ad SA HA Yl -AAd NH Yoda WANN THN HEN eH ASL iene ere eanoe G&S 6 e! lt? GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS 6 ared for the experiments Ss 1. While coming to laboratory, students should come prep: ” allotted to them and should have a clear idea about the theoretical aspects of the concerned experiment. sted to draw connection diagram on a rough notebook before » starting the experiment. They are supposed to make connections themselves according to the diagram and they should get the circuit checked by the concemed before performing the experiment. 2. Students are sugs . teacher/technical staff should get the readings verified by at 3, During performing the experiments student @ the teacher, so as to make a check on the reading: ~ 4, A laboratory should be maintained and should be brought in the laboratory on each tum along with a rough notebook. ry 5. On completion of the experiments, the laboratory should be completed and Submitted fo the teacher on the next turn. If t is felt that the student has not performed the experiment satisfactorily, he/she will be asked to repeat the experiment in allotted time. Pr PPP PP a eS bee © 9 6. Students are warmed to handle the instruments and machines very carefully and they will be fully responsible for loss or damage of the apparatus, instruments issued to them, No negligence will be tolerated regarding the mishandling the equipments. 7, Due credit in evaluation will be given to those students, who came fully prepared for the experiments allotted to them, who have done connections themselv independently and neatly and submit the lab report well in time. 8. At the last but not the least, students should maintain dis and should do the experiments peacefully. ipline in the laboratoryGENERAL PRECAUTIONS + Draw the circuit-diagram neatly with all specifications/ratings. Do not power ON the supply first Connect the circuit with specified / rated circuit elements (voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, load etc). Check the connected circuit and then switch ON the powst supply Increase auto-transformer (variac) from Zero to rated value gradually. Keep the instruments horizontal on the table and take readings. Deerease the auto-transformer (variac) gradually to 22r0 Switch OFF the power supply Remove wires from the instruments. Keep the instruments and wires at specified place Use Scientific Calculator for calculations.Sinatra ee a ct] LIST OF EXPERIMENTS ELECTRICAL SCIENCE LAB To verify Thevenin’s theorem.” To verify maximum power transfer theorem.‘ To measure power and power factor in a single phase ac circuit using three voltmeters. To perform OC and SC test on a single phase transformer and calculate its equivalent circuit parameters. To verify the relation between phase voltage and line voltage, phase current and line current for a balanced three phase load when connected in (a) star (b) delta. To study a series R-L-C circuit and draw its phasor diagram. a. To control one lamp from two different places using 2-way switches as in Stair- case wiring. b. To control one lamp from two different places using 1-way switches as in Bed switching wiring. To measure power and power factor in balanced three phase circuit using two wattmeter. . To study the function of Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) and _measure peak / rms voltage, Frequency and phase difference.~ rs te. |» pe 7 ia oa ee ieé ¢ p © re @ ‘eos -1 a1 is “WT os syed“ seagate oy] EXPERIMENT Ni AIM: To Verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem APPARATUS: Variae for a.c. supply, 230/0-270V,SAstwo theostats 100 2, 5 A; two voltmeter 0-300 V; one Mil. ammeter 0-10 A. THEORY: For d.c. network the maximum power transfer theorem is stated as follows: In a die, network the power transferred from the source to resistive load is maximum if the load resistance equals the Thevenin's equivalent resistance of the network as seen from the load terminals. For ac. network the maximum power transfer theorem is stated as follows. load is the maximum if load impedance is The power transferred from source to I sn from complex conjugate of the Thevenin equivalent impedance of the network as see load terminals. I re L ‘single 4 = pee 2 \ 1000 sa | | a.c. z 0-10A 230 v i | | 0-300 V 0-300 v Vs Ver RPNA HME ARE) Sa NTH sce a en a are ee sis a a “sean ipo OBSERVATION TABLE “Observations | ____Caleulations SNo. [vi | Vs | b | ReVyh [ RieWh 1 pa 10 CALCULATIONS “The values of Rs and R, can be calculated by using the following ‘equations. Rs=Vs/ I Ri=Vi/ ie ‘The power consumed by the oad ic, power delivered by the network shown by dotied lines tothe load is given by P=Vulbtha) WW 944-1 or EXPERIMENT No. 2 AIM : To Verify Thevenin’s Theorem APPARATUS: One MI (0-250 V) voltmeter, one MI (0-2.5 A) ammeter, rheostats (100 W, 5 A) 4 nos THEORY: Thevenin's Theorem ‘Any two terminals XY of a network composed of active and linear passive elements ‘may be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent voltage source Vo in series with an equivalent resistance Ra, The voltage source Veeis equal to the potential difference between the two terminals XY caused by the active network when no extemal resistance is connected to the terminals. The Re: is calculated by looking back into the network at terminals XY with all the sources within the network made inactive. When a load of resistance R, is connected across XY, the actual current I. through circuit is given by T= Veo! (Rit Ra) 10 variaca a OBSERVATIONS ‘The observations made in the experiment are recorded as under Voc= L Re=V/ in step 4 of the procedure.rower And Power Factor in A Single Phase A.C. Circuit Using AIM: To Measure P Three Voltmeters sno's; Ammeter 0-10A. Ml; Single phase load APPARATUS: Voltmeter 0-300, Mls Rheostat $A,100 ohm; Variac SA, 250V/0-270V The circuit is as shown below THEORY The voltages Vi, V2 and V are noted with the help ofa single volumeter and pair of probes. Now, we can draw the phasor diagram for this circuit. Sines itis a series circuit, the current I should be taken as reference phasor. The phasor diagram i given below:ae From the phasor diagram we can write VveaVieeVe2ViVi008 + The power factor of the coil con Cos = (VEV EVE MOVIN The power consumed by the coil (evs¥iyR} (608 4) PeV;toos #‘cod variac a its minixamm position. Keep the theastat at maximum position Switch on A.C. supply sre the varie pesition gradually, so that some appreciable roading appears in the ammeter. Sr deena the amencier reading and the thace voliaees Vi, V2 mad V3 NSS © single voltmeter and a pair of probes. (Change the setting of rheostat and repeat step 5 6 OBSERVATION [Record the observation in the format shown below. ne Observations i ] )_Vatvorts) | VAvolts) [VAvolts)IAN a Woy my samy saat et an tn te meter at rei ee naan ra ae a ee ed Yo Ma a ey T ae a sean esa y Suny eer enna HeLa Lived er | t EXPERIMENT No.4 ‘AIM: To Perform Open Circu Transformer and Calculate Its Equivalent C Various Loads. Draw Efficiency Vs. Load and Short-Circuit Tests On A Singl jrcuit Parameters. Find the Curve, Find out the Load le —Phase Efficiency at at Which the dat Power Factor -EMiciency is Maximum. Calculate the Voltage Regulation at Full Loa 1.0.85 Lagging 1. 085 Leading APPARATUS REQUIRED: One varac.230V/0-270V, 20A; One watimels SEA 250V; Ove wanmeter 20A,75V; One MI ammeter 24; One MI ammieies 2083 ‘One Mi voltmeter 50V; One voltmeter MI 250V. THEORY ecan write KirchhofPs voltage equation forthe primary and secondary side ofthe transformer as Vig hRAN)-E: The equivalent circuit gives the interpretation of the above equation ‘Simplified equivalent circuit: Using the impedance transformation, one can draw the simplified equi 4 transformer, as referred to the primary or the secondary. ome ae 2mation ratio or turns ratio, Thus, the total resistance and Here K=N\/N2_ is the transform nary beet Ss the total reactance as referred 10 the s Roy Ri + KR S Xay= Xi+ KX Se Simplified equivalent circuit ofthe tansformer #8 referred to the primary is giver a below € Rey PCR, Xo XX Circuit for Open Circuit Test a1 ereney ay wey sie 49 se ivenury is sens ae aes "46H1 ape Sone HNL UH " ong me ara NG i Ws ag ‘WS "tindpe st F Sanwa 40-t4a YN pee sean ey a YN YIN VYING Tae I arp aatt MORO OH>URY-wwALNacieypnou HewsNayos 1s noun St eee EXPERIMENT No.5 ‘And Phase Voltage, Line Current rween Line Voltage sed in (A) Star (B) Delta. ‘Load When Connect ‘AIM: To Verify The Relation Bet ‘And Phase Current In Three Phase 4400V, SOHz; one Voltmeter0-600V Ml type; Three phase ie. 6 ¥e auto transformer. Ml type; two ams lbs use’ APPARATUS: One three phast ‘MI type; one Voltmeter0-300V joad — star and delta connected (a pair of bulbs were used.); Connecting wires eters 0-5A, .d in each of three branches i.e. ‘THEORY Star Connection: cence between any line and the neutral gives the ‘wo lines gives line voltage (V1)-At no instant Ina star connection, the potential differ phase voltage (Vr) whereas across any flow in the same direction. the three currents [Link] and In We have, Tetly+1u=0 Iu(line current)=In(phase current) Vi=\3 Vp Delta Connection: In a delta connection, we have, ‘Vi(line voltage)=Ve(phase voltage)BE Sana aot a en ay NaPUS ON sel “HS Sos dU MNd rn nase et 2844S Name : a een aap B Ad-AUO WL HW Joga Te ee ron ae etenenapeny sor CIRCUIT DIAGRAM THREE PHASE LoaD Delta Connection:~= ee | re Bac ivinn | uals | [epailinaia OBSERVATIONTABLE For star connection: “Phase | Theoretical Ls SNo.] i vohuge | Volage | Vohage = 3 YF Syevete) | velvots) _|_——_-(valis) For delta connection: [[Link]. Line Phase] Theoretical Line | % Error in | Currentl,(Amps) | currentlp \3 Ip ”rea a we Wie eg -LN | Sais oa tet rauviaeraa 1690 | fal EXPERIMENT No. 6 LL-C circuit and obtain the condition of resonance. Draw the sersus voltage across induetance, Vi. capacitor Ve AIM: To study a series R-I ‘graphs of the following quantities v i) Current ii) Power fuctor__ iii) Voltage across iv) Voltage across resistance Vx phase variac, 15A, 230 /0-270 V — 2nos; Rheostat 100 APPARATUS: | Si KVA, 230 V, 50 Hz; Ammeter M.I. 0-5 A; Voltmeters ‘ohms, § A; Capacitor 1 ML. 0-300 V—4 nos. CARCUTT DIAGRAM: Lo— Single POF QD ut 1-a00v D-300¥ o-3004 oe noes 0-300 N Fig. 1 Cireuit Diagram ‘THEORY: [A series R-L-C circuit is shown in Fig.2. Writing Kirchhoff’s voltage law equations we eet Le i ) Fig. 2 Series R-L-C circuit. n+ Vi+Ve =IR+I (jal) +1 (1/j@C) =R a = [R+joL + =I[R+j{oL-2)] = 1% 8jich can be written as the complex impedance which can be written Here Z=R+i{ol ad The curent I through the circuit ean be writen as t veo" oes talleg 1=120= ————+ ae FR? + {wl — =) Where Jeestou-aP Ina series R-L-C circuit, one cannot definitely say whether the current leads or lags the voltage. It depends upon the relative values of terms wl. and A/jgc - There can ities: be three po (@aL>/c, bol l/c and (aL =1/4¢ In ease (a), when aL >1/,,¢ , the angle @ is negative. It means that the current lags the voltage. So, the circuit behaves as an inductive circuit. This condition can be achieved by increasing L, « or C. In case (b), when oL <1//,¢ , the angle @ is positive. It means that the current leads the voltage. So, the circuit behaves as a capacitive circuit. This condition can be achieved by decreasing L, w or C. Case (¢) is a special case, when oL =1/,,¢ , the angle 8 becomes zero. The circuit then behaves as a purely resistive circuit. The current through the circuit becomes in phase with the source voltage. This condition is known as the resonance, PHASOR DIAGRAM Fig. 3 shows the phasor diagrams for the series R-L-C circuit for three different cases, Sine itis a series circuit, current should be taken as reference phasor. In this Figure, ab represents the current phasor I. We know that the voltage across the resistor is in phase with the current through it. Let ac along ab represents the ‘oliage across the resistor R. Starting from the point ¢, a phasor ed js drawn to 9represent the voltage across inductor (L ce is drawn at 90° lag (LXc). The directions of ed and ce hay s phasor ef is represented by ef. This ing ab. It represents the voltage d zero in case (¢). Lastly, phasor af represents t ), Obviously ed leads ab by 90°. Irop across the capacitor ppen to be opposite. The resultant of ed and ce ), negative in case (b) and positive in case (a the resultant voltage across the sourcs Fig. 3 Phasor Diagrams ‘Table 1: Observations for series R-L-C cireuit. Vee ava Xe =5