Power System Analysis

Module 3

Symmetrical Components

Dr. Anwar Ali Sahito

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 Symmetrical Components

• Balanced and unbalanced networks

• Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults
• Per phase system solution
• Symmetrical components technique

• C.L. Fortescue (Canada) 1918

• Any unbalanced system of (n) phases can be resolved into (n)

balanced networks known as sequence networks.

• Unbalanced three phase systems can be split into three

balanced components 3
 Symmetrical Components

• Positive Sequence (balanced and having the same phase

sequence as the unbalanced supply)

• Negative Sequence (balanced and having the opposite phase

sequence to the unbalanced supply)

• Zero Sequence (balanced but having the same phase and hence
no phase sequence).

• These are known as the Symmetrical Components or the

Sequence Components and are shown in figure 1.
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Symmetrical Components

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 Symmetrical Components

• The phase components are the addition of the symmetrical

components

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 Symmetrical Components

• The unknown unbalanced system has three unknown

magnitudes and three unknown angles with respect to the
reference direction.
• Similarly, the combination of the 3 sequence components will
also have three unknown magnitudes and three unknown
angles with respect to the reference direction.
• Thus the original unbalanced system effectively has 3 complex
unknown quantities a, b and c (magnitude and phase angle
of each is independent), and that each of the balanced
components have only one independent complex unknown
each, as the others can be written by symmetry.

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 Symmetrical Components

• Thus the three sets of symmetrical components also have

effectively 3 complex unknown quantities.
• These are usually selected as the components of the first phase
a (i.e. a0, a1 and a2) .
• One of the other phases could have been selected as well,
but all 3 components should be selected for the same phase.
• Thus it should be possible to convert from either sequence
components to phase components or vice versa.

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 The operator (α)
• When the balanced components are considered, we see
that the most frequently occurring angle is 1200.
• In complex number theory, we defined j as the complex
operator which is equal to √-1 and a magnitude of unity,
and more importantly, when operated on any complex
number rotates it anti-clockwise by an angle of 900.
• i.e. j = √-1 = 1 ∠900
• In like manner, we define a new complex operator α which
has a magnitude of unity and when operated on any
complex number rotates it anti-clockwise by an angle of
1200.
• i.e. α = 1 ∠1200 = - 0.500 + j 0.866
Some Properties of α
 Analysis of decomposition of phasors
• Let us again examine the sequence components of the
unbalanced quantity, with each of the components
written in terms of phase a components, and the
operator α, as in figure
 Assignment

• Determine the method to decompose unbalanced three phase

voltages into their symmetrical components and vice versa.

• Determine the method to decompose unbalanced three phase

currents into their symmetrical components and vice versa.

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𝑉𝑎 𝑉0 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
1 1 1
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉1 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎2 𝑉1 + 𝑎 𝑉2
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉2
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎𝑉1 + 𝑎2 𝑉2

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼0
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎2 𝐼1 + 𝑎 𝐼2
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼1
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼2 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎𝐼1 + 𝑎2 𝐼2
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𝑉0 𝑉𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝑉1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑏
3
𝑉2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑐

1
𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐
3
1
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑎𝑉𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑐
3

1
𝑉2 = (𝑉𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑉𝑐 ) 17
3
𝐼0 𝐼𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝐼1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
3
𝐼2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐

1
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
3

1
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝑎𝐼𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑐
3

1
𝐼2 = (𝐼𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏 + 𝑎 𝐼𝑐 ) 18
3
 Numerical

𝐼0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎 = 10∟00
1 1 1 1
𝐼𝑏 = 10∟2300
𝐼1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
3 𝐼𝑐 = 10∟1300
𝐼2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐
1
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
3
1
𝐼0 = 10∟00 + 10∟2300 + 10∟1300
3
1
𝐼0 = 10 − 6.428 − 𝑗7.66 − 6.428 + 𝑗7.66
3
1
𝐼0 = −2.856 + 𝑗0 = −0.952 + 𝑗0
3
𝐼0 = 0.952∟1800 𝐴
𝐼0 1 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎 = 10∟00
𝐼1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏 = 10∟2300
3
𝐼2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 = 10∟1300
1
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝑎𝐼𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑐
3
1
𝐼1 = 10∟00 + (1∟1200 )10∟2300 + (1∟2400 )10∟1300
3
1
𝐼1 = 10∟00 + 10∟3500 + 10∟3700
3

1
𝐼1 = 10 + 9.848 + 𝑗1.736 + 9.848 − 𝑗1.736
3
1
𝐼1 = 29.696 + 𝑗0 = 9.899 + 𝑗0
3
𝐼1 = 9.899∟00 𝐴
𝐼0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎 = 10∟00
1 1 1 1
𝐼𝑏 = 10∟2300
𝐼1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
3 𝐼𝑐 = 10∟1300
𝐼2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐

1
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏 + 𝑎 𝐼𝑐
3
1
𝐼2 = 10∟00 + (1∟2400 )10∟2300 + (1∟1200 )10∟1300
3

1
𝐼2 = 10∟00 + 10∟4700 + 10∟2500
3
1
𝐼2 = 10 − 3.42 + 𝑗9.397 − 3.42 − 𝑗9.397
3
1
𝐼2 = 3.16 + 𝑗0 = 1.053 + 𝑗0
3

𝐼2 = 1.053∟00 𝐴
Numerical (H.W)
Numerical
Numerical

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Numerical

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Numerical

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Numerical

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