THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definition:
n
f  x  dx   f  xk  xk
b
a Lim
max x 0 k 1

Properties Of The Definite Integral

1. Existence
If f is continuous on the closed interval a,b  then f is integrable there. That is,

a f  x  dx exists
b

b
 c b  a
b
2. a c dx  cx
a
b b
If c  1, then a dx  b  a If c  0 then a dx=0
a
For any real number a, a dx  a  a  0
3. If in  a, b  , a f  x  dx exists, then b f  x  dx  a f  x  dx
b a b

a f  x  dx
b
4. could be negative, hence if used to find area of the region below a curve

of f  x  , f  x  dx
b
A a
Note: If you obtaine a negative value for an area, DONT just take the
absolute value of such number.

5. If f is continuous on the closed interval a, b  and if a  c  b, then f is integrable on

a, c  and c, b  and
a f  x  dx  a f  x  dx  c f  x  dx
b c b

kf  x  dx  k  f  x  dx
b b
6. a a

 f  x   g  x   f  x  dx  a f  x  dx  a g  x  dx
b b b
7. a
8. If f is integrable on a, b  and f  0 there, then a f  x  dx  0
b

9. If f and g are integrable on a, b  and for every x in a, b  f  x   g  x  then

a f  x  dx  a g  x  dx
b b

10. Mean Value Theorem

If f is continuous on a, b  then there exists a number c in a, b  such that

f  c  b  a   a f  x  dx
b
 62

Example Exercises

2 f  x  dx  15 and 2 g  x  dx  4, find:

6 6
1. If

 f  x   g  x   dx 3 f  x   3g  x   dx
6 6
a. 2 c. 2
 f  x   g  x   dx
6
b. 2
1 f  x  dx  0 0 f  x  dx  5,
1 1
2. If and find:

1 f  x  dx 1 3 f  x  dx
0 1
a. c.

0 f  x  dx  1 f  x  dx 4 f  x  dx
1 0 1
b. d. 0
0 f  x  dx  20 5 f  x  dx  14,
5 7
3. If and find:

0 f  x  dx 5 f  x  dx
7 0
a. c.

0 f  x  dx 5 f  x  dx
5 5
b. d.

Evaluate the following definite integrals:

4
0  x  3
1
1. dx
1
 1
5  x  3 5 0
 1
5
1  3 5   0  3 5  
 
211
5

0 sec 1  x  tan 1  x  dx
1
2.
1
  sec 1  x    sec 1  1  sec 1  0    1  sec 1
0

2 3 
3. 1  x  1 dx
2
 3 ln x  x  3  ln 2  ln1   2  1  3 ln 2  1
1

1 x  x 
1 3
4. 2
1 dx

1 2
 
4 1
 1
2  4 x  1   1
8
1  1  1  1   0
1

1  sin2 x
5. 0
4
cos x
dx

 4 1
  4 cos x dx  sin x  sin 4  sin 0 
0 0 2
 63

CHECK QUESTIONS

a f  x  dx
b
1.
A. is never zero C. is always nonnegative
B. is always positive D. maybe negative, zero, or positive

2 f  x  dx =0 2 f  x  dx=3,

2 0
2. If and then
2
0 f  x  dx  3 0 f  x  dx  3
2
A. C.

0 f  x  dx  3 D. f  x  is an even function
2
B.

t 1
0 x dx 
2
3. If , then
3
t 0 t
t x dx  0 t x dx  3 0  x dx   31
2 2 2
A. t =1 B. C. D.

4. If f is an odd function defined in  a, a  , then

0 f  x  dx  a f  x  dx a f  x  dx  0
a 0 a
A. C.

a f  x  dx  20 f  x  dx a f  x  dx  a f  x  dx

a a 0 0
B. D.

5. If f is an even function defined in  a, a  , then

0 f  x  dx  a f  x  dx a f  x  dx  0
a 0 a
A. C.

a f  x  dx  20 f  x  dx a f  x  dx  a f  x  dx

a a 0 0
B. D.

Practice Exercises 3.1: Evaluate the following definite integrals

4 1  2 1 1 x
1. 2  w  w 2  dw 8.  2 4 x
sin xdx 15. 0 e sinh e x dx

1  
02 cos x sin sin x dx
2
0  1 x
2
2. dx 9. 16. cos xdx
x 2  2x  1 2

x2
2  tan 31 x  cot 31 x dx
1 1 2 3 x
3. 0 x 2  1 dx 10. 17. 0 4 x e dx
4

2 sin 
2 x 2 x
0 x  cos 2 x dx 0
2
4. dx 11. 18. dx
x2  1 4 x  6 x  10
2

1
1 ex 1  4 3 x 2  2x  1
5. 0 e2 x
dx 1 2.  0
2 sin2 2 x cos3 2 xdx 19. 3 x3  x2  x  2
dx

2 x x 4 dx 2 x 1
6. 1 2 3 dx 13. 0 20. 1
9x 2  4 x
1
4 dx  4
7. 3 14.  2
1
cot 2 xdx 21. 0 x x  1dx
x4  x2 4
 64

Problem Set 13: Solve the items assigned by your teacher.

0 20 x 2 x 
4 1  1 4 7
1  x 4 4 x x  3 dx
2
1.  dx 2. dx 3.
x
1

e  x 
8 x3  20 x
4. 1 dx 5. e
 e x  x    x dx 6. 0 dx
4 x2
1 x3
 
7. 0
4
 sec 2 x  tan2 x dx  8. 2 cot
2
xdx 9.

0 3 sin x cos
2
xdx
4
1 2 3 1 1
1e  1 x 2  2x  5dx
2x
10. cosh e2 x dx 11. x ln xdx 12.
1

IMPROPER INTEGRALS
These are Integrals where one or both limits of integration are infinite, or where the integrand is not
continuous on the closed interval [a,b], that is, there is an interior discontinuity.

Example: Which of the following integrals is improper?

 
1 x cos x
1. 0 x 3 dx 5. 1 x 2  1 dx 9. 02 1  sin xdx
 1 10 1 1 1
2.  x 2  1 dx 6. 0 x 2
dx 10. 1 3 x dx


8 1 x
0 x 0 x 2  1 dx 02 tan xdx
4
3. dx 7. 11.

2 1 2 1 
4. 2 dx 8. 1 dx 12. 0 e 2 x dx
 x  1 2 x

b 1 1 b
1  1
Consider: A 1 x 2
dx  
x
    1  1 
1  b  b
 1 b 1
Note that as b  , A  1, hence,  dx  Lim 1 dx
1
x2 b  x2
+
Thus if f  x  is continuous on: a,   , then a f  x  dx  Lim a f  x  dx
b

b 

 , b ,  f  x  dx  aLim f  x  dx

b b

 a
then
+ 
 ,   ,  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  b f  x  dx
b
then

provided both improper integrals exist, in which case the improper integral is said to be convergent
 65

Case 1. At least One limit of Integration is Infinite

Example Exercises
 1
1. 1 x
dx
1 b
 Lim ln b  ln1   
b
Lim
b  1 x
dx  Lim ln x
b  1 b 

The improper integral diverges.

 1
2. 1 x2
dx

b 1  1  b
 1 1 
Lim
b  1 x 2
dx  Lim  
b   x  1
 Lim     1
b   b 1

The improper integral converges to the value 1

0 1
3.  x 2  4 dx
0 1  1 x 0
 a
Lim a x 2  4 dx  aLim 1
 tan  1
Lim tan1 0  tan1
a    2 2  a 2 a  
 2 

 1
2  2 
0   1    1 
 4 
The improper integral converges to the value 1
4


 1
4.  e x  e x dx

0 1  1
=  e x  e x dx  
0
e  e x
x
dx provide both exist

0 1 0 1 0 1  ex 
 e x  e x a  a e x  e  x
dx  Lim dx  Lim
a  a e x  e  x
 x  dx
e 

0 ex 1
0

a  a e 2 x  1
 Lim dx  Lim tan ex
a  a

 
 Lim  tan1 e0  tan1 ea   tan1 l tan1 0
a     
 41 

 1 b 1 b
0 dx  Lim tan1 e x
b  0 e x  e  x
dx  Lim
e x  e x b  0

 
 Lim  tan1 eb  tan1 e0   tan1 0  tan1 1
b     
  41 

 1
 e x  e x dx  1
4
  41   0 The improper integral converges to 0
 66


 x
3
5. dx
0 
 x dx  
3
= x 3 dx
0

 x4 
0  a   
0 0 0
 x 3 dx  Lim a x 3 dx  Lim   4
 1
Lim
a  a  4 4 a 
  a

This diverges, so does the given improper integral.

Case 11. Function is not Defined at One of the End Points

Example Exercises

1 1
1. 0 x
dx

The integrand is not defined at x  0

 
1 1 1
Lim
a 0  a x
dx  Lim 2 x
a 0  a
 2 Lim
a 0 
1 a  2

1 1
2. 0 1  x 2 dx

The integrand is not defined at x  1

b 1 b A B 
Lim
b1 0
 1 x 2
dx  Lim
b1 0
    dx
1 x 1 x

b 
1 1
 Lim   
2 2
 dx
b1 0  1  x  1  x 

 1 x 
  0  21 bLim
b b
= Lim  21 ln 1  x  21 ln 1  x  ln 
b1 1  1  x  0


 1 b 1 0 
 1
Lim  ln  ln  1
   0  
2
b1  1  b 1  0  2

Case 111: There is an Interior Discontinuity

Example
2 1
2 dx
 x  12
The integrand is not defined at x  1, hence
2 1 1 1 2 1
2 dx = 2 dx  1 dx
 x  1 2
 x  1 2
 x  12
 67

1 1 b 1  1  b
2 dx  L im 2 dx  L im  
 1 
 x  12 b 1  x  12 
b 1  x 2

  1 1   1 
= L im   
 

      L im  b  1  1   1     
b 1   b 1 2 1  b 1  
T he original integral also diverges.

CHECK QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following incorrectly describes improper integrals?

A. the degree of the denominator is either equal or less than that in the numerator
B. integrals over infinite intervals
C. integrand becomes infinite within the interval of integration
D. all of these

2. Which rational expression is improper?

x2 x2 4  3x 4  3x 2
A. B. C. D.
x x6
2
x x2  1
2
  x2  x  2 x3  x  2

3. Which of the following is an improper integral?

2 1 1 1 1 4 1
A.  dx B.  x ln xdx C. 0 x 2  3dx D. 2 3 x  1 dx
1 3 0
x
4. Which of the following is not an improper integral?
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 1 x
A.  dx B.  dx C. 1 dx D. 1 x 2  1dx
1 2 1 x  1
x 1 x

5. Which of the following is not an improper integral?

 0 sin x  3 1 
A.  cot xdx B.  dx C.  sin e x dx D. 1  x  cot x dx
0  x

Practice Exercises 3.2: Evaluate the following improper integrals

 1 3 x e 1
1. 2 dx 5  1  x 2 dx 9. 1 dx
 x  13
x ln x

 0 ex  x
2. 0 xe  x dx  1 6.  3  2e x dx 10.  dx
x2  2
 1 1 1   x2
3. e x ln x
dx 7. 0 x
1 x
dx 11.  xe dx

1 1  1  x
4.  x 2  4 dx 8. 
0 1  cos x
dx 12.  1  x 4 dx
 68

Problem Set 14: Evaluate the improper integral assigned by your teacher:

 e x  1 2 x2
1. 0 dx 2. 0 dx 3.  dx
x 3x - 1 1  x  3

 1  e x  1
4. 10 x 2  4 x  4 dx 5.  1  e x dx 6.  1  e x dx

 2 
 
1 ln x tan x  x sec 2 x
7. 
e dx 8. 4
0
dx 9. 0  sec x  tan x  sec x  tan x dx
0 x tan2 x
1 1 3 1 5 2 1 2
10. 1 3 x dx 11. 0 dx 5 x dx 12. 1 1 x 3 dx
1  x2

NONELEMENTARY INTEGRALS

Integrals which cannot be expressed as functions are said to be non-elementary integrals.

Example:
sin x cos x
   sin x
2
1. dx 2. dx 3. dx
x x
x2  x2
 cos x e e
2
4. dx 5. dx 6. dx
x x
e e
  x
x
7. dx 8. dx 9. dx
x x
4x 1
10.  x tan x dx 11.  x  1 dx 12.  dx
1  x3

These integrals can be approximated using numerical integration. There are several types of numerical
integration.

1. Trapezoidal Rule
Divides the region into trapezoids
For the k th trapezoidal slice:
Area, A k   Average height Base 

 y  y k 1  ba
 k  x where: x 
 2 n
Total Area,
n
 y k  y k 1 
f  x  dx   
b
A a 2  x
k 1

 1
2
 y 0  y1  x   y1  y 2  x    y n 1  y n  x 

  21 y0  y1  y 2   y n 1  1
2 
y n x
 69

Example:
2 1
1. 1 x
dx

2 1 2
1 x
dx  ln x
1
 ln 2  ln1  0.69314718

If Trapezoidal Rule is instead used, with

2 1
a. n  5, x   0.2
5
x0  1 x1  1.2 x2  1.4 x3  1.6 x4  1.8 x5  2

1   1 1 1 1 1 
 2  0.6956
2
1 x
dx  0.2  21   
  1 1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8
 1
2


2 1
b. n  10 x   0.1
10
x0  1 x1  1.1 x2  1.2 x3  1.3 x9  1.9 x10  2

1   1 1 1 1 1 
 2  0.6938
2
1 x
dx  0.2  21   
  1 1.1

1.2

1.3
 
1.9
 1
2

Note that acuracy increases as n increases
2 x2
2. 0 e with n  5

20
x   0.4 x0  0 x1  0.4 x2  0.8 x3 =1.2 x4 =1.6 x5  2
5
2 x2  2 2 2 2 2
0 e  0.4  21 e0  e0.4  e0.8  e1.2 

 e1.6  21 e 2   19.210232


2. Simpson’s Rule
Uses parabolic arcs of the form: y = Ax2 + Bx + C to approximate sections of the curve y = f(x).

A parabolic arc is passed through 3 consecutive

points
x0  x1  x x2  x1  x

Area of the region below the arc:

x1x  Ax 
x1x
A 2
 Bx  C dx
x1x
 A
  1
3  
x3  B 1
2 
x 2  Cx 
 x1x


x
3 
A 6 x12  2  x    6Bx1  6C

2
 
 70

y 0  Ax02  Bx0  C  A  x1  x 2  B  x1  x   C
y1  Ax12  Bx1  C
y 2  Ax22  Bx2  C  A  x1  x 2  B  x1  x   C
Solve the above 3 equations for: y 0  4 y1  y 2

y 0  4 y1  y 2  A 6 x12  2  x    6Bx1  6C

2
 

Recall: A 
x
3 
A 6 x12  2  x    6Bx1  6C

2
 
y 0  4 y1 y 2

x x x
Thus, A1   y 0  4 y1  y 2  A2   y 2  4y3  y 4  A3   y5  4y 6  y7 
3 3 3
x
For an even number n, An   y n 2  4y n 1  y n 
3
x
Total Area, A   y 0  4 y1  2y 2  4 y 3  2y 4   2y n 2  4 y n 1  y n 
3
Simpson's Rule is obtained by dividing the interval into an even number of subintervals of
equal length and applying the formula:

x
a f  x  dx  3  y 0  4y1  2y 2  4y 3  2y 4   2y n 2  4 y n 1  y n 
b

Example
2 x2
0 e dx with n  16
20 1
x  
16 8
x0  8
1
x1  41 x2  3
18
x15  15
8
x16  2

 81  1 3 14  15  
1 2 2 2 2 2
x2 2
dx  e0  4e  e2 
2
0  2e 4  4e 8   2e 8  4e 8
8
e
3 
 
 16.4588
 71

CHECK QUESTIONS

1. A non-elementary integral
A. is exclusively for high school or college students only
B. cannot be expressed as a function
C. can be solved by integration by parts
D. Is one where the limits of integration are necessarily infinite

2. Which of the following is a numerical method for finding definite integrals?

A. trapezoidal rule B. midpoint rule C. Simpson’s rule D. all of these

3. Which method divides the curve into a series of parabolas?

A. trapezoidal rule B. midpoint rule C. Simpson’s rule D. all of these

4. In the use of the Simpson’s rule, the number of subdivision

A. must be even B. must be odd C. could be even or odd

5. Which integral is nonelementary?

x 2 x 2
x x 2 2
A. dx B. dx C. dx D. dx

Practice Exercises 3.3: Use either trapezoidal rule or Simpson’s rule to evaluate the following
nonelementary integrals Use the n = 6, keep five decimal places and round off
the result to four decimal places.

1 1 1 1 13
1. 0 1  x 3 dx 2. 0 dx 3. 0 1  x 2 dx
1 x 3

 6 sin x 1
04 cos x 1 02
2
4. dx 5. dx 6. x sin xdx
x

0 ln 1  e  dx
1 1 1 x2
0 e 0 e
x x
7. dx 8. 9. dx
1 1
10.  0
2 dx
1  21 sin2 x

Problem set 15: For the items assigned by your teacher. use Trapezoidal Rule, and then Simpson’s
Rule with 4 decimal accuracy to evaluate the integral and use exact value to determine
the % error in each approximation. Use n = 4
93 2 3 2
1. 1 x dx 3. 0 x dx 5. 0 cos x dx
2 3 1
0 x sin x 2 5  x dx
2
2. dx 4.
 72

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PRACTICE EXERCISES

PE 3.1
 
cos sin
2 6  3ln 6 C
2. 10.  3ln 18. ln2.6  6 arctan5  6 arctan3  C
3  
cos sin
12 12
4
   
3
3
4. 6 1 12. 0 20. 2 1 2 
3  
30 
6. 14. 1 
ln x 4
2
8. 2 16.   2  2
4

PE 3.2
2. 1 8. divergent
1 1 
4.  arctan   10. divergent
2 2 2
1 1
6. ln3 12. 
2 2