Religion Trials Study

Religion in Australia Post 1945

Contemporary Aboriginal spiritualities
Discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the dreaming: kinship, ceremonial
life, obligations to the land and people

The Dreaming
Dreaming: basis of all aspects of traditional Aboriginal societies. Means our identity as
people. Basis for Aboriginal religion, law, everyday life, and understanding of the world.

Kinship - Network of relationships that bring Aboriginal people together

- Integral to Aboriginal spirituality
- Land (each clan is responsible for an area of land)
- Clans and dreaming connected through the land
- Created by ancestral beings
- Organises and defines behaviour, rights and duties
Ceremon - Stories provide continuity between the present and the Dreaming
ial life - E.g. song, dance, artworks
- Shows respect for ancestral beings
- Keeps laws and systems (created by spirits) intact
- Ceremonies are attached to particular sites
- Rite of passage: inform all of the new status of an individual
(initiation rites/funerals)
- Passing on social information: older to younger people. Elders
are custodians of social history
- Spiritual role: connect people with the Dreaming
- Personal: support friendship, personal and group activities
- Men and women have different roles
- Gender specific ceremonies
- Initiation ceremonies: teach young about laws and beliefs.
- Burial ceremonies: rite of passage from living to spiritual world.
E.g. sprinkling and smoking of coffin
- Celebration ceremonies: visiting of relatives. E.g.
dancing/artwork
Obligatio - People are inextricably connected to the land
ns to the - Source of identity
land and - Central to the Dreaming  links person to the land and objects
people within the land
- Provides responsibilities for people
- Care for land and land cares for you
- Spirits created land, people and customs
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Totem: Aboriginal people are spiritually linked to a particular animal (e.g. bird)

Ancestral beings: ancestor beings rose from earth and seas. Created the land’s features,
then returned to the land to be apart of it. (e.g. rocks, waterholes, trees). Ancestors
created land features become sacred sites.

Discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to:

separation from the land, separation from kinship groups, the Stolen Generation

Dispossession
Separation - Inability to practice culture and spirituality on their land 
from the severed links to the land
land - Ritual and ceremony is inseparably linked to the land of a
particular clan
- Destroys traditional spirituality
Separation - Denied opportunities to express religion e.g. song and dance
from - Destroyed language preservation
kinship - Lost opportunities to become accepted into Aboriginal
groups communities
- Sense of belonging lost
- Connection with kinship heritage and Native Title claims made
difficult
The Stolen - Children only exposed to white culture
Generation - Lost contact with families, land, culture
- Lost ability to speak their own language
- Further consequences e.g. learning issues, mental health issues,
unemployment, economic disadvantage, drug/alcohol problems,
psychological and emotional problems

Outline the importance of the following for the Land Rights movement: Native Title,
Mabo, Wik

Land Rights Movement

Mabo - Australian high court judgement in the Mabo vs QLD case, 1992
(1992) - Murray (Mer) Island people  led by Eddie Mabo
- Sought title to their traditional lands
- Overturned Terra Nullius (‘land belonging to nobody’)
- Affirmed Aboriginals were native to and had ownership
over the Australian land pre-colonisation
Native - Native Title act of 1993
Title - Legislation for the Mabo decision (put it into law)
(1993) - Recognised existence of Native Title in law
- Laid guidelines and structures by which Indigenous people could
pursue Native Title
- Successful claim: show they’ve maintained a traditional connection
with the particular land

Wik - Handed down by the High Court in 1996

(1996) - Extends Mabo to pastoral leased land (extension of Mabo)
- Native title could co-exist with a pastoral lease
- 42% of Australia covered by pastoral leases  gave many
Aboriginals right of access to traditional lands from which they had
been previously locked out of
- Receive access to the traditional lands, but not owning the
land
- Set back in Land Rights Movement
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Analyse the importance of the Dreaming for the Land Rights Movement

Land Rights Movement and the Dreaming

- Aboriginal spirituality is inextricably connected to the land
- Aboriginal spirituality is lived and renewed through the land e.g. rituals at certain
sites, art, totemic responsibility
- The Dreaming is the driving force for the Land Rights Movement

Religious expression in Australia – 1945 to the present

Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census
data

Census Data
2021 Australian Census Data
Most common - Christianity (43.9%)  all variations added together
religions/groupi - No religion (38.9%)
ngs - Islam (3.2%)
- Buddhism (2.4%)
Key findings - Steady decline in affiliations with Christianity (past 50 years)
- Consistent rise in ‘other religions’ and ‘no religion’ (last 20
years)
- Hinduism is the fastest growing (due to immigration)
- Increase in Islamic affiliation (also due to immigration)
- Almost 10 million report having no religion in 2021
2021 compared - Christianity decreased by 1 million people since 2016
to 2016 - Christianity decreased percentage (52.1% - 43.9%  almost
10%)
- Increase ‘other religions’ (8.2% - 10%)
- Increase ‘no religion’ (30.1% - 38.9%)
- Attributed to factors e.g. immigration, denominational
switching, the rise of New Age religions, increasing
secularism

Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: Christianity as
the major religious tradition, immigration, denominational switching, rise of New Age
religions, secularism

Christianity as the Major Religious Tradition

Denominat Notes
ion
Catholicism - Highest Christianity adherents (since the 1980s)
- Europe contributed many nationalities into Australia’s Catholic
community e.g. Croatia, Germany, Italy, Spain
Anglican - Majored through 19th and 20th centuries
- Steady decline (since Catholicism surpassed it)
- Largest drop in adherents (2016-2021)  3.1 million – 2.5 million
Uniting - Formed in 1977
Church - Combination of Presbyterian, Methodist & Congregationalist
churches
- Union  third largest Christian variant in Australia
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Pentecostal - Experiencing significant growth (by engaging younger

Churches generations)
- Services based on influential speakers, enthusiastic prayer,
modern music

Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: Christianity as the
major religious tradition, immigration, denominational switching, rise of New Age
religions, secularism

Immigration
Post war Religion Country
World War 2 Catholics Italy
Orthodox Christians Eastern Europe
Vietnam War Buddhists Vietnam, Cambodia,
Hinduists Thailand
India, Sri Lanka, Fiji
N/A (just influx/flood) Muslims Lebanon, Turkey, Indonesia

Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: Christianity as the
major religious tradition, immigration, denominational switching, rise of New Age
religions, secularism

Denominational Switching
Exchange of Church members between different Christian denominations (e.g. Catholic 
Orthodox)

Denominational switching?
Yes Catholic  Orthodox
Presbyterian  Methodist
No Catholic  Muslim
Hinduism  Presbyterian

Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: Christianity as the
major religious tradition, immigration, denominational switching, rise of New Age
religions, secularism

Rise of New Age Religions

Notes - Born in the 1960s
- Combo of diverse old religions and philosophical ideas
- Not happy with secular culture or traditional religious beliefs
- No holy text, central organisation, or clergy
Spiritual - Divination (astrology, tarot cards)
beliefs - Alternative healing (crystals, reiki)
New age - Panentheism (God is all that exists. God is at once the entire
beliefs universe, and transcends the universe as well)
- Reincarnation (after death, we are reborn and live another life
as a human)
- Karma (the good and bad deeds that we do adds and subtracts
from our accumulated record (our karma)
Practices - Channelling
- Meditating
Religion Trials Study

- Crystals
- Divination
- Astrology

Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: Christianity as the
major religious tradition, immigration, denominational switching, rise of New Age
religions, secularism

Secularism
- In Australia the 2016 census survey observe a decline in interest in religions
(decrease in church attendance, decrease in belief in God 61% to 47%,

Notes - Pertaining to the world or things not spiritual or sacred

- A way of life and thinking that rejects religion
- Cultural transition in which religious values are gradually replaced
with nonreligious values
Census (2016)
data - Decline in interest in religions (church attendance, belief in God)
61% to 47%

Describe the impact of Christian ecumenical movements in Australia: The National

Council of Churches, NSW Ecumenical Councils

Ecumenism
Notes - Promoting unity of churches within
Christianity
- Finding a common respect and
appreciation for other Christian
denominations
Examples - NCCA (National Council of
Churches Australia

Describe the impact of Christian ecumenical movements in Australia: The National

Council of Churches, NSW Ecumenical Councils

The National Council of Churches (NCC)

- Example of ecumenism
- Composed of 19 churches
- Share common faith in Jesus
- Provide resources to aid local churches in their mission program
- Encourage inter-faith dialogue

Describe the impact of Christian ecumenical movements in Australia: The National

Council of Churches, NSW Ecumenical Councils

NSW Ecumenical Councils

- Formed in 1982
- Consists of 16 churches (throughout NSW and ACT)
- Seeks to promote ecumenism
- Provides local initiatives which promote ecumenism e.g. soup kitchens, (bible)
study groups
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Evaluate the importance of interfaith dialogue in multifaith Australia

Inter-faith dialogue
Notes - Religious traditions working
together out of mutual respect
- Finding solutions (peace, justice,
earth care etc.) for all of humanity
- Speaking in solidarity with other
faiths

Religion and Non-Religion

The religious dimension in human history
Identify the following expressions of the religious dimension in human history: animism,
polytheism, monotheism

Animism, Polytheism, Monotheism

Animism Polytheism Monotheism
- Belief that all living - Belief in worship or - Belief and worship
things have a soul more than one God in one God only
- E.g. Aboriginal - E.g. Hinduism - E.g. Christianity

Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide: meaning and
purpose for the individual, social cohesion, social transformation

Meaning and Purpose for the Individual

- Faith and relationship with God adds meaning and purpose to their lives
- Helps people to think about life
- Help provide answers to these questions about human existence
- Add meaning and purpose to life’s experiences
- Advice on how people should behave towards each other

Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide: meaning and
purpose for the individual, social cohesion, social transformation

Social Cohesion
- Refers to the bonding together of society as a group
- Religious traditions achieve social cohesion (doctrine, stories, ethics, experiences,
rituals, social organisations
- Religious Doctrine bond adherents together in common faith

Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide: meaning and
purpose for the individual, social cohesion, social transformation

Social Transformation
- Can achieve range of social and political purposes
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- Religion has been used to support structures, ethics, and beliefs of a society to
protect people
- Religion has been used to tear down societies, go to war, and fight people with
different belief systems
- E.g. John XXIII – Vatican 2

Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of the five major religious
traditions

5 Major Religious Traditions (CIHBJ)

Religion Notes
Christianit - Largest religious tradition
y - 2 billion adherents ‘Christians’
- Found largely in Europe, and North + South America, (Southern
parts of) Africa, New Zealand, Australia
- Largest religious tradition in Australia
Islam - Second largest religious tradition
- 1.3 billion adherents ‘Muslims’
- Found largely in (Northern parts of) African, and South-East Asian
countries
Hinduism - Third largest religious traditions
- 900 million adherents ‘Hindus’
- Found largely in India, Nepal, Mauritius
Buddhism - Fourth largest religious tradition
- 360 million adherents ‘Buddhists’
- Found largely in Asia (South-East  Cambodia, Laos, Thailand,
Vietnam)
Judaism - Fifth largest religious tradition
- 14 million adherents ‘Jews’
- Found largely in Israel, USA, Europe, Palestine, Britain

New religious expressions

Recognise the reasons for the rise of new religious expressions as people: search for
personal fulfilment, seek ethical guidelines, seek to clarify their relationship with
society

Searching for Personal Fulfilment

People search for personal fulfilment through:

- Visualisations
- Astrology
- Crystal healing
- Meditation

Recognise the reasons for the rise of new religious expressions as people: search for
personal fulfilment, seek ethical guidelines, seek to clarify their relationship with
society
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Seek Ethical Guidelines

- New Age Spiritualities do not have any scriptures to help them make ethical
decisions
- Trust inner feelings/intuitions  to become healthy, emotionally balanced etc.
- Emphasis is on the person and their own spiritual potential
- Encouraged to take responsibility for their own actions

Recognise the reasons for the rise of new religious expressions as people: search for
personal fulfilment, seek ethical guidelines, seek to clarify their relationship with
society

Seek to Clarify their Relationship with Society

- Same sex couples may have their partnership ‘blessed’ by a celebrant
- Rituals for loss as opposed to funeral service in a church
- Meet and gather (no formal place of worship) e.g. seminars, festivals, internet

Explain how the following have influenced the growth of new religious expressions and
spiritualities: the rise of materialism, scientific progress, growth of ecological
awareness, disenchantment with ‘traditional’ religious practice and guidance

The Rise of Materialism

- Greater affluence in society than ever before
- Many are finding that this does not satisfy their spiritual needs
- Physical rather than spiritual
- E.g. crystology

Explain how the following have influenced the growth of new religious expressions and
spiritualities: the rise of materialism, scientific progress, growth of ecological
awareness, disenchantment with ‘traditional’ religious practice and guidance

Scientific Progress
- Seek answers in holistic medicine
- E.g. reflexology, acupuncture

Explain how the following have influenced the growth of new religious expressions and
spiritualities: the rise of materialism, scientific progress, growth of ecological awareness,
disenchantment with ‘traditional’ religious practice and guidance

Growth of Ecological Awareness

- Focus on taking care of the Earth
- E.g. environmentally friendly products, recycling, saving energy
- Naturalism

Explain how the following have influenced the growth of new religious expressions and
spiritualities: the rise of materialism, scientific progress, growth of ecological awareness,
disenchantment with ‘traditional’ religious practice and guidance

Disenchantment with ‘Traditional’ Religious Practice and Guidance

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- Increasing ‘no-religion’ on the census form (since 1971)

- People no longer accept ‘inherited religions’
- Religion did not fill the gaps or solve the problems in life
- Materialism
- Outdated

Non-religious worldviews
Outline the essential features of Atheism and Agnosticism

Atheism and Agnosticism

Atheism Agnosticism
- Definite about the non-existence of - Neither believe nor don’t believe in
God a God or a higher spiritual power
- Belief in a nothing supernatural - Unsure – open to possibility
- Made up their decision - Top 3 Agnostic countries: Sweden,
- Top 3 Atheist countries: China, Vietnam, Denmark
Japan, Czech Republic

Outline the positions of: rational humanism, scientific humanism

Rational Humanism and Scientific Humanism

Humanism: philosophy that humans are responsible to make life better. Don’t rely on
God’s help

Rational Humanism Scientific Humanism

- Humans are the highest form of - Believe the best way to understand
intelligence the world is through scientific
- Human mind is the best and most research
reliable guide for ethical human - Experimental and theoretical
behaviour sciences to determine the truth
- The way of understanding the - Uses deductive reasoning
Earth is through experience, - The way of understanding the
reasoning and thinking things Earth is through scientific
through experimentation

Discuss how Agnosticism, Atheism, and Humanism determine the aspirations and
behaviour of individuals

Aspirations and Behaviour of Individuals through Agnosticism, Atheism,

and Humanism
- Individuals rely on their own resources in order to achieve their goals
- Ethical behaviour will be determined by an individual’s own understanding of what
is good or bad
- E.g. they may simply adopt a custom or a law or they may develop their own
ethical system
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- Key events may be celebrated in forms other than those offered by traditional
religions
- No belief in an afterlife

The difference between religious and non-religious worldviews

Compare the response of ONE religious (Christianity) and ONE non-religious (Atheism)
belief system to: the concept of the transcendent, the human person, social
responsibility

The Concept of the Transcendent

Christianity - Believes that God is the source of creation and gives meaning
- Belief in Heaven and Hell and ‘judgement day’
- Do not accept scientific views of the origin; evolution
Atheism - Belief in no God or transcendent being
- Nothing beyond the physical universe
- God is a human invention

Compare the response of ONE religious (Christianity) and ONE non-religious (Atheism)
belief system to: the concept of the transcendent, the human person, social
responsibility

The Human Person

Christianity - Human person is created in the image of God
- Each individual is precious to God
- Human body is seen as a vessel for the Holy Spirit
Atheism - Do not believe in a heaven or hell or any form of after life
- Do not believe that humans were created by God
- Souls are not immortal
- The physical body is all that someone has (when someone dies,
they cease to exist)
- We are guided by our consciousness

Compare the response of ONE religious (Christianity) and ONE non-religious (Atheism)
belief system to: the concept of the transcendent, the human person, social
responsibility

Social Responsibility
Christianity - Based on Jeus’ teaching “love your neighbour as you would love
yourself”
- The Good Samaritan
- Organisations (Salvation Army – St Vincent De Paul)
- Be good citizens
- Responsibility to each other (family, friends etc.)
Atheism - Acting morally is very important
- No God to look after people or take care of the planet
(responsibility ultimately lies within humans)
- Donating to charities is a social responsibility (but may choose
to donate to donate to non-religious groups e.g. Oxfam)
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Religion and Peace

The understanding of peace in TWO religious traditions
Investigate the understanding of peace and how it is informed through significant
writings within sacred texts for TWO religious traditions drawn from: Christianity (The
New Testament), Judaism (the Prophetic vision of peace on Earth)

Outline the principal teachings about peace in TWO religious traditions

Demonstrate how TWO religious traditions guide the individual in achieving inner peace

Discuss how TWO religious traditions are contributing to world peace

Christianity: The New Testament

Sacred text - The New Testament
- Presents Jesus as the son of God
- Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection are the model of peace
- Christian understanding of peace is living in unity with God
and other people
- Based on the message and mission of Jesus (includes
forgiveness) `

Gospels
“your faith has saved you; go in peace” (Luke 8:43-48)
- Peace used as a term for salvation

“and if the house deserves it, may your peace come upon it; and if
it does not, may your peace come back to you” (Matthew 10:12-13)
- Apostles sent on a mission to bring peace to those who
would listen to Jesus’ message

Letters of St Paul
“we are at peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ” (Romans
5:1)
- Peaceful relationship with God by believing in Jesus

“for he is the peace between us” (Ephesians 2:14)

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- Jesus is the source of peace among communities and

nations
Principal Eirene
teachings - Peace occurred throughout the New Testament
message and mission - Means wholeness, success, harmony, security, well-being
of
- Refers to salvation that comes from God or to the peaceful
Jesus, Pacifism, Just
War relationships between persons
etc.
Commandment of love
- Agape  ‘love’
- Teachings of peace culminate in the great commandment of
love
“you must love the Lord your God with all your heart and all your
soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind” (Matthew
22:37)
- Good Samaritan parable  ‘your neighbour’ means
everyone, even traditional enemies
“love your neighbour as yourself” (Mark 12:31)

Beatitudes
Pax Christi
Pacifism
Forgiveness
Inner peace - Can be achieved through knowing God through Jesus and
the scriptures
- A balance of prayer life and active ministry can achieve
inner peace
- Involvement in the community and communal worship also
achieves
- Can be found by being a disciple of Jesus
Prayer
Meditation
Service of others
World peace - Eirene’ refers to peace occurred throughout the New
examples of how Testament
Christianity
contributes to world
peace through the
work of individuals
and
organisations

Investigate the understanding of peace and how it is informed through significant

writings within sacred texts for TWO religious traditions drawn from: Christianity (The
New Testament), Judaism (the Prophetic vision of peace on Earth)

Outline the principal teachings about peace in TWO religious traditions

Demonstrate how TWO religious traditions guide the individual in achieving inner peace

Discuss how TWO religious traditions are contributing to world peace

Judaism: the Prophetic vision of peace on Earth

Sacred text - The Prophetic vision of peace on Earth
Principal Tikkun Olam
teachings Tzedakah
Gemilut Chasidim
- “acts of loving kindness” (random acts of kindness)
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Inner peace
World peace

Islam
Hajj Rituals
Ritual Meaning mabo
Jamarat - Stoning of the Devil
- Throw their sins away
- Throw stones on the 3 pillars
- Takes place in Mina (a place in Mecca)
Tawaf - Circling of the Ka’aba
- 7 times counterclockwise
- Represents the 7 days of creation
- Represents unity
Ihram - Sacred state
- Pilgrims carry out the requested rituals during Hajj (or Umrah)
Umrah - Pilgrimage outside of Hajj
Miqat - Restrictions during Hajj
- E.g. unstitched clothing  wear the white unstitched clothing
Wuquf - Prayer in the plain of Arafat
- Represents the Prophet Muhammad’s sermon

Hajj Beliefs
Belief Meaning and example(s)
Tawhid - Belief in one God
Tawaf
- Recite “I am here Allah I am here”
- Submission to the divine
Jamarat
- Stripping of external pressures
- Solely focusing on Allah
Rusul - Messenger of the God (Prophets)
Wuquf
- Reinforces Muhammad’s pilgrimage
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Jamarat
- Abraham  resisted the temptation of the Devil
Akhira - Belief in a day of judgement
Wuquf
- Ask for forgiveness
- Cleansing of the sins

“Hajj is Arafat” – Prophet Muhammad

Hajj
- Pertaining to the world or things not spiritual or sacred
- A way of life and thinking that rejects religion
- Cultural transition in which religious values are gradually replaced with
nonreligious values
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Christianity Essay
Essay structure
Paragraph 1: Pope John XXIII

- Background info
- Example – encyclical (pacem et terris)
- Example – how he has helped adherents – how it has had an ongoing effect

Paragraph 2: Pope John XXIII

- Background info
- Example – Pope Francis
- Example – organisation

Paragraph 3: Environmental Ethics

- Background info – stewardship

- Example
- Example – organisation

Paragraph 4: Environmental Ethics

- Background info – justice

- Example
- Example – organisation

Religion and Peace Essay

Religion Trials Study

Christianity + Judaism
Christianity

Inner peace - Can be achieved through knowing God through Jesus and
the scriptures
- A balance of prayer life and active ministry can achieve
inner peace
- Involvement in the community and communal worship also
achieves
- Can be found by being a disciple of Jesus
Prayer
Meditation
Service of others
World peace - Eirene’ refers to peace occurred throughout the New
examples of how Testament
Christianity
contributes to world
peace through the
work of individuals
and
organisations

Judaism

Inner peace
World peace

Judaism
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Jewish marriage
Quotes “be fruitful and multiply” – Genesis 1:28
“a man without a wife is incomplete” – Talmud
Summary - Some Jews fast on wedding day  signifies cleanliness
- Standing under a chuppah  signifies couples home
- Bride circles groom 7 times  oneness of God
- Glass stomped on  signifies that marriage can sometimes be
difficult
Terms Ketubah
- Marriage contract  covenant
- Groom signs for special promises to his wife
Tenaim
- Breaking a plate
- Symbolises the joining of the 2 families
- Pre-wedding
Mikveh
- Ritual bath of the Kallah (bride)
- Preparing herself physically and spiritually
- A week before the wedding
Aufruf
- Reading from the Torah (as a privilege)
- Blessing from God to Chassan (groom)
- A week before the wedding
Chuppah
- Structure held over bride and groom during wedding
- Can be permanent structure or not
- Symbol of the home
Yichud
- Symbolic first meal together as a couple (private room)
- Breaking the fast

Abraham Heschel
Quotes “I felt like my legs were praying”
 His prayer was taking action and making a difference through
marching
Summary - Wrote 18 books and over 100 essays
- Through writing he spread his love
- Started the Orthodox Jews movement
- Tikkun Olam
- Social justice activist
Contributi - Civil rights movement
ons - Vietnam war
- Impacted adherents through writings

Environmental ethics
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Quotes Tikkun Olam

“there will be no one else to repair it”
- Humans have to repair the Earth
- Care for creation
Bal Taschit
“you shall not destroy its trees”
- No destruction
Stewardship
“the land and the fullness thereof are the Lords” (Psalms 24:1)
Terms Tikkun Olam
- ‘Repair the world’
- Encouraged to conserve, recycle, collect rainwater etc.
- Acknowledges the world has been damaged from human greed +
selfishness
- Aims to build a sustainable world
Bal Taschit
- ‘Do not destroy’
- Commandment of the Torah
- Modern issues (excessive use of resources, waste, destruction of
earth’s resources)
- E.g. violated when industrial production results in excessive
pollution
Stewardship
- ‘Care for creation’
- Appreciative and respectful of God’s creation
- Earth’s resources are a gift to humankind, to be used responsibly,
ensure sustainability to the future

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