Number System - Study Notes & Practice
1. Types of Numbers
Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, ...
Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
Integers: ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...
Rational Numbers: Numbers that can be expressed as a/b.
Irrational Numbers: Cannot be expressed as a/b (e.g., sqrt(2), pi).
Real Numbers: All rational and irrational numbers.
2. Divisibility Rules
Divisibility by 2: Last digit even
Divisibility by 3: Sum of digits divisible by 3
Divisibility by 5: Ends in 0 or 5
Divisibility by 11: Alternating digit sum divisible by 11
3. Prime Numbers and Co-Primes
Prime Numbers: Numbers with only two factors (1 and itself).
Co-Primes: Two numbers with HCF = 1.
4. LCM and HCF
LCM: Lowest number divisible by all given numbers.
HCF: Highest number that divides all given numbers.
Use prime factorization or division method.
5. Remainder Theorem and Unit Digit
Use modular arithmetic for remainder problems.
Unit Digit: Last digit patterns (e.g., powers of 2 repeat every 4 terms).
6. Digital Sum and Cyclicity
Number System - Study Notes & Practice
Digital Sum: Repeated sum of digits until one digit remains.
Cyclicity: Power-based patterns (e.g., 2^n has cycle 2,4,8,6).
7. Number of Zeroes
Trailing zeroes in factorial: Count of 5s in prime factorization of n!.
Example: 100! has floor(100/5) + floor(100/25) + ... = 24 zeroes.
Practice Questions (Examples)
1. Find the unit digit of 7^45
2. What is the remainder when 12345 is divided by 6?
3. Find the LCM and HCF of 12, 15, 20
4. How many trailing zeroes in 1000!
5. Which of the following is a prime number: 91, 97, 111, 143?
