Chapter 4:
1. Explain the working principles of DC motor. Write some of its application.
2. Explain the operation of transformer and state its types on the basis of construction.
3. Explain the working principle of three phase induction motor? Write some of its uses.
4. Aashish Shrestha: Explain the constructional details of DC machine with neat sketch. Derive the EMF equation of
a DC generator.
5. Draw a constructional diagram of a single-phase transformer and explain all its parts. Derive the EMF equation of
single-phase transformer.
6. Explain the working principle of various types of single phase induction motor with neat circuit
7. diagram.
8. Describe various types self excited of DC generator with their circuit layout. Explain the characteristics of dc
shunt motor
9. Explain the tests on a single phase transformer and develop an equivalent circuit.
10. Describe the construction details of single phase transformer
11. Explain the construction of three phase induction motor with neat diagram?
12. Derive the EMF equation for the synchronous generator (alternator)
Write short notes in
a) Principle of DC Motor
b) Construction of a DC generator
c) Working principle of a DC generator
d) types of dc machines
Numerical
A 220/440 V 50Hz transformer gives the following data on test ontain the parameter of the equivalent circuit and draw
equivalent circuit
OC 220 0.6A 66W
test
SC test 17V 10A 80W
Solution
Given in primary side
V 0=220V ,
no load current ( I 0 )=0.6 A ,
core loss ( P )=66 W
P
P=VI cos ϕ →cos ϕ= =0.5
V 0 I0
Active current ( I ω )=I 0 cos ϕ
Reactive current ( I m )=I 0 sin ϕ
V0
R0 = =733.33 Ω
Iω
V0
X 0= =423.390 Ω
Im
Now in shot circuit test
Given
2
V sh=17 V
I SH =10 A
2 2
P=80W → I SH × R Sh=80
P
R sh= 2
=0.8 Ω
I Sh
V sh
Z sh= =1.7 Ω
I sh
X Sh=√ Z 2−R sh =1.5 Ω
To draw equivalent current converting should be done
ε 2 440
K= = =2
ε 1 220
' R sh
R sh= 2
=0.2
K
' Z sh
Z sh = 2
=0.425
K
' 1.5
X sh= 2
=0.375
K
Following data refers to a 50 KVA, 220/ 110 V, 50Hz transformer OC test with high voltage open. Let 350W, 9.5 A,
110 V SC test with low voltage side: 820W, 22.7A and 100 V. determine the equivalent circuit parameter refer to 2V
side. Also find primary current and secondary current
A single-phase transformer has 350 primary and 1,050 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 55
2
c m . If the primary winding be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase supply, calculate
1. maximum value of flux density in the core
2. voltage induced in secondary winding
solution
given
2 2
N 1=350 , N 2=1050 , a=55 c m =0.0055 m
For maximum flux we have
E1=4.44 f N ϕmax [ EMF equation of transformer ]
E1 3
ϕ max = =5.148 ×10 Wb
4.44 × f × N 1
Maximum flux density
ϕ max
Bmax = =0.936 Tesla ( T )
a
1 webwe
T= 2
1m
Voltage induced in secondary winding
E2 N 2
= → E2=1200V
E1 N 1
A 25KVA single phase transformer has 250 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the secondary winding. The primary
is connected to 1500V, 50 Hz mains. Calculate
1. Secondary emf
2. Primary and secondary current on full load
3. Maximum flux in core
Solution given
V 1=E 1=1500 V , N 1=250 , N 2=40 , f =50 hz , transformer rating ( S )=25 KVA
For secondary emf
E2 N 2
= → E2=240V
E1 N 1
Primary current
rated KVA
I 1= =16.67 A
E1
Secondary current
rated KVA
I 2= =104.167
E2
E1
ϕ max = =0.027 Wb
4.44 × f × N 1
A 20 KVA, 250/2500V, 50 Hz. Single phase transformer has R0 = 595.2 Ω , X 0= 187.26 Ω , R01 = 0.05 Ω and X 01=
0.14 Ω . Calculate:
i. Iron loss of the transformer
ii. Efficiency of the transformer at half load with 0.8 pf lagging.
Solution
E1=250V , E2=2500V
Coreloss resistance ( R0 ) =595.2 Ω
magnetiising reactance ( X 0 ) =187.26 Ω
copper wideninf resistance ( R01 )=0.05 Ω
Leakage reactance ( X 01)=0.14 Ω .
No load current
E1
I w= =0.4 A
R0
Iron loss
2
Pi=E 1 × I w =I R 0=105 W
Current drawn by half load
1
rated KVA
2
high voltage current (I 2)=I L = =4 A
E2
1
rated KVA
2
low voltage current (I 1)= =80 A
E1
Half load copper loss
2
PCU =I 1 Ro 1=80 W
Half load power output
1
Pout = rated KVA × Pf =8000 W
2
Efficiency
Pout
η= × 100 %=97.73 %
P¿ ∨Ptotal
Ptotal=P out + P loss
Ploss=iron +copper
A 25 kVA 22000/220 V, 50 Hz, 1 phase transformer has following parameters.
R1 = 1.75 Ω , R2 = 0.0045 Ω , X 1 = 2.6 Ω , X 2 = 0.0075 Ω calculate:
i. Equivalent resistance referred to primary side and secondary.
ii. Equivalent reactance referred to primary and secondary side
Given:
Transformer rating: 25 kVA
Voltage: 22000/220 V (Primary = 22000 V, Secondary = 220 V)
Frequency: 50 Hz
R₁ = 1.75 Ω, R₂ = 0.0045 Ω
X₁ = 2.6 Ω, X₂ = 0.0075 Ω
Turn Ratio (K)
V2
K= =0.1
V1
Equivalent resistance
Referred to primary
R2
R01=R1 + 2
=¿
K
Referred to secondary
2
R02=K R1 + R2=0.022 Ω
Equivalent reactance
Referred to primary
2
X
X 01= X 1+ 2 =3.35 Ω
K
Referred to secondary
2
X 02=K X 1 + X 2=0.0335 Ω
