It is easy to manage

Disadvantages of subsistence farming

Does not promote development

Note:
Subsistence farming is the commonest type of farming in Uganda because
it is cheap.

MIXED FARMING
This is the growing of crops and rearing of animals on the same piece of
land under one management.
Advantages of mixed farming
1. A farmer gets a balanced diet
2. A farmer gets double income
3. Crops are used to feed animals and animal dung used as manure.
4. A farmer can depend on animals in case of drought
5. It helps to diversify /change the economy

Disadvantages of mixed farming

1. It is expensive to manage
2. It needs a lot of skills
3. It requires a large piece of land
4. Animals can easily damage the crops.

HOTICULTURE
This is the growing of fruits and vegetables on a large scale

FLORICULTURE
This is the growing of flowers on a large scale.

PLANTATION FARMING
This is the growing of one perennial crop on a large scale.

Perennial crops
Are crops that mature in more than one year.

Examples of perennial crops

- Sisal
- Coffee
- Cocoa
- Tea
- Rubber

LIVE STOCK FARMING

This is the keeping of domestic animals and birds.
Types of nomadic farming
- Dairy farming
- Ranching
- Nomadic pastoralism
- Poultry farming
Dairy farming
Is the rearing of animals on a large scale for milk and milk products.

Products from a ranch

- Beef
- Hooves
- Animal skin
- Horns
Nomadic pastoralism
This is the movement of people and their animals from one place to
another looking for pasture and water.

Poultry farming
Is the keeping of domestic birds

Why do people carry out farming?

- To earn money
- To get food
- For employment
- To provide row materials to industries

FISHING
1. This is the catching of fish from water bodies
2. Fishermen are people who catch fish
3. Fish mongers are people who sell fish

Types of fish
a) Tilapia (commonest fish in Uganda)
b) Nile perch (the biggest fish caught in Uganda)
c) Mud fish (caught in swamps)
 d) Silver fish (the smallest fish in Uganda)
e) Lung fish
f) Star fish
Uses of fish
1. Fish is used as food.
2. Fish is a source of income
3. Fish scales are used for decoration
4. Fish is used as medicine
5. Fish bones are used to make animal feeds
6. Fish skin is used to make belts, bags and shoes

Methods of farming:
- Traditional methods:
o Spears
o Hooks
o Baskets

- Modern methods
o Hooks
o Fish nets
o Fishing rods

Methods of preserving fish

Fish is preservation means keeping fish without going bad for a long time.

a) Local methods
a. Smoking is the commonest method of preserving fish in
Uganda
b. Sun drying
c. Salting

b) Modern methods
a. Freezing
b. Tinning / canning
Problems facing fishing industry in Uganda.
- Pollution of water bodies
- Drought
- Over fishing
- Water weed
- Poor roads
- Poor preservation methods
- Lack of enough capital to buy good / better fishing facilities
- Dangerous marine animals

Solutions to problems facing the fishing industry

- Educating people better fishing methods
- Providing loans to fisher men
- Constructing good roads to connect fishing points.
- Proper disposal of wastes

Poor fishing methods.

- Using undersized nets
- Using poison to fish

Some fishing grounds in Uganda

- Lake Victoria
- Lake Albert
- Lake Kyoga etc.

INDUSTRY / FACTORY

- A factory is a place where raw materials are turned into finished

products
- Raw materials are things that can be turned into finished products.
- Technology is the practical way of solving a problem.

Importance of industries
1. People get jobs
2. Industries act as market for farmers produce
 3. Industries lead to development of infra-structure
4. People get their needs
5. For study purpose
6. For tourism

Disadvantages of industries
- Industries pollute the environment
- Industries lead to over population in areas where they are found
- They lead to development of slums

MINING
This is the extraction of minerals from under ground

Examples of minerals mined in Uganda

- Crude oil ( from around L. Albert)
- Phosphates
- Tine
- Zinc
- Gold
- Copper
- Limestone
Importance of minerals
- Minerals are used as raw materials in industries
- Source of income
- For duty purpose
- Minerals encourage foreign investment

Problems facing the Mining industry

i) Low technology
ii) Lack of skilled labour
iii) Lack of enough market
iv) Competition from other mining countries.

BANKING
Banking is the system f keeping money safely in a bank.
Importance of banking
a) People keep money safely
b) People get loans
c) People get interest on their money

Types of banks
1. Central bank:(Bank of Uganda)
This is the bank that controls all other banks in Ugnda.

Roles of the central bank

- Printing and minting money
- Controlling all commercial banks
- Lends money to commercial banks and the government.

2. Commercial banks

Examples of commercial banks

- Bank of Baroda
- Cairo bank
- Centenary bank
- Stanbic bank
- Post bank
- Equity bank etc.

Roles of commercial banks

Keeping people’s money safely
Lend money to people to develop their business
They keep important documents to people
They provide jobs to people
They teach people how to run their business

TRADE
i) Trade is the buying and selling of goods.
 ii) Batter trade is the exchange of goods for goods and services.
iii) Commercial centers are busy business areas e.g. markets, shops,
banks, industries.
iv) Uganda shillings are the currency of Uganda used in trade.

Importance of trade
- Trade is source of income
- People get what they want
- It is a source of employment

TOURISM
Tourism is the act f visiting different places for leisure and study purpose.

Examples of tourist attractions in Uganda

- Industries
- Lakes and rives
- Historical sites (museums, Stone Age sites)
- Cultural sites (Kasubi tombs)
- Mountains
- Game parks and game reserves.