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Contemporary aboriginal spiritualities

Syllabus Notes

Aboriginal spirituality as How Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the dreaming

determined by the dreaming The dreaming connects the physical world, the human world and the sacred world connecting all aspects of aboriginal spirituality.

Kinship:
Kinship refers to the highly sophisticated networks of relationships that govern interaction between members of aboriginal clans
Kinship is the fabric of aboriginal society because everything and everyone is related, Kinship is associated with the obligations one
needs to observe when relating to others. These obligations form a part of aboriginal law.

Ceremonial life:
Ceremonies play a role in maintaining spiritual beliefs and cultural practices. Many ceremonies are concerned with describing the aspects
of the dreaming and retelling stories of traditions and practices.ceremonies ensure that vital components of the lores and the dreaming
stay intact. They provide a time and place where communities work together to maintain and ensure the ongoing survival of spiritual and
cultural beliefs.
-​ Ceremonies can take on many different forms. Some are very private and involve only certain families within a language group,
while others involve all people belonging to the language group.

Obligations to the land and people:​

Sacred sites which are specific parts of the land are connected with particular events in the dreaming. Aboriginal people have ritual
responsibilities to take care of, and learn from sacred sites. For example, this is done through balance rites which aim for the proiferaton
of a particular animal, plant or natural phenomena that is connected with a particular spirit being from the dreaming.
-​ Aboriginal people also have very important obligations to one another. These vary within kinship groups and members within that
group. As aboriginal society is an all inclusive network of reciprocal obligations of giving and receiving which reinforce bonds of
kinship

Issues for aboriginal Issues for aboriginal spiritualities in relation to:

spiritualities in relation to: The effect of dispossession:
-​ The effect of The continuing effect of dispossession on aboriginal spiritualities in relation to:​
dispossession Separation from the land:
-​ The land rights -​ Dispossession is the forced removal of Aboriginal people from their land
movement -​ Separation from the land is forceful removal from a fundamental aspects of the dreaming + identity
-​ Leads to loss of independence culture, identity and spiritual world
-​ Land contains dreaming and is therefore needed to communicate it
-​ Inextricable connection broken → loss of identity, obligation, responsibility, independence and ritual estate (sacred sites)
-​ Loss of identity, kinship and dreaming
Separation from kinship groups:
-​ Forceful removal → breaking down of kinship groups
-​ Loss of identity
-​ Breaks family ties
-​ Disconnection of children from heritage
-​ Loss of roles, religion, ceremony, culture (physical aspect of the dreaming)
-​ Social problems - Demoralization due to loss of identity
-​ Loss of language and law
The stolen generations:
-​ Aboriginal children removed from homes from late 1800’s to 1972 by government policy(attempts to assimilate)
-​ 100,000 children removed
-​ Degrading form of humiliation
-​ Attempt to prohibit and destroy the culture
-​ Land, identity, culture, totems, kinship, ceremonies permanently damaged due to interrupting the natural flow of aboriginal culture

The land rights movement

-​ What is it? The land rights movement was a spiritual-political movement to secure the rights of Aboriginal people to their land and
ensure their cultural and spiritual integrity is preserved
-​ What is its purpose? An attempt to reconnect Aboriginal spirituality to the dreaming
-​ History: It started in 1966 when Aboriginal people demanded better wages, 10 years later the first Aboriginal Land Rights act
secured the Aboriginal people’s rights to own land. In the 1950s the Aboriginal struggle for justice became heavily focused on land
rights. Since then Aboriginals have taken many actions, both against governments and in the courts.
-​ Land rights attempts: The 1966 Wave Hill Protest inspired national change in the form of equal wages for
-​ Aboriginal workers, as well as a new land rights act. (Led by Vincent Lingiari)
-​ What is its purpose? Native title allows Aboriginals to have the recognition that the land was taken from them and thus allows for
the continuing protection of customs and practices of the aboriginal peoples
Mabo:
-​ Who? Edward Koiki Mabo was an Indigenous Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for
What is it? The Mabo Case was a significant legal case in Australia that recognised the land rights of the Meriam people,
 traditional owners of the Murray IslandsIndigenous land rights in Australia
-​ The case challenged two perspectives of the Australian legal system: That Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples had no
concept of land ownership before colonisation. As well as That British sovereignty over Australia surrendered the ownership of all
land to the Crown and abolished any existing rights to land
Native Title Act 1993:
-​ What is it? Native title is the recognition that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have rights and interests to land and
waters according to their traditional law and customs as set out in Australian Law.
-​ Why was it introduced: Native title was introduced into law as a result of the historic Mabo decision in which the High Court ruled
that Australia was not terra nullius

Wik:
-​ What is it? The Wik Decision was a 1996 High Court ruling in Australia about land rights. It decided that native title, the traditional
land rights of Indigenous Australians, could CO EXIST on land leased by the government for other purposes, like farming.
-​ Purpose: To clarify land rights and who has the right to use certain lands.
-​ Why was it introduced? There was confusion over whether native title could still apply on land used for things like farming or cattle
leases.
-​ What has it achieved? It recognized that native title and other land uses could coexist, strengthening the legal rights of Indigenous
Australians to their traditional lands.

The importance of the dreaming for the land rights movements

The dreaming is an essential component of the land rights movement, The land rights movement has restored (limited) access to
ancestral lands that enables the dreaming to become a reality again. It is the dreaming itself that makes the success of land rights and
native title claims possible. It is the existence of dreaming sites and the possession of dreaming knowledge that forms the basis of land
claims. It is the stories, songs, dances and sacred objects relating to the dreaming that act as ’evidence’ to forward the land rights
movement and reclaim land.

Religious expression in Australia - 1945 to the present

Syllabus Notes

The religious landscape from The religious landscape from 1945 to the present in relation to:
1945 to the present in relation The changing patterns of religious adherence
to: The changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to present using census data:​
-​ The changing patterns Sats:​
of religious adherence Christianity → most common religion in Australia 43.9%.
-​ The current religious catholicism is the largest christian grouping in Australia, accounting for almost a quarter (20%) of the Australian population
landscape No religion → 38.9%
Islam → 3.2%
Hinduism → 2.7%
Buddhism → 2.4%
Judaism → 0.5%
Advantages of census data:
-​ Census religion data shows a characteristic of Australia that has changed significantly over the past two decades.
-​ Knowing religious affiliation supports local planning for facilities, goods and services for Australians who identify as religious and
helps them to live according to their beliefs

The current religious landscape

The present religious landscape in Australia in relation to:

Christianity as the major religious tradition:

Christianity remains the main religion in australia due to
-​ The first fleet arrival and post first fleet settlers bringing a majority of anglican settlers as well as other christian denominations
(presbytarian, methodist and catholic from irish convicts)
-​ immigration restriction act 1901 making european migrants the only people allowed to enter australia. This brought more christian
adherents ensuring the religious demographic to remain the same for the next 50 years
-​ Due to early settlers being christian, these people enforced law and government which is based upon christian ideals. For
example public holidays are based around the christian calendar
-​ Post ww2 in the second half of the 20th century migrants from eastern europe (greece, germany, italy and serbia) came to
australia increasing christian diversity
Stats
australia's largest christian denominations continue to be the
-​ catholic church with 20% of the population
-​ anglican church with 9.8%
2016 to 2021 declines
-​ Christianity remains the dominant religion in Australia. However the number of people with christian affiliation has decreased from
70.9% to 48.9%.
-​ large churches such as anglican have lost large members due to aging population, low birth rate and secularism
 -​ however catholicism remains steady due to immigration

Immigration:
Reasons for migration
since 1945, australia has seen significant waves of migration from diverse religious backgrounds due to:
-​ Global conflicts: migration in order to escape danger such as war
-​ Economic opportunities: people entering australia to find better job opportunities and improve standard of living
-​ Changes in migration policy: in the aftermath of WW2 around 1 million Europeans were displaced from their country of origin. This
led to the australian government signing an agreement with international refugee organisation in july 1947 to arrange transport,
accommodation and employment for 4000 displaced people
History of migration
-​ After WW1 migration was from england, ireland, scotland which consisted of christian adherents (mostly anglican and catholic)
-​ After WW2 other European nations were encouraged to migrate to australia. This brought other christian denominations to
australia such as eastern orthodox.
-​ After the vietnam war, australia received a wave of southeast asians which their arrival contributed to the growth of buddhism and
Hinduism as indians and fijians began to arrive in this period as well.
-​ With the relaxation of the white australia policy in the 1950’s and its abolition in 1973, Australia saw an increase in diversity of
faiths. Adherents from non-christian religious traditions have arrived for humanitarian reasons, or for economic opportunities.
Including middle eastern migration, south and east asian migration as well as african and middle eastern migration.
Main effects of migration
The main effect has been an increase in the diversity of religious expression in australia. This is reflected in increased diversity of
christian denominations and increased number of adherents to non-christian religious traditions.
Stats
-​ In 2021 main religions other that christianity were islam, hinduism and buddhism
-​ Buddhism had a steady increase due to the arrival of Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s.

Denominational switching:
What is it:
denominational switching is when christian adherents switch from one denomination of christianity to another to suit their own personal
needs, this is due to there becoming a lower focus on loyalty to certain churches due to growing individualism in society and personal
lives → stats: national church survey data shows that 3 in 10 people changed their current church in the past 5 years
Why do people switch to these denominations?
Catholic church:
-​ People like the beautiful ceremonies and old traditions
 -​ many come from Anglican or similar churches
-​ many people appeal to the teachings of the church
→ trends: Some want the order and respectfulness of Catholicism compared to simpler churches.
Eastern orthodox church:
-​ People are drawn to the old traditions
-​ spirituality, and unique worship style
-​ many come from Protestant or other Christian backgrounds
→ trends: It’s a small but growing choice for people who want deep, traditional faith.
Progressive protestant churches:
-​ They like to study the Bible on their own and focus on personal faith.
-​ These churches support LGBTQ+ rights, women leaders, and connecting with other religions.
-​ The worship is modern, and they care about social justice.
→ trends: These churches attract people who want their faith to match modern values.
Pentecostal churches:
-​ The worship is lively with modern music and energetic preaching.
-​ They focus on personal spiritual experiences, like speaking in tongues or miracles.
-​ There’s a strong sense of community, especially for young people and families.
→ trends: These churches are popular with younger people who want an emotional connection to faith.
In summary:
-​ Many people are leaving traditional protestant denominations for more dynamic, engaging or culturally relevent options like the
pentecostal church
-​ Younger generations often prefer denominations offering modern worship. This includes more music and informal settings. They
also have an emphasis on personal faith
Non denominational christianity:
-​ From 2016 to 2021, the highest increase was christianity not further defined. Representing 2.7% of Australians.
-​ An increase in this group may indicate a growing trend of people affiliating more broadly with christianity rather than specific
christian denominations

Rise of new age religions:

What is it?
-​ Spiritual beliefs or practices that are separate from traditional religions, aided at encouraging individual fulfillment and personal
happiness
-​ New age religions have no holy text, central organisation, membership etc.
-​ The network of believers who share somewhat similar beliefs are called the free flowing spiritual movement → they tend to be
 individualistic rather than focused on official doctrines. They focis on development of self instead with the notion that the divine
exists within each person.
-​ New age teachings became popular during the 1970’s as a reaction against what some perceived as the “failure” of christianity
Examples of new age religions:​
Astrology:
-​ Helps people understand themselves better through star signs and horoscopes.
-​ Makes people feel connected to something bigger, like the universe.
-​ Compared to traditional religions: It’s more flexible and doesn’t have strict rules to follow.
Yoga:
-​ Helps people feel calm and relaxed while improving their health.
-​ Teaches ways to handle stress through breathing and meditation.
-​ Compared to traditional religions: It’s more about personal well-being and less about rules or worship.
Census data:
-​ In the 2020 Australian community survey by the national church life survey found practices like engaging in meditation or
mindfulness (32%) were preferred over traditional religious activities like attending worship services (16%).
-​ This reflects a shift towards individualised and experimental forms of spirituality
Reasons for the increase in new age religions:
-​ New age religious teachings align with inclusive societal values and have a greater focus on personal fulfilment and individualism
which is increasing in society.
-​ Less focus on community (churches, parishes) → less structured and rigid due to this
-​ Disillusionment with church due to scandals/ corruption
-​ More accepted within society
-​ There are reasons that might make someone leave traditional religions and reasons that make them interested in New Age beliefs
→ these are called push and pull factors

Secularism:​
What is it?
Secularism is people who have “no religious affiliation” or people who have not stated their religious belief.
Census data:
-​ People reporting to have no religion in australia steadily increased overtime
-​ 0.2% of the population stated they had no religion in 1911
-​ In 2021, the proportion was 38.9%, an increase from 30.1% in 2016 → this increase indicates a shift away from religious and
spiritual viewpoints in australian society
Why is it increasing?
 -​ Younger people are less likely to be religious due to growing up in a different society with different values compared to how their
parents grew up
-​ Increase in scientific explinations → less need to rely on belief of religions
-​ News about scandals in religious organisations has made many lose trust in them as their values dont align with modern values
today.

Religious dialogue in multi Religious dialogue in multi faith australia

faith australia Ecumenical movements within christianity
-​ Ecumenical Ecumenism: the movement for dialogue and mutual understanding between christian churches
movements within -​ the impact of christian ecumenical movements in australia on the national council of churches and NSW ecumenical council
christianity
-​ Interfaith dialogue Interfaith dialogue
-​ The relationship What is it?:
between aboriginal Interfaith dialogue is a process that seeks to achieve respect and mutual understanding between people of different religions. Eg.
spiritualities and Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism
religious traditions in Definition:
the process of Communication between different religious traditions
reconciliation Purpose of interfaith dialogue:
-​ Aims for a more harmonious community
-​ Aims for cohesion as we are a multifaith society and need to be aware of our differences
-​ promotes harmony, understanding and communication between religions

key interfaith dialogue initiatives in Australia.

Initiative What is it? Purpose Activities

Australian Council of Christians an interfaith organization that -​ It plays a key role in -​ They hold the annual
and Jews fosters dialogue and strengthening Kristallnacht
understanding between the relationships between Commemoration which
Christian and Jewish Christians and Jews in is an interfaith gathering
communities in Australia. It Australia. that includes speeches,
aims to promote mutual -​ Encourages broader prayers, and reflections
respect, combat prejudice, and societal harmony by to honor victims of the
 encourage cooperation on modeling respect and holocaust, promote
social and ethical issues. open communication. awareness of
antisemitism, and
emphasize the
importance of interfaith
unity in combating hate.

Columban Centre for Australian-based organization -​ To promote positive -​ They hold the Youth
Christian-Muslim Relations dedicated to fostering mutual relationships between PoWR (Parliament of
understanding, respect, and Christians and Muslims. the World’s Religions)
dialogue between Christians -​ To counter event.
and Muslims. misunderstandings and -​ This gathering brings
prejudice through together young people
education and dialogue. from diverse faiths,
including Christians and
Muslims, to discuss
topics like social justice,
peacebuilding, and
interfaith harmony.
-​ Participants share
perspectives, engage in
dialogue, and
collaborate on actions to
promote mutual respect
and understanding in
their communities.

Affinity Intercultural Foundation Australian organization founded -​ To encourage social -​ Holds their annual
in 2001 that promotes cohesion and harmony Ramadan Friendship
intercultural and interfaith through dialogue and Dinner.
dialogue. It focuses on building education. -​ This event invites
bridges between people of -​ To address stereotypes people from diverse
different cultures and religions, and promote positive cultural and religious
with an emphasis on fostering relationships between backgrounds to share
 mutual respect and diverse communities. an Iftar (breaking of the
understanding in a multicultural fast) meal during
society. Ramadan.
-​ It includes speeches,
cultural performances,
and opportunities for
dialogue, fostering
understanding and
connections between
Muslim and non-Muslim
communities.
Example of interfaith dialogue
1.​ G20 Interfaith Summit (Gold Coast, 2014)
-​ A global gathering where religious leaders and scholars from different faiths discussed how religious cooperation can contribute to
global economic and social challenges.
-​ This exemplifies interfaith dialogue by fostering mutual understanding and collaboration between religions on international issues

2.​ Lindt cafe Interfaith Prayer service

-​ Following the 2014 Sydney siege, religious leaders from various faiths united in a public prayer service, demonstrating interfaith
solidarity and support for peace.
-​ This is an example of interfaith dialogue in times of crisis, promoting social cohesion and harmony.

3.​ Burmese in Sydney Australia come together to pray for peace in Myanmar
-​ Burmese Australians of different religious backgrounds gathered to pray for peace in Myanmar
-​ showing interfaith cooperation in advocating for justice and human rights beyond Australia’s borders.

The relatioinship between aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the process of reconciliation
examine the relationship between Aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the process of Reconciliation
Definition of Reconciliation
-​ The process of healing relationships between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous Australians.
-​ Based on mutual respect, understanding, and acknowledging past injustices.
 Importance of Religious Traditions in Reconciliation
-​ Recognises past wrongs, promoting respect and inclusivity.
-​ Supports the revival of Aboriginal spiritualities, which were suppressed due to colonisation and government policies.

Christian Contributions
1.​ National Council of Churches (2006) – “Make Indigenous Poverty History” Campaign
→Aimed to address poverty, improve education, and promote reconciliation for Indigenous Australians.
→Acknowledged the importance of Aboriginal spirituality and supported Indigenous-led theology.
2.​ National Reconciliation Week (May 27 – June 3, annually)
→A Christian-supported event that raises awareness of past injustices and ongoing reconciliation efforts.
→Includes church services, educational programs, and public events to promote healing.
3.​ Caritas Australia – Indigenous Support Programs
→ Provides financial aid, healthcare, and community programs to Indigenous Australians.
→ Focuses on healing the trauma caused by the Stolen Generations and forced assimilation policies.

Buddhist Contributions
1.​ Buddhist Peace Fellowship
→ Advocates for social justice, peace, and Indigenous rights in Australia.
→ Supports Aboriginal-led initiatives that preserve cultural and spiritual traditions.
2.​ Buddhist AA Program for Aboriginals
→ Provides addiction recovery support for Indigenous Australians, incorporating spiritual healing alongside therapy.

Christianity
Syllabus Notes scripture references

Significant people and ideas Significant people and ideas

●​ The contribution to ●​ The contribution to christianity of one significant person or school of thought, other than jesus, drawn from: Pau l of
christianity of one tarsus
significant person or explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus
school of thought, other Paul of Tarsus
than jesus, drawn from:
-​ Paul of tarsus contributions Explanations Contributions of St Paul presentations
●​ The effect of that
Foundational christian Paul's letters and teachings develop and form basic christian beliefs and christian doctrine on: salvation
person OR on
beliefs and teachings through jesus death and resurection, and jesus as divine (saviour/messiah)
christianity
1.​ Salvation
-​ Jesus' death and resurection saves all people from sin and evil. This is due to Jesus overcoming sin
and death through his resurrection. Therefore All who believe in him will be saved and raised to
eternal life. (Romans 10:9-10 - “Jesus is Lord,” and believe in your heart that God raised him from
the dead, you will be saved)
-​ Salvation is offered to all people. In Christ, there is no distinction between Jew and Gentile. All are
saved through faith in Christ as equals rather than in observance of jewish laws and customs
(Galatians 3:28 - “There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and
female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.).
→ Justification
-​ Protestants believe Christians are saved by faith alone and not by good works. This is called
Justification – by faith alone are you saved. Protestant denominations base their teachings of
justification by faith on Paul’s letters (Romans 3:23-24).
2.​ Paul's teachings on jesus as devine/ messiah
-​ After Jesus’s death and resurrection there was a lack of clarity on whether Jesus was human or
divine. → through his letters, St Paul brought light to this by teaching what was revealed to him and
by affirming the key belief of the church; Jesus is both divine and human which can be seen
throughout his teachings.
-​ St Paul was the first to affirm jesus’ divine and human nature (through his ability to walk on earth he
is human but his ability to perform miracles and resurrection he is divine), thus affirming the
foundational belief of the church which forms the basis of other principal beliefs (salvation, trinity
ect.)
Quotes:
Romans 1:3-4 - was appointed the Son of God in power by his resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our
Lord.”
-​ Refers to Jesus as the son of God who has divine power --> resurrection reflecting his divine and the
messianic and also as human --> earthly life

The letters of St Paul -​ Paul wrote about jesus in his letters→ being a primary source of foundational beliefs on jesus and
record on the work of the early church
-​ The letters documented and wrote down jesus teachings, without this christianity wouldnt have
 devloped to what it is today → paul acknowledges the old testament jewish writings, illustrating his
own teachings in the passages aswell
-​ He wrote the letters to teach about jesus christ, to correct errors in his teachings or practice and
encourage authentic christian livings → being a substitute of paul's presence today
-​ The content of these letters is extremely significant to the evolution of Christianity and the Christian
Church as they are the primary source of the principle beliefs and foundational ethics and morals as
conveyed by Jesus Christ, adapted to different audiences revealing the Gospel to adherents.
Quotes:
1 Corinthians 9:22 – “I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save
some.”•
-​ This reflects his missionary strategy of adapting to different audiences to spread the Gospel.
Galatians 1:11-12 - "I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that the gospel I preached is not of human
origin. I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it; rather, I received it by revelation from Jesus
Christ."
-​ Paul explicitly states that his teachings come directly from divine revelation, not human invention

Building the universal 1.​ Pauls establishment of the early church communities
church -​ St. Paul played a crucial role in establishing early Christian communities through his missionary
journeys across the Roman Empire → He preached the message of Jesus Christ to both Jews and
Gentiles, emphasizing faith in Christ over adherence to Jewish law.
→ 1st journey: from cyprus paul goes to jerusalem (he got stoned but survived)
→ 2nd journey: to syria, through greece and back to jerusalem
→ 3rd journey: from galatia to ephesus (where he was imprisoned in rome)
-​ He chose the first elders of the Church and wrote letters on how they should practice their faith and
worship. (Paul founded churches in key cities such as Corinth, Ephesus, and Philippi, appointing
leaders to guide them.)
-​ Paul influenced the Council of Jerusalem to accept the conversion of Gentiles. He advocated that
Gentile Christians do not need to observe to Jewish religious practices → the decision to remove
Jewish practices for Gentiles allowed the early Church to grow and expand faster. (His influence
established how christianity is taught today to different denominations, shaping Christian theology
and practice, and laying the foundation of the early church.)
Quotes:​
1 Corinthians 12:12-26 - “just as a body, though one, has many parts, but all its many parts form one body,
 so it is with christ (...) whether jews or gentiles, slave or free”
-​ We are all part of ONE church even if we have different backgrounds, with all having different roles
but all significant to the success and unity of the church.
-​ If one part of the Church suffers, the whole Church suffers.

The church as the body -​ Educates the Christian community about what the Body of Christ represents → Explains that the
of christ body of christ is not just referring to the bread that we eat during the Eucharist but it is also used as
a metaphorical symbol for the value of diversity of the Church
-​ Further emphasises the significant truths about the church to help adherents better understand the
value of diversity within the church community.
Quotes:
Romans 12:4-5 - “For as in one body we have many members and not all the members have the same
function, so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and individually we are members one of another.”
-​ We are all part of ONE church even if we have different backgrounds
-​ We all have different roles in the Church → All roles are important for the Church to succeed,
therefore If one part of the Church suffers, the whole Church suffers.​

Christian ethical 1.​ Christian love

teachings -​ Paul’s teachings on Christian love and generosity significantly shaped the foundation of Christian
ethics and community life. His emphasis on selfless love and charitable giving continues to influence
Christian values and practices today.
-​ This is shown/ reinforced through Paul's actions during his journeys → He risked his life multiple
times to spread the message of Christ, showing that his love for the people he served was more
important than his own safety or comfort.
-​ By spreading what he knew was christian love, Paul’s teachings inspired early Christian
communities to care for the poor, support widows and orphans, and extend hospitality (principles
that remain core to Christian practice worldwide)
Quotes:
Galatians 3:28 - “There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for
you are all one in Christ Jesus.”
-​ This demonstrates the inclusive nature of the Christian faith, as all are in one body and one Spirit
regardless of their individual identity, aligning itself with Jesus’ commandment of love.
1 Corinthians 13: 4-5 - “Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud.
-​ His message encourages believers to give freely, joyfully, and without hesitation, embodying the
 spirit of Christ in their interactions → This foundation of love and generosity was crucial in shaping
the early Christian community,taught that love is not just an emotion but an active commitment to the
well-being of others.

Rituals 1.​ Baptism

-​ Paul accepts Baptism as an initiation ritual into the Christian Church, leading to adherents becoming
God’s child and thus receiving the promise of salvation and resurrection.
-​ He promotes Baptism as a ritual which sanctifies and purifies the individual - establishing it as a sign
of faith and commitment to Christ
-​ Other religions: He establishes it as a “spiritual circumcision” ritual in which the stain of sin is cut
away from the individual.
Quote:​
Romans 6 “We were therefore buried with him through Baptism into death in order that.... we may too live a
new life.”
-​ He also establishes it as a “spiritual circumcision” ritual in which the stain of sin is cut away from the
individual, depicted when he writes in
-​ helps adherents undergo a spiritual rebirth, especially for Baptists who practise credobaptism, to
overcome sinful ways and enter into self-forgiveness and sanctification
-​ Baptism being viewed as a rebirth; cleansing and purifying ritual of the body and soul as well as
rebirth into the christian community
2.​ Eucharist
-​ Paul believed that the Lord’s supper must be celebrated with respect → that practicing the Eucharist
without reverence and contemplation is a sin against God
-​ emphasises how it reminds the person of Christ’s sacrifice in His death and resurrection
-​ With these beliefs, Paul has had a widespread contribution to the way that the Eucharist is
celebrated reverently in mainly Catholic and Orthodox churches,
Quote:
1 Corinthians 11:23-27 “do this in memory of me”
-​ Paul's scribing of Jesus’ actions on the night of the Last supper has contributed to how Catholics
celebrate the Eucharist during mass.
-​ The words “do this in memory of me” and the recital of the breaking of the bread are fundamental in
commencing the ritual and come from St Paul and continue to be used in the modern church.
1 Corinthians 11:27 “ “whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be
 guilty of sinning against the body and blood of the Lord,”
-​ Paul's belief of respect during the eucharist has contributed to the reverence that the ritual is shown
in the present. Nowadays the eucharist is presented in reverent silence, with adherents reverently
genuflecting before receiving the body of Christ.

●​ The effect of that person on christianity (Paul of Tarsus)

analyse the impact of this person (Paul of Tarsus) on Christianity
Long term Impacts:
-​ His emphasis of certain rituals made them significant to the church → teachings from the christian beliefs of baptism
-​ Set the foundation and structure of the church today → brought together multiple communities around the world, forming/ setting
up christian europe (not just jewish church)
-​ Formed christian understanding of modern day beliefs → salvation through jesus christ (romans 10:9-1, galatians 3:28) → that
are further developed by other great teachers of christianity (luther) include protestant beliefs of justification “saved by faith”

Ethics Ethics
●​ ONE of the following Ethics
areas of ethical -​ Are a system of moral principales (ideas and values of right and wrong that control and guide a person's behaviour)
teaching in christianity -​ These are based on principles and teachings given by parents, society, religion, culture, media and so on.
-​ Bioethics -​ E.g religion: commandments, beatitudes, commandment of love
Setting out a response
-​ Para one: general ethical teaching (what is the teaching and back with quotes)
-​ Para two: applied to a bioethical issue (apply that teaching to a specific bioethical issue)
-​ Para three: Variants or denominations (the way other denominations apply that teaching/ view)
●​ One of the following areas of ethical teaching in christianity
Bioethics
-​ Bioethics refers to the branch of ethics regarding to the human body e.g medical issues such as abortion, IVF, organ transplant
ect
-​ Christian ethical teachings on the human body:
→ humans are created in the image and likeness of god (Genesis 1:27) humans are a creation of god, all human nature comes
from god which gives them dignity and allows them to be SAVED as they are made purely of god.
→ the human body is the temple of the holy spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19) humans have the holy spirit and our bodies should not be
tampered with to remain with that spirit, in order to live out our faith.
 Christianity stance on bioethical issues: Christianity and Bioethical Issues - Summary → RESPONSE STRUCTURE AT THE
BOTTOM OF PAGE

Significant practices in the life Significant practices in the life of adherents

of adherents ●​ ONE significant practice within christianity: baptism
●​ ONE significant Describe ONE significant practice within baptism
practice within
christianity
symbol belief
-​ baptism
water -​ symbolises cleansing/ removal of sin and purification of the soul
-​ rebirth into a new life
-​ Water is a symbol of life
-​ Belief in god as the creator of the universe and the breathings of god's spirit over the water (one is
reborn of water and the spirit)

candle -​ Use of paschal candle represents jesus’ knowledge/presence (light) vs ignorance (dark)
-​ Represents “recieving the light of christ”

White garment -​ Putting on clothes represents accepting and coming into purity, new life
-​ White signifies life and purity → symbolises putting on (being clothed) with christ → christ is niw
living through them as adherents (put on christ)

oil -​ Anointing with oil means to belong to God

-​ Strengthens and heals
-​ Symbolises strength from the lord as the adherent ensures faith (and healing)
-​ Strength is used to assist the adherent in turning away from sin and commit to a life in spirit

Sign of the cross: words of -​ “I baptise you in the name of the father, son, spirit”--> trinity
baptism

Sponsors or godparents -​ Provides guidance of the church, helping those being baptised to be good christians.
Catholic Baptism
What do Catholics believe about baptism?
-​ Baptism is a sacrament that cleanses Original Sin and initiates the person into the Church. It is necessary for salvation (John 3:5
 “No one can enter the kingdom of God unless they are born of water and the Spirit”). Marking the beginning of a lifelong
commitment to faith, leading to other sacraments like Holy Communion and Confirmation.
Significant Practice: The White Garment and Candle
-​ After baptism with water, the person is clothed in a white garment, symbolising purity, rebirth, and being spiritually ‘clothed in
Christ’ The godparents light a baptismal candle from the Paschal candle, representing Jesus as the ‘light of the world’ This act
signifies the responsibility of parents and godparents to nurture the child’s faith. And the candle is a reminder that the baptised
person must carry the light of Christ throughout their life.

Anglican Baptism
What do Anglicans believe about baptism?
-​ Baptism is both a sacrament and an ordinance, which means it is spiritually meaningful but not essential for salvation. It is a
public act of welcome into the Christian community representing spiritual cleansing and renewal.
Significant Practice: The Use of Water
-​ Water is central in Anglican baptism, symbolising purification and rebirth. The officiant either uses aspersion, affusion or
immerses the person in water. This practice follows Jesus’ own baptism (Mark 1:9-11) and his command in Matthew 28:19.

Uniting Church Baptism

What do Uniting Church members believe about baptism?
-​ Baptism is an ordinance, meaning it is an outward sign of faith instead of “recieving grace”. It is a symbolic commitment rather
than necessary for salvation. The community plays a major role in supporting the baptised individual’s faith journey.
Significant Practice: The Role of the Community
-​ Parents, godparents, and the church pledge to support and guide the baptised person in their faith journey. The entire Church
affirms their commitment to fostering Christian values in the individual’s life. highlighting the importance of communal faith rather
than just individual spirituality.

Orthodox Baptism
What do Orthodox Christians believe about baptism?
-​ Baptism is a sacrament that washes away sin and fully incorporates the person into the Church. It is necessary for salvation and
represents dying and rising with Christ (Matthew 28:19).
Significant Practice: Full Immersion in Water + chrism oil
-​ Orthodox baptism always involves triple immersion, symbolising Christ’s death, burial, and resurrection.
The priest fully submerged the infant (or adult) in the baptismal font three times, invoking the Trinitarian formula. The person is also
anointed with chrism oil, sealing them with the Holy Spirit.
Pentecostal Baptism
What do Pentecostals believe about baptism?
-​ It is only performed on believers who make a personal commitment to Christ (Credobaptism). Being a public testimony of faith,
showing that the person has chosen to follow Jesus.
Significant Practice: Full Immersion as a Public Declaration
-​ Baptism is always performed by full immersion, symbolising complete surrender to Christ. The act of going under the water
represents dying to sin, and emerging represents new life in Christ (Romans 6:4). The baptismal candidate often shares a
personal testimony before being baptised.

Demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of christianity

Trinity:
-​ the baby is immersed into the holy water three times for Orthodox Christians
-​ “I baptise you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit”
-​ Holy water is used on the individual three times in general, whether immersion, aspersion or affusion, representing Trinity
Jesus’ death and resurrection
-​ the Baptismal font represents the tomb
-​ the immersion and resurfacing of the person represents death of old life with sin and resurrection into new life with Jesus Christ
-​ water is a symbol of cleansing life of sin, therefore the use of water represents “dying and rising to new life with Christ”
-​ the candles used in Baptism for the individual to “receive the light of Christ” (Paschal Candle) is also used on Easter, thus linking
the resurrection to Baptism
Jesus as divine and human
-​ emerging from water represents Jesus’ resurrection and thus his divinity as that aspect of his life was divine
-​ immersion into the water represents Jesus’ death which is the aspect of his humanity reflected in the rite
-​ Matthew 28:18 - Jesus is granted all authority in heaven and earth, thus, showing his humanity (earth) and divinity (heaven)
-​ “Go baptise all the nations in the name of the Father, Son and Spirit”
Salvation
-​ Catholics: in order to achieve salvation, baptism is required.
-​ Catholics: you are welcomed into the Christian Community
-​ baptism cleanses the original sin (PRIMARILY FOR TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS)
-​ gives a new covenant to the newly baptised person.
-​ water as a symbol for salvation ; “the saving waters of Baptism”
-​ water = symbol of cleansing from sin… being cleansed from sin means you can enter Heaven immediately after Baptism =
salvation in eternal life with God
-​ CCC 1257
 -​ the lord himself affirms that baptism is necessary for salvation, requires his disciples to proclaim gospels and baptise nations.
-​ CCC 1213
-​ baptism is the basis of life, This part of the Catechism states that through Baptism, adherents are freed from sins and reborn as
members of Christ
Revelation (the bible)
-​ For Protestants, the individual chooses when they wish to be Baptised as they grow old (credobaptism), which typically occurs
when the individual has some sort of epiphany or revelation that guides them towards deciding to be baptised.
-​ The sacrament of baptism emulates Jesus’s baptism where he is revealed as the Son of God. Links to the Baptism of Jesus in
the Bible (Luke 3:21-22)
-​ Matthew 28:19-20 - Go Baptise all the nations in the name of the father, son and the holy spirit. (the commission of jesus)
-​ St Paul - Paul speaks on Baptism in the Bible (Bible = revelation therefore Paul’s speech on Baptism = revelation)

Analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the christian community
baptism- significance on individual and christian community

Significance to the individual

-​ Through baptism, it Initiates an individual into a new set of beliefs and a new religion, worldview, and faith (way of believing) →
e.g giving meaning to life
-​ Cleanses an individual of original sin
-​ Allows an individual to fulfill the new covenant (through beginning a stronger relationship between god through initiation ino
entering new life with christ)
-​ Gives the individual salvation from sin and knowledge of jesus christ
-​ Makes them a part of church and one with christ
Scripture:
1 Corinthians 12:13: "For we were all baptized by one Spirit so as to form one body—whether Jews or Gentiles, slave or free—and we
were all given the one Spirit to drink."
-​ highlights Baptism’s significance for the individual by emphasizing unity with Christ and the Church through the Holy Spirit. It
signifies spiritual rebirth, regardless of background, reinforcing that all believers are equal and share in the same faith.

John 3:5: “Jesus answered, ‘Very truly I tell you, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless they are born of water and the Spirit.’
-​ This passage shows that Baptism is essential for salvation, as it represents spiritual rebirth through water and the Holy Spirit,
allowing the individual to enter God’s kingdom.

Romans 6:1-12: “We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead
through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life.”
-​ This passage emphasizes that Baptism unites the individual with Christ’s death and resurrection, symbolizing the cleansing of sin
and a new life dedicated to God.
Contemporary example:​
Believer’s Baptism in Pentecostal Churches
-​ In Pentecostal traditions, such as Hillsong Church, Believer’s Baptism is practiced
-​ This is where individuals consciously choose to be baptized as a public declaration of faith. (craedobaptism)
-​ This highlights Baptism’s significance for the individual as it represents personal commitment and choice to enter spiritual
transformation, and receiving the Holy Spirit → reinforcing their identity as a Christian.

Significance to the community

-​ Represents the individual joining the community in the church
-​ Beliefs are passed on, expanding the community of faith/ church (welcoming new members to the church)
-​ church/community comes together to celebrate the sacraments/ practice
-​ Unity of faith through expressing beliefs together (bringing community stronger together)
-​ Declaration of commitment to the church
-​ Presents an opportunity for those to obey jesus command to baptise others
Scripture:
Matthew 28:19: “Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy
Spirit.”
-​ This passage highlights Baptism’s significance for the Christian community as it establishes the practice as a key mission of the
Church, uniting believers worldwide and ensuring the continuation of the faith through discipleship.
Contemporary example:​
Catholic Infant Baptism
-​ In the Catholic Church, Infant Baptism is a common practice where a child is baptized into the faith (paedobaptism)
-​ This is typically done with parents and godparents present.
-​ This emphasizes Baptism’s role in the Christian community, as it welcomes the child into the Church, unites them with the body of
Chris
-​ Therefore reinforcing the community’s ability of following God's command of spreading the faith of Jesus onto infants (at the
beginning of someone's life).
-​ Therefore ensuring their faith continues across generations. Creating new members of the church to pass on faith in the future
 Islam
Syllabus Notes

Significant people and Ideas Significant people and Ideas

Significant person syllab… Contribution to islam of Rabi’a al-Adawiyya Rabia quotes.docx
●​ Contribution to islam of Background info/ context
Rabi’a al-Adawiyya -​ lived in Basra, Iraq between the years 95 A.H. and 99 A.H.
●​ The effect that person -​ She was born into proverty
on islam -​ After her father’s death, there was a famine in Basra, and during that she was separated from her family. She was then taken by
the robbers and sold into slavery.
-​ In slavery after finishing her chores Rabia would turn to meditation and prayers and praising the Lord → spending her nights in
prayer as well as fasting
-​ According to legend, her master saw her deep in prayer one night with the divine light surrounding her. impressed by her faith
she was then set free by him.
-​ spiritual inclinations stemmed from an unwavering love for God, which she considered the ultimate path to the Divine. She sought
to love God for His own sake, free from the constraints of fear or reward. → as she grew up in poverty with nothing, she found
something in God's love.
-​ This deep sense of desire to connect with the divine led her to prioritize spiritual contemplation over worldly concerns.
Core beliefs and practices: divine love, worship, detachment
Concept of divine love Rabia response example
→ the idea that God should be loved for God's own sake, not out of fear or out of getting a reward (as earlier sufis - branches of islam -
had done/believed)
→ highlighting the importance of loving god selflessly in order to receive his whole love and goodness (in order to connect one's sould
with divines spirit properly)
-​ Poem: “my life, my love” (excerpt from My Joy).
Rabia devotes her entire life to the worship of Allah forgoing all material needs in an aesthetic lifestyle so she has no material
attachments to keep her from god.
-​ Poem: “my choicest hours… I will spend with you… I can't live in this world without remembering you” (my greatest need).
Her poetry reflects this intense personal relationship filled with the joy of God's presence, and the pain of seperation.
worship
→ she taught thay people should worship god out of neither fear of hell nor from hope of paradise, as she saw people prioritizing these
ideals as unworthy of god's servants.
→ believed emotions like fear and hope were veils and hindrances to the vision of god himself
-​ Poem: “I adore you out of fear of hell, burn me in hell. If I adore you out of desire for paradise, lock me out of paradise”.
In this poem/ quote, Rabia clearly teaches that paradise (jannah) or hell (jahannam) should not be the motivation to love gof but
rather the desure to know god's love and beauty should be motivation enough.
-​ Poem: “The one who tastes knows. The one who speaks, lies”.
In this poem, Rabia implies that “speaking” to Allah’s word is not enough -- the mere intellectual understanding of God and the
Quran without the genuine experience of Allah is not enough. To truly love God is to “taste” or to be so immersed in God's
presence through prayer that they are to truly “know” and love god.
detachment
→ emphasized the importance of detachment from the material world, including material possessions, social status, and even one's
own desires, in order to focus solely on God.
→ She believed that this allowed the soul to purify itself and become capable of experiencing the profound beauty and love of God (as
well as a path to inner peace and spiritual freedom)
-​ Poem: “Was granted to my prayers, That crowned me, else obscure, with endless fame”
This quote highlights the detachment from the material world; she doesnt need society to show her worth --> it means nothing.
god is the only one to make her worthy or grant her as worthy

The effect that person on islam:

Islamic goal
→ live a life of complete submission to allah
→ Devote their life to allah and completely surrender their will to allah
Rabia’s contribution to deepening the goal of muslims in their faith
Overall:
-​ She was a model of spiritual inspiration and religious practice as through her teachings (divine love), and practices (ascetic
lifestyle) rabia demonstrated how to properly know and understand islamic principal beliefs, how to strive for spiritual perfection
and how to focus on god through submission of devotion
-​
Ascetic lifestyle (detatchment/rejection of material wealth as a way to god):
-​ Rabia modelled ummah (the importance of establishing true connection between adherent and allah through her frugal and
 ascetic lifestyle → this emulated the insignificance of material wealth and the importance of constant communication with god
(which is what she experienced while living this life)
-​ Encouraged adherents to reject superficial temptations through her practice of feeling ashamed when seeking worldly things
Quote: “do not walk on earth haughtily” (qur’an 31:18)
“Religion is based on the knowledge of its followers” (Qur’an 13:28)
Doctrine of divine love:
-​ Rabias spiritual teachings in the doctrine of divine love (mahabba) are central to sufi (islamic communities) practices → She
challenged what it means to submit oneself to allah, that it is out of love for allah alone and not out of fear or hope
-​ At the time everyone was relying on muhammads teachings as he wass the only person as of yet who challenged and explored
divine love and devotion to allah
-​ Rabias teachings in her doctrine of love informed sufi theology and her poems and tachings continue to ispire and resonate with
sufi spirituality today → seen in sufi practice dhikr, which draws on rabias model of maintaining constant awareness of gods
presence and focusing attention entirel on allah
Quote: they arise from their beds and they supplicate their lord in fear and hope (Qur’an 32:16)
Teaching that gender is not a barrier:
-​ She challenged the concept of marriage/ cultural traditions of islam, it is not that she went against it as to marry and have
children is god's commandment for women and men, but she recognised it as a distraction for her submission to allah
-​ Acting as a model for different islamic lifestyles and perspectives to islamics as she explored different religious perspectives and
what that could look like for women
-​ Contemporary example” sufi women organisation: continue her example of prayerful devotion and simplicity of life lifestyle →
pursuing the perspective of not living my ‘societal expectations’ and instead carving their own path with allah to live a devotional
and spiritual life
-​ Through this rabia successfully impacts the development and understanding of islam through these organisations living out her
influence
Quote: “allah does not look at your appearance or wealth, but rather he looks at your hearts and actions” (hadith)

Ethics Describe and explain islamic ethical teachings on environmental ethics

●​ ONE of the following How to answer a response:​
areas of ethical 1. Define and explain the teaching
teaching on islam 2. Support it with a quote (hadith, qur’an)
-​ Environmental ethics 3. Apply it to enviornmental issue → application to adherents today

custodianship (khalifa) Describe and explain islamic ethical teachings on the environment
 definition explination quotes

-​ Khalifa or custidians/stewards -​ This encourages muslims to see “It is he that has made you khalifa,
describes humans as guardians of environmental care as a spiritual inheritors of earth” (quran 6:165)
the earth duty tied to their relationship with -​ Quran states that god gave human
-​ The role of khalifa is maintaining god and his creation beings the role of steward , with this
ecological balance, protecting -​ It highlights the responsibility that role giving humans the
biodiversity and ensuring natural has been ordained by allah/ allahs responsibility for god's creation,
resources are used sustainably will meaning to maintain and protect it
-​ Khalifa places humanity in a -​ Underscores thay humans are not
position of trust and responsibility rulers of the planet but are
over the earth, as humans are accountable for how they treat
entrusted by god to manage the god's creation
earth with justice
application to adherents today
-​ To live out this teaching, muslims engage in sustanable practices such as reducing plastic waste, conserving water or
participating in cleanup efforts
Example: uk based organisation ‘islamic foundation for ecology and environmentak sciences (IFEES)
-​ they promote environmental awareness through islamic teachings, lead reforistation projects and eco education programs to
countries like indonesia
-​ This helps communities fulfill this role of stewardships of the earth.

the environment is sacred and reflects its creator/ creation exists to give praise to allah Creation as sacred/ reflects allah
defentition explination quotes

-​ The environment is a reflection of -​ It is adherents responsibility to “ allah pays adoration whosoever it in the
allah, meaning it must be given the show respect to environment and heavens and whosoever is in earth” (quran
same amount of respect from not ‘dominate’ it as the environment 22:18)
adherents is an aspect of allah -​ The Qur'an states that everyone
-​ This alerts muslims about the that exists and exists on earth must
relationship between allah and the maintain their praise for the
environment → it is created by allah environment as it is an aspect of
 and so therefore reflects his allah. To maintain allahs love for
greatness, thus the environment is eternity you must pay adoration to
sacred his creation
-​ To fail to honour his sacredness is “The creation of the heavens and earth (...)
to dney the glory of allah as a are signs for those of understanding”
creator (qur’an 3:190)
-​ This perspective fosters deep
respect for nature, encouraging
believers to respect the
environment as it is stated as a
reflection of gods attributes →
becoming clear to adherents that
harming creation is a spiritual
wrong
-​ This teaching inviting muslims to
engage with the world as mindful
observers and protectors

application to adherents today

-​ Muslims can embody this teaching by spending time in nature with mindfulness, planting trees, or supporting wildlife conservation
Example: US based organisation “Green Muslims”
-​ They connect faith with environmental action by organising nature hikes, eco ramadan programs, and youth education
-​ This assists muslims see the world not just as a resource but as a spiritual classroom filled with divine signs

Creation as subject to mankind and not to be exploited

defenition explination quotes

-​ Emphasises the key idea of -​ Israf is a central belief to “The wasteful are brothers of the devils”
avoiding waste (israf) environmental ethics that promotes (qur’an 17:27)
-​ Conveys the importance of the moderation in consumption of -​ Highlights moral gravity of
balance that exists in nature, that material goods wastefulness, linking it to spiritual
nothing should be a dominator of -​ All that is created being subjected corruption
the environment other than allah.
 to humankind -​ This calls individuals to adopt
-​ While human beings have the use sustainable lifestyles, reducing their
of the resources of the world, they ecological footprint, and appreciate
do not have the right to exploit or the blessing they have without
destory it. excess
-​ Their use of the world's resources -​ By avoiding waste muslims fulfill a
should be in sustaining divine command of contributing to
responsibilities to their the preservation of the earth
guardianship “Livelihood for you as well as for all living
beings whose sustenance does not
depend on you” (quran 15:19)
-​ Human beings have a fundamental
responsibility to use the world's
resources in a way which does not
threaten the balance and harmony
that exists in the world
“Greater indeed than the creation of man is
the creation of heaven and earth” (quran
40:57)
-​ Reistablishes the fact that humans
should not manipulate or destory
the resources around them as they
are one with the environment as it
is all a creation of allah. Therefore it
is only Allah that is allowed to be
the denominator.
application to adherents today
-​ Muslims practice this teaching by minimising food waste, reusing materials, choosing eco friendly products, and for instance
during ramadan families can plan meals to avoid excess or donate leftovers to those in need
Example: Eco muslim
-​ This initiative provides practical tips on sustainable living from an islamic perspective, such as zero waste iftars, and ecoconcious
travel
-​ This helps muslims align their daily habits with prophetic examples of simplicity and balance, avoiding overconsumption
Significant practices in the life Significant practices in the life of adherents
of adherents Hajj
●​ ONE significant practice Describe one significant practice
within islam frawm from -​ The Hajj is the 5th pillar of Islam and thus compulsory (fard). However, it is only compulsory to those who are financially and
-​ hajj physically able to perform it.
-​ The hajj is a pilgrimage (physical and spiritual journey to a place of religious significance → aiming to strengthen understanding
about faith) to mecca and other sacred sites to perform certain sacred rituals in memory of the prophets and declare devotion to
allah → occurs once a year in 12th month of the islamic calendar for 5-6 days.
-​ Adherents must enter a specific state of mental purity before the hajj to embrace spirituality (state of ihram)→ do this through
wearing white garments (no matter how rich or poor), as well as shaving their head.
-​ adherents completely submit themselves to examples of prophets and their hajj in mecca by following these rituals:

day action reason

1: Circle the Ka'ba (tawaf) Muslims circle the Ka’ba 7 times. Shows submission to Allah and unity of all Muslims. The
Ka’ba is the House of God and the direction of prayer (qibla).

1: Drink from the well of Zamzam Pilgrims may drink the holy water Remembers/ symbolises Hagar’s search and prayer for
(not compulsory - sa’y) of a well. water for her son Ishmael. Symbolises Allah’s mercy and
provision → as allah answered her prayers and gave her
water from that well.

2: Mount of Mercy in Mina (Arafat) Pilgrims pray and ask for The most important day – it’s believed sins are forgiven.
forgiveness at Arafat while Follows Prophet Muhammad’s last sermon and Adam and
walking up a holy mountain Eve’s reunion which was on that mountain/ where they
begged for forgiveness to allah. → a time of personal
reflection

3: Stoning the Devil (Jamarat) Pilgrims throw 7 stones at 3 Reenacts Abraham rejecting the devil’s temptation. Shows
pillars. resistance to evil and commitment to Allah.

4: Festival of Sacrifice (Eid Pilgrims sacrifice an animal → a Commemorates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son
 al-Adha/Hady) butcher gives up an animal (to for Allah. Meat is shared with the poor, showing charity and
remain halal) equality.

5–6: Circle the Ka’ba again (final Pilgrims perform another tawaf. Marks the completion of the hajj. A way of saying farewell
tawaf) and showing continued devotion to allah

How this practice expresses the beliefs of islam

Beliefs of islam/ articles of faith (aqida):
-​ Tawhid → oneness of god
-​ Rusul → prophets
-​ Mala’ka → angels
-​ Akira → afterlife
-​ Kutubullah → book of allah (qur’an and hadith)
-​ Q’dar → predestination
How does the hajj link to the articles of faith:
Tawhid:
-​ Ihram (State of purity and putting on white clothes) allows adherents to embrace Allah through entering the state of purity to
connect closer to him and be in a mindset ready to embrace islamic faith
-​ Tawaf → circumbobulating the kaba reinforces the belief of a single impotent deity (one god), highlighting the simple minded
focus on one god. Further shown through the talbiyah prayer which highlights the focus and prayer dedicated to one god
rusul:
-​ Stoning three pillars resembles how prophet abraham stoned the devil when he was about to sacrifice ishmael
-​ Festival of sacrifice reflects how allah replaces ishmawl with a ram and told abraham to sacrifice the ram instead
-​ By performing arafat (climbing mountain of mercy) adherents model the actions of prophets, allowing adherents to take after
significant individuals who lived in the likeness of Allah and demonstrated true islamic faith by following their actions. → mt of
arafaat where muhummud proclaimed his last sermon, as well as where adam and eve begged for forgiveness, leading
adherents to believe that they will be shown mercy and forgiveness by allah here as prophets once did.
Mala’ka:
-​ jaramat → reneacts rejection of evil and complete submission to allah through stoning the pillars, showing divine guidance and
modelling actions of angels
-​ Sa’y allows adherents to renact angel Gabriel telling hagar to find the wells, linking adherents with divine goodness.
-​ Festival of sacrifice further allows adherents to sacrifice a ram, not his son. Letting adherents understand actions of angels to
understand their goodness
Akira:
-​ Final tawaf: by marking the completion of the hajj, it allows adherents to embrace its purpose which is to seek mercy and
forgiveness from allah in preparation for judgment day
-​ Mount of arafaat: allah desires to hear the prayers of adherents, this gives the faithful the ability to ask for forgiveness of sins and
reconnect with allah, this symbolises the afterlife and day of judgment as adherents succumb to allahs will
Kutubullah:
-​ Afaraaft → the journey between mountains resembles hagars journey (significant figure) to gather water for her son in the qur’an
Q’dar:
-​ Hajj reflects a “pre-destined order” that muslims believe the world can be one which is all united and all worshipping allah →
pilgrimage highlighting allahs will for adherents to become one unity.
-​ Ihram → all pilgrims are united as one by erasing their social distinctions and sucumbing to allahs will in uniting diverse beliefs
together through entering a united state of mind. → this aligns with allahs predestined will in uniting everyone.

Significance of this practice for both the individual and the muslim community
The Hajj brings communities and individuals the opportunity to participate in a practice that further strengthens the passing on of the
Islamic faith as well as highlighting focus on individual inner spirit as well as unity among diverse believers.
individual community

It is an opportunity to strengthen and improve their faith: Hajj fosters unity, oneness and support:
-​ faith is strengthened through prayer, hardship and -​ The hajj brings together muslims of all races to practice
communal unity under Allah's will. Therefore providing a their islamic faith
strong religious enviornment for an individual to -​ This is through rituals and commmon goals promoting and
understand the aspects of their faith preserving unity → fulfilling allahs will
-​ fulfilling their duty/ calling to fulfill the fifth pillar → allowing -​ Example: shown through ihram by all adherents
them to submit to allah and express spiritual beliefs of disregarding material possessions and wearing the same
islam clothes and partaking in the same actions → promoting a
A way to gain allahs mercy and forgiveness shared sense of purpose and spiritual connection
-​ For example: climbing mount arafaat and begging for Provides an opportunity to contribute to the poor
forgiveness to be shown mercy and purification by allah -​ Example: festival of sacrifice (eid al adha) muslims offer a
-​ “Whoever performs the hajj, will come home like a sacrifice of a sheep or goat and share the meat among
newborn” (hadith - bukhari 28:46) family, friends and the poor → in the festival there is also a
-​ Therefore creating a chance to be at peace with God and set amount of money to be used to help the poor buy
others/ as well as themselves clothes and foods
-​ This allows adherents to fulfill their missions under allah of
having a shared vision of unity, afterlife and faith, as well
as creating the opportunity for poor adherents to also
celebrate the hajj and not be limited by their economic
status.