KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1.

June, 2024

Women Empowerment and Community Development in Katsina State: A Study of

Daura Local Government Area

Nurain Abayomi Mumuni & AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen

Department of Political Science
Al-Qalam University, Katsina. Katsina State
Corresponding author: abdulrasheedabdulyakeen90@gmail.com

Abstract

T he study examines women empowerment and community development in Katsina

State with focus on Daura L.G.A. Specific objectives was to identify the problems
hindering women's participation in community development in Daura L.G.A. The
study adopts Liberal Feminism theory as the theoretical foundation of analysis. It seeks to
describe the social world from the distinctive vantage points of women. Descriptive survey
design was applied as the research design of the study. The result revealed that 41.3% of
respondents believe that lack of government assistance has significantly hindered women's
empowerment and community development. The majority (60%) believe cultural factors
are the main reason for women's lack of participation in community development. The
majority (60%) have contributed financially to development projects, while 33.3% have
contributed materially. The study recommended that assist women to achieve economic
viability through acquisition of literacy and other necessary skills and resources. In
addition, gender empowerment strategies under these circumstances require structural
systemic change and basic attitudinal and value change. The real empowerment of women
requires a thorough going renewal of the political process on a democratic basis.

Keywords: Community Development; Discrimination; Women Empowerment; Gender

Equality

Introduction Nigeria, they are essential part of nation's

In a dynamic world, women entrepreneurs human resources and due to the
are an important part of the globally demographic structure in Nigeria, the issue
sustained economic development and social of the participation of women in the
progress. With the improvement of mainstream economy is imperative.
education among women, the capability of I n t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y, w o m e n
women to be entrepreneurs has been empowerment has become a hot issue
enhanced tremendously. According to around the world. Modern women are
International Labour Organization (2020), seeking for equal opportunity with man and
women constitute the 50 percent of world's they are aggressively competing in various
population, do the one third of world's work fields such as politics, economics and social
hours, receive 30% of world's income and sector. Many research also shows that
contribute lessthan3 percent of the total women around the world are now standing
property. Existing sex ratio in demographic equally with men in many perspectives and
structure of Nigeria indicates that women it is an undeniable fact to say sometimes
comprise almost 50 percent of the total women are far better than men when comes
population and about 35 percent of them are to certain issues. Developing countries
involved in entrepreneurship which can be upfront in empowered woman in many
under the form of micro, small, medium and areas where their social background,
large enterprises (Odoemene, 2021).The culture and education level plays a vital role
importance of economic integration of in getting women empowered. Empowered
women in the development of a nation's women are contributing towards the
economy cannot be over emphasized development of their country's economic,
especially as it pertains to women in social and politics (Selvi and Bakialekshmi,
ISSN Prints:2616-1264 Online:3027-1177 114
 NurainAbayomiMumuni&AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen

2017). close study by the UN Women (2017) has

Women and girls constitute two-thirds shown that women who have been involved
of the world's poor and women account for in community development in the capital
two-thirds of the world's 792 million city (manila) have been posting impressive
illiterate adults. Despite progress towards results in various perspectives; a need for
gender parity in education, 35 million girls empowering women in the community. For
of primary school age and 37 million girls of example, much of the home-based poverty
lower secondary school age are out of mitigation projects are implemented by
school. Women's voices are not heard in women, the decisions on which type of
decision making or policy making project can be implemented or the models to
processes. The levels of violence against be used are done by women and the results
women globally are unacceptable with 7 out are better by 30% as compared to cases
of 10 women reporting having experienced where men perform these duties. In Africa,
violence in their lifetime (UNESCO, 2014). women are very much disadvantaged in all
In 1995, nearly two-thirds of countries spheres. For example, women are not
(61.6%) had less than 10 per cent women in allowed to own property like land, women
their single or lower houses of parliament. never inherit their parents' properties as
Nearly all (88.1%) had less than 20 per cent. compared to men, women have not been
A mere 2.8 per cent of parliaments had given chances to sit in major community
attained 30 per cent or more. development committee and never make
By 2015, only 20 per cent of countries major decisions (Laboso, 2014)
had less than 10 per cent women African Development Bank (2017) has
parliamentarians. A majority (53.2%) still indicated it worse that in instances where
have fewer than 20 per cent (IPU, 2015). women are allowed to sit in development
However, despite the fact that studies in seating, their ideas are normally brushed off
developed countries like the USA, China, and sometimes they are reminded on their
Europe and Parts of Russia (Endalcachew, roles in cooking and serving the men in
2016) have shown that women these special gatherings. Women have not
empowerment has been accepted and been given a chance in Africa as compared
women are involved actively in to men despite the fact that they contribute
development projects implementation, a much than the men in terms of community
number of countries in the developing resources mobilization, community labor
continents like parts of Asia, Africa and providence etc (UN Women, 2016).
south America have shown that women are However, in countries like South Africa and
left out due to a number of reasons. In Liberia where women have been given
Philippines for example, the participation some special recognition through various
of women in community development women empowerment programmes, their
projects implementation in Manila has been efforts in community development are
and is still peg aged at 32% for over 15 years eminent (Murunga, 2017). In Soweto,
now (UNDP, 2015). during the transformation of the slum into a
A number of factors for poor modern peri-urban settlement, women were
participation of women in community credited for their roles in: providing cheap
development projects implementation have labour, solving conflicts on resettlement
been listed to include: poor gender roles and among various communities, proving of
classifications, poor levels of income of the other production materials like land (those
women, poor cultural and traditional who owned land), providing the
subscriptions that deny women rights to government with the best housing models
own properties, poor levels of education, that addressed the needs of the city slum
poor religious subscriptions and dwellers etc (Un, Women, 2017).
classifications that discriminate women Nigerian particularly Daura L.G.A
over some opportunities in the community women are still relegated to the background
among other factors not listed. Although a as they lack the educational, economic and
115
 KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1. June, 2024

political power necessary to actualize their that women are subordinated stems from a
innate potentials. The position of most system of social and legal prohibitions that
Katsina women is still traditional (Ibrahim, keep them out of the so-called public sphere
2014). and this consequently hinder their success
in life.
Theoretical Framework Liberal feminists believe that “female
This study adopts Liberal Feminism theory subordination is rooted in a set of customary
as the theoretical foundation of analysis. and legal constraints that black women's
Feminist theory is a generalized, wide- entrance to success in the so called public
ranging system of ideas about social life and world”. And they work hard to emphasize
human experience developed from a the equality of men and women through
woman centered perspective. Feminist political and legal reform.
theory is woman centered or woman Historically the first element in the
centered in two ways. First, the starting liberal feminist argument is the claim for
point of all its investigation is the situation gender equality. This claim was first
and experiences of women in society. politically articulated in the declaration of
Second, it seeks to describe the social world sentiments drafted at Seneca Falls, New
from the distinctive vantage points of York, in 1884 with the express purpose of
women. independence to include women. It opens
with the revisionist line “we hold these
Liberal Feminism truths to be self-evident, that all men and
The Liberal Feminist Theory was women are created equal”, changes the list
propounded by Mary Wollstonecraft. The of grievance to focus on women's state, and
theory promotes the idea that women concludes with a call for women to do
should have the same full range of rights as whatever is required to gain equal right with
men, and as a result, be free to choose their men. In its arguments, the declaration of
place in society and pursue their full sentiments let the women's movement lay
potential in a level playing field with men. claims to the intellectual discourses of the
In other words, no artificial hindrance or enlightenment, the American and French
barrier should exist to hinder women from revolutions, and the abolitionist movement.
engaging in any lawful business they think It claims for women the rights accorded to
necessary. The argument goes on to assert all human beings, under natural law, on the
that no sex should receive undue favoritism basis of the human capacity for reason and
based on their gender, and they should have moral agency, asserted that laws which
equal access to opportunities and denied women their right to happiness were
privileges. “contrary to the great precept of nature and
Women are typically at a disadvantage of no … authority”; and called for change in
in relation to societal cultural standards, law and customs to allow women to assume
religion, and political ideas, hence Ako-Nai their equal place in society.
(2005) claims that feminism is
characterized by looking at the man-woman Research design
connection. The feminist ideology, which The research design applied in this study is
seeks to free women from the institutions descriptive survey design. The survey
that have held them back, is founded on the design is not like the census design which
inequity that has been created. uses the whole population; it uses samples
Because of the erroneous notion that of the population to represent the whole
females are inherently less educated and population.
physically capable than males, Nigeria is an
unquestionably patriarchal country where Method of data collection
men control women in all domains. As a
result, women frequently face Quantitative method of data collection is
discrimination in society. The supposition adopted. Quantitative research method
116
 NurainAbayomiMumuni&AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen

deals with quantifying and analysis of Qalam University library as well as other
variables in order to get results. It involves relevant internet materials.
the utilization and analysis of numerical
data using specific statistical techniques to Population and Sample Size of the Study
answer questions like who, how much, According to Best and Khan (1995) a
what, where, when, how many, and how. population is any group of individuals that
have one or more characteristics in common
Source of Data that are of interest to the researcher.
Both primary and secondary sources were The study is focused on Daura Local
used to obtain reliable information. Primary Government Area of Katsina State. Based
data were generated from administration of on National Population Commission's
questionnaires to selected students and (2022) projection, Daura L.G.A has a
lecturers of the College of Social and population of 401,900 people. This,
Management Sciences of Al-Qalam therefore, constitute the study population
University, Katsina while secondary data consisting of adult male and female
were obtained from books, journals, residents of the area.
seminar and conference papers from the Al-

Population of the Study

S/N Target populations Number of people to be interviewed
1 Traders 40
2 University Students 40
3 Staffs of Universities 40
4 Civil servant 40
5 Famers 40
Source: Field Survey, 2023
Sampling Technique and Procedure P = the estimated proportion of the factor to
The basic random sampling approach was be studied (50% or 0.5)
the sampling strategy used in this D = sampling error that can be tolerated
investigation. A sort of probability (0.05%)
sampling known as "simple random Therefore:
2
sampling" involves the researcher choosing 1.96 [0.5(1-0.5)]
2
a selection of participants at random from a 0.05
population. Every person in the population SS = 200.16.
is equally likely to be chosen. Next, Approximate sample size= 200.
information is gathered from the greatest
proportion of this arbitrary subset (Israel, Instrument for Data Collection
1992). By employing this sample Questionnaire and focus group were used to
technique, the study can focus on members collect data for the study. The questionnaire
of the public whose opinions will be crucial is structured and designed in a simple
to the topic. format for easy comprehension of the
This sample size for this study therefore respondents. A total of 200 questionnaires
relied on the following formula as stated in were administered to selected respondents
the work of Nachimias (1996). in the study area. A Focus Group
2
SS = Z [P (1-P)] conversation (FGD) is a qualitative
2
D research approach that entails gathering a
small group of participants for a facilitated
SS = sample size conversation on a specific topic or research
Z = level of significance (1.96) at 95% issue.
confidence intervals
117
 KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1. June, 2024

Validation and Reliability of the presented and analyzed to answer the

Instrument research questions. Simple descriptive
The essence of validation is to ensure that statistical tools such percentage and
the research instrument measures what it is frequency distribution table were used for
expected to measure. The instrument were presentation of data to measure the
submitted to the supervisor for vetting, variables of the study. The field data were
corrections and modifications made were subjected to logical analysis and
properly integrated to form the final copy of interpretation from which major findings of
the questionnaire that was used for the the study will be drawn. The hypothesis
study. formulated was tested using Chi square.
To ensure the reliability of the
instrument, the questionnaire was pre- Data Presentation and Analyses
tested by administering it on 30 people in Results are tabulated in simple frequency
the community who were not part of the and percentages. This analysis will at a
main study. Data obtained from the glance depict women's empowerment and
questionnaire were tested for internal their contribution in community
consistency. development of Daura local government
area.
Method of Data Presentation and
Analysis
Data obtained from the questionnaire were
Table1Distributionofquestionnaire
Questionnaire Level of respondent
Number distributed 200
Number collected 150
Number lost 50
Table1above,indicatesthat200questionnairesweredistributedbutonly150 were eventually
completed and returned,and50questionnairewerelost.

Table2: Age distributions of respondents

Age Frequency Percentage(%)
20-29 35 23.3
30-39 40 26.7
40-49 50 33.3
50andabove 25 16.7
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The table indicates that 35 respondents who respondents were between the ages 40-49;
constituted 23.3% of the respondents were 25 respondents who constituted 16.7% of
between the ages 20-29; 40 respondents the respondents were between the ages 50
who constituted 26.7% of the respondents and above. This implies that the majority of
were between the ages 30-39; 50 the respondents were adult whose ages
respondents who constituted 33.3%of the between 40-49 years.

118
 NurainAbayomiMumuni&AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen
Table3: Respondents marital status
Maritalstatus Frequency Percentage(%)
Single 25 16.7
Married 75 50
Divorced 20 13.3
Widowed 30 20
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023
The above table shows that 25(16.7%) of are widowed. This implies that majority of
respondents are single; 75(50%) are the respondents were married and has
married; 20(13.3%) are divorced; 30(20%) family.
Table4:Respondents occupation
Occupation Frequency Percentage(%)
Civilservants 45 30
Farmer 35 23.3
Pettytrader 30 20
Crafting 25 16.7
Others 15 10
Total 150 100
Source: field survey2023

The above table shows that 45(30%) of involved in other occupation. This implies
respondents are civil servants; 35(23.3%) that majority of the respondent are civil
are farmers; 30(20%) are petty traders; servant.
25(16.7%) are crafting; 15(10%) are
Table5: Respondents level of education
Levelofeducation Frequency Percentage(%)
Primary 30 20
Secondary 28 18.7
Tertiary 62 41
Other 30 20
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table shows that 30(20%) of certificate holders; 62(41%) are tertiary
respondents are primary school certificate certificate holders; 30(20%)others.
holders; 28(18.7%) are secondary school
Table 6: To what extent has the lack of government assistance hindered the
empowerment of women and community development
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Toagreat extent 62 41.3
Tosomeextent 30 20
Toalittleextent 30 20
Tonoextent 28 18.7
Total 150 100

Source:fieldsurvey2023

119
 KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1. June, 2024

The above table shows that 62(41.3%) of 28(18.7%) to no extent. This implies that
respondents believe that lack of based on the demonstration of the
government assistance has hindered women respondents who believed with to great
empowerment and community extent that lack of government assistance
development to a great extent, 30(20%) to has hindered women empowerment and
some extent, 30(20%) to a little extent, community development.

Table 7 Factors are responsible for the lack women participation in community
development
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Culturalfactor 60 40
Biologicalfactor 30 20
Lackoffinance 15 10
Lackofsupportfro 45 30
mthe Government
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023
The above table shows that 60 (40%) of the 45(30%) believe it is lack of support from
respondent believe that cultural factor is government. This implies that majority
responsible for lack of women's believed that cultural factor is the major
participation in community development, factor responsible for lack of women's
30(20%) believe it is biological factor, participation in community development.
15(10%) believe it is lack of finance,
Table8:In what ways have you contribute d to the development of Daura?
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Financially 10 6.7
Materially 50 33.3
Others 90 60
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table show that10(6.7%) of 50(33.3%) have contributed materially;

respondents have contributed to 90(60%)havecontributedinother ways.
development project financially;
Table9:What do you consider the best way in which womencanbe empowered?
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Financially 20 15.4
Materially 10 7.7
Academically 70 53.8
Skillacquisition 30 23.1
Noidea 20 13.3
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table shows that 20(15.4%) of 70(53.8%) suggested academic

respondents suggested that women should empowerment; 30(23.1%) suggested skill
be empowered financially; 10(7.7%) acquisition; 20(13.3%) had no idea.
suggested material empowerment;

120
 NurainAbayomiMumuni&AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen
Table10:What ways can be adopted for women to participate effectively in
community development?
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Government support 55 36.7
Encouragement from the Society 25 16.6
Gender equality 70 46.7
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table shows that 55(36.7%) of effectively in community development,

respondent suggested government support 25(16.6%) suggested encouragement from
as a way for women to participate the society,70(46.7%)genderequality.
Table11:Have participate in any women empowerment programmes
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Yes 60 40
No 90 60
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table shows that 60(40%) of the empowerment programme; 90(60%) have
respondents have participated in women not been opportune to participate.

Table 12: Have benefitted from the empowerment programme participated in.
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Yes 28 18.7
No 122 81.3
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table shows that 28(18.7%) of respondents have benefitted from women
empowerment programme; 122(81%) have not benefitted from it
Table13: If they have ever participated in the development of their community
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Yes 77 51.3
No 73 48.7
Total 150 100
Source;fieldsurvey2013
The above table show that77(51.3%) of 73(48.7%) have not participated in their
respondents have participated in the community development
development of their community;
Table 14; Ways they encouraged other women to participate in community development
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Throughseminars 27 18
Through creation of Awareness 38 25.3
Throughnetworkbuilding 12 8
None 73 48.7
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

121
 KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1. June, 2024

The above table shows that 27(18%) of creating of awareness;12(8%)through

respondents encourage other women to network building; 73(48.7%) do not
participate in their community development encourage women to participate in their
through seminars; 38(25.3%) through community development.

Table15: Government has participated in any community project in their area

Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Yes 120 80
No 30 20
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table shows that 120(80%) of area; 30(20%) said government has not
respondents said that government has participated in community project in their
participated in community project in their area.
Table16: The extent the development project has improved their way of life
Response Frequency Percentage(%)
Toagreat extent 13 8.7
Tosomeextent 42 28
Toalittleextent 68 45.3
Tonoextent 27 18
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023

The above table show that 13(8.7%) of the extent; 42(28%) to some extent;68(45.3%)
respondents said the development project to a little extent;27(18%) to no extent.
has improved their way of life to a great
Table17: Empowering women would help in community development
Response Respondents Percentage(%)
Yes 138 92
No 12 8
Total 150 100
Source:fieldsurvey2023
The above table show that 138(92%) of The result shows that 41.3% of respondents
respondents believe that empowering believe that lack of government assistance
women would help develop community; has significantly hindered women's
12(8%)do not believe it would. empowerment and community
development. The majority (60%) believe
Discussion of Findings cultural factors are the main reason for
The study shows that 23.3% of respondents women's lack of participation in community
were aged 20-29, 26.7% were aged 30-39, development. The majority (60%) have
33.3% were aged 40-49, and 16.7% were contributed financially to development
aged 50 and above. The majority were projects, while 33.3% have contributed
married and had family. The majority were materially. The majority (90%) have
civil servants, with 30.3% being farmers, contributed in other ways. The majority
20.5% being petty traders, and 16.7% being (15.4%) suggest financial empowerment
crafting. Primary school certificate holders for women, while the majority (70.8%)
were also present, with 18.7% being suggest material empowerment. The
secondary school holders and 41% being remaining respondents (23.1%) suggest
tertiary certificate holders. The remaining skill acquisition.
20% were others. Overall, the majority of In addition, the study shows that 36.7%
respondents were adults aged 40-49. of respondents suggest government support
for women's participation in community
122
 NurainAbayomiMumuni&AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen

development, while 16.6% suggest societal women's status in society and

encouragement. The majority (70.7%) have developing and understanding about
not participated in women's empowerment the various manifest and concealed
programs, while 18.7% have been ways which cause women's
benefited. 51.3% have participated in oppression:
community development, while 48.7% ii. Assisting women to achieve
have not. 18% of respondents encourage economic viability through
women to participate through seminars, acquisition of literacy and other
while 25.3% create awareness and 128% necessary skills and resources.
build networks. Despite these efforts, iii. Assisting women to form their own
48.7% do not encourage women to groups for learning and productive
participate. activity, and strengthening their
It was reveals that 80% of respondents participation in the developmental
believe the government has participated in process.
community projects in their area, while iv. Considering the inadequacy of the
8.7% believe these projects have improved educational needs of women the
their way of life. Additionally, 92% believe importance of non-formal
that empowering women would help programmes (Empowerment
develop the community, while 8% do not training) cannot be overemphasized.
believe so. Therefore, vocational or employment
related knowledge and skills have to
Conclusion be imparted to the women.
Women are aware of oppression as a result v. However, the non-formal
of class difference and biological programmes available at present tend
differences. This findings resulting from the to be as ineffectively utilized by
study, shows their struggle to uplift women as the formal education
themselves and their families, and inject opportunities and the socio-economic
fresh ness into their community. It is factors acting as barriers in both the
important to note their level of contribution cases are the same.
to the success of the local areas vi. The political empowerment of
(community)is also determined by their women is one of the most important
access to finance, for its quite difficult and aspects in the overall empowerment
for some, a solution have been sought. Most of women for it gives women the
of the women that have succeeded, have capacity to influence the decision-
built strong networks, with different making process. Gender
objectives but a common goal of helping empowerment strategies under these
themselves, which have directly taken its circumstances require structural
tool to their success. systemic change and basic attitudinal
Although Daura community have come and value change. The real
a long way, though with help from empowerment of women requires a
government, they still do their best in thorough going renewal of the
developing their community. The study has political process on a democratic
proved that the women folk are basis. Unless women are equipped
indispensable partners to the development with the necessary skill in political
of their local community and Katsina. decision-making, their increased
representation in the local bodies may
Recommendations not alter the existing set up. It is,
Based on the findings of the study, the therefore necessary to sensitize the
researcher recommends that: women in the women's perspective,
i. Making women more conscious of not in the narrow feminist sense, but
the right and responsibilities, the in the sense of honourable co-
implications of the laws governing existence with men for this will
123
 KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1. June, 2024

enable women to exercise their “will” participation and the political process
and advance towards their complete in Nigeria: problems and prospects.
emancipation. This, of course, African Journal of Political Science
requires sensitizing men as well, as and International Relations. Vol.
they are currently the holders of 4(2):075-082.
power. Akpala, S. (1998). Women's Rights are
vii. Poverty Eradication: Since women Human Rights. Enugu: Snaap Press
comprise the majority of the Ltd.
population of Jibia below the poverty Alkali, Z. (1990). Feminism: A radical
line and are very often in situations of theme in West Africa literature, An
extreme poverty, given the harsh African woman right. Houston,
realities of intra-household and social U.S.A: Touchstone Publishers.
discrimination, macroeconomic Alkali, Z. (1995). Feminism and the Novels
policies and poverty eradication of Nawal el saadawi. Kano:
programmes will specifically address Unpublished PHD Thesis, African
the needs and problems of such Literature in English.
women. There shall be improved Animasaun, K. (2000). Nigeria journal of
implementation of programmes gender and development. Niger:
which are already women oriented Gentle Press.
with special targets for women. Steps Anyaoha, E. U. (1998). Towards addressing
shall be taken for mobilization of poor Gender issues in developing
women and convergence of services, programme: A Workshop on gender
by offering them a range of economic sensitization equality and
and social options, along with p r o g r a m m e . E n u g u :
necessary support measures to UNICEF/SWENP Enugu.
enhance their capabilities. Baher K. (2017). Seven Top Challenges
viii. Women with small and medium scale Facing African Women.
business has to be given special care Bolorunduro, O. (2002). Nigerian Women
by the government at all levels in and their Contribution to National
order to make them economically Development. Ibadan: Moonlight
active and productive such that they Publishers. George, R. (2011).
can move from subsistence or Sociological theory. New York: Mc-
informal sector to the modern or Graw Hill Companies.
formal sector. Chandra, S.K. (1997). Women and
ix. The society should abolish cultural Empowerment. Indian Journal of
beliefs and traditional practices that Public Administration, 43 (4),
make women have limited access to pp.395-99.
economic rights and privileges. Griggery, S. (1998). Rural community
Hence, those societal values and resources centre. London: Macmillan
norms such as the practice of Educational Limited.
patriarchy that accorded women Hanmer, L., & Klugman, J. (2016).
lower social status and hinders them Exploring Women's Agency and
from exhibiting their hidden Empowerment in Developing
potentials should be abolished. Countries: Where do we stand?
Feminist Economics.
References Ijere, M. O. (1986). New Perspectives in
Abraham, N.M. (2012). Towards Financing Nigerian Agriculture.
sustainable national development Enugu: Fourth Dimension
through well managed early Publishers.
childhood education. World Journal Jone, Johnson Lewis (2018). Feminism:
of Education (2) 3. pp 43 - 48. Ideas, Beliefs, and Movements.
A g b a l a j o b i D T. ( 2 0 1 0 ) Wo m e n ' s Thoughtco
ISSN Prints:2616-1264 Online:3027-1177 124
 NurainAbayomiMumuni&AbdulrasheedAbdulyakeen

Kabeer, N. and Natali, L (2014). Gender world: People's self-development. In

Equality and Economic Growth: Is G. Craig, K. Popple& M. Shaw
there a Win-Win? Emiritus fellow. (Eds.), Community development in
IDS Working Paper, issue 417. theory and practice: An international
Karl, M. (1995). Women and empowerment reader (pp. 232-241). Nottingham:
participation and decision making. Spokesman Books. Retrieved from
London: Zed Books Limited. 74 h t t p : /
Kema, C. (2003). Women of my Era. /books.google.com.au.ezlibproxy.uni
Owerri: Primetime Limited. sa.edu.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lL7
Lerner, M. (1986). Mass Culture and Sani, H. (2001). Women and national
G e n d e r. S t a n f o r d : S t a n f o r d development, the way forward.
University Press. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.
Matarrita-Cascante, D., & Brennan, M. A. Selvi N. (2017). Challenges of women
(2011). Conceptualizing community empowerment in a private
development in the twenty-first organization in Malaysia.
century. Community Development, International Journal for Studies on
43(3), 293-305. doi: Children, Women, Elderly And
10.1080/15575330.2011.593267 Disabled, Vol. 1, (January) ISSN
Mbah, F. U. (2005). The social sciences and 0128-309X, Faculty of Business,
socio-economic transformation in Asia Metropolitan University,G-8,
Africa. Nsukka: Great AP Express JalanKemacahaya 11, Taman
Publishers Limited. Kemacahaya, Batu 9, 43200 Hulu
Noreen, S. (2011). Role of Microfinance in Langat, Cheras
Empowerment of Female Population Srivastava, M. (2009). Essay on Women
of Bahawalpur District, International E m p o w e r m e n t . Av a i l a b l e a t
Conference on Economics and SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1482
Finance Research, 4(20).65 –71. 5 6 0 o r
Olumese, I. (1998). Women in NGO; in http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.14825
Nigeria women in society and 60 Accessed, 27/01/16
development. Ibadan: Dokun Taylor, G. and Pereznieto, P. (2014).
Publishing House. Review of evaluation approaches and
Onu, F. (1998). Journal of Contemporary methods used by interventions on
Issues on Poverty. Nasarawa: Nas women and girls' economic
Publishers Limited. empowerment. Overseas
Onweni, C. J. (1991). Women in the Nigeria Development Institute,203 Black
industry. A case study of the friars Road London SE1 8NJ
cooperative and commerce bank. An Ume, l. (1975). The design of rural
Unpublished Book. development. Baltimore: John
Osuala, E. C. (1998). Introduction to Hopkins University Press.
research methodology. Onitsha: UN Women (2015). Progress of the World's
Africa FEP Publishers Limited. Women 2015-2016: Transforming
Pawar, M. (2014).Social and Community economies, realizing rights, East
Development Practice. Delhi, India: 42nd Street New York, NY 10017,
Saurabh Printers Pvt. Limed. USA.
Peace C. (2019). Global Issues: Gender UNESCO (2014). UNESCO's Promise,
E q u a l i t y a n d Wo m e n ' s Gender Equality as a Global Priority.
Empowerment. United Nations Educational,
Purcell, R. (2012). Community Scientific and Cultural Organization,
development and everyday life. Paris.
Community Development Journal, United Nations. (2001). Empowerment of
47(2), 266-281. women throughout the life cycle as a
Rahman, M. A. (2008). The case of the third transformative strategy for poverty
125
 KASHERE JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Vol. 2, ISSUE 1. June, 2024

eradication. New York, USA: UNO Independent Evaluation group (IEG),

Publisher. International Bank for
Wo r l d B a n k ( 2 0 1 7 ) . Wo m e n ' s Reconstruction and Development,
Empowerment in Rural Community Washington DC, The World Bank
Driven Development Projects. Group 1818 H Street NW.

126