Industrial Revolution

Background
 Industries were first established in the 17th century (birth).

 In 18th century industries were rising and it is an ongoing process.

Great Britain (London city) was the most attractive place of the world right after the industrial revolution people
migrated towards London city for more and more opportunity. After London it expanded to Manchester and then
after 20 to 30 years industrial revolution expanded all across the Europe.

STATEMENT:
It is a complete transformation in the ways or methods of production, from the traditional ways or methods to
the scientific or modern ways of production.

Traditional ways

 Hand-made production.

 Tools were simpler.

 Production capacity was not up to the mark.

 No formal factory system was installed.

 Variety of products were limited.

Transformation:

 Change in ways of production.

Modern ways:

 Handmade to machine.

 Tools from simpler to complex.

 Production capacity increased.

 Formal factory system established.

 Variety of products increased.

Causes of Industrial Revolution

a) Human Quest:
It is a struggle or efforts of hundreds and thousands of years towards the betterment.

b) Human's intellectual development:

 Human intellectual development leads to different inventions which are the scientific inventions. Later proved to
be the rise of the human inventions. Demands realized us to think about the better ways of production.

c) Scientific innovations:
 Inventions of steam engine.

 Introduction of spinning machine.

 Ginning machine.

 Telegraphs

d) To bridge the demand and supply gap

All of these led to the Industrial revolution. It has its own merits and demerits.

Positive effects of industrial revolution

 Social effects were positively influenced.

 Economic effects were positively influenced.

 Political effects were positively influenced.

 Manufacturing effects were positively influenced.

After industrial revolution;

1. Employment creation

The Industrial Revolution created an increase in employment opportunities. Wages at factories were higher than
what individuals were making as farmers. As factories became widespread, additional managers and employees
were required to operate them, increasing the supply of jobs and overall wages.

2. per capita income increased

Industrialization increased per capita income by creating more jobs and improving productivity. With the rise of
factories and machinery, production became faster and more efficient, leading to higher outputs and profits.
Businesses could afford to pay better wages, and more people found employment in new industries. This overall
economic growth meant that the average income per person rose, as both individuals and the economy benefited
from the advancements in industrial technology and infrastructure.

3. Improved living standards

People had access to healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper goods. In addition, education increased during
the Industrial Revolution. Due in part to the Edward Jenner's invention of the smallpox vaccine and Louis Pasteur's
discovery of bacteria, health care increased, and people began to live longer.

4. Improved National Economy

Industrialization improved the national economy by increasing production efficiency and creating jobs. Factories
and machines allowed for faster and cheaper manufacturing of goods, leading to higher profits and better wages.
 This economic growth was supported by technological innovations and improved infrastructure, boosting trade
and raising living standards.

5. Rapid Industrialization.
Textile Industry was the leading industry at
 Textile, chemical (bleaching powder). that time. When Industrial revolution was
 Iron industry (rolling process to making products introduced 40 % textile contribution was
from only one city i.e., Manchester
 Revolution in Iron industry.

 Fertilizer industry

The Industrial Revolution led to rapid industrialization through innovations like the spinning jenny in textiles, the
rolling process in iron production, and the development of fertilizers. These advances quickly transformed
industries, boosting production and economic growth.

6. Improved means of communication.

 Telegraphs.

 Railways.

 Vehicles.

The Industrial Revolution transformed communication with innovations like telegraphs, railways, and vehicles.
Telegraphs enabled rapid messaging, railways facilitated faster transportation, and vehicles increased mobility,
revolutionizing how people and goods moved, enhancing trade and economic growth.

7. Modern Agricultural Revolution.

 Modern Irrigation system.

 Drip irrigation.

 Hybrid seeds.

 Water availability increased.

 Increase in production.

 Food security.

The Industrial Revolution led to an Agricultural Revolution by introducing modern irrigation systems and drip
irrigation, which efficiently utilized water resources. The development of hybrid seeds improved crop yields and
resilience. Increased water availability from advanced irrigation techniques boosted production, ensuring food
security and sustaining the growing population.

8. Medical Revolution.

 Production of medical or medicines from commercial items availability(plants).

 Laser treatment.

 Medical sector improved due to industrial revolution.

 The Industrial Revolution led to a medical revolution by significantly improving the production and
availability of medicines. With the use of commercial items like plants, the mass production of drugs
became possible. Additionally, advancements in technology introduced laser treatments and other
innovative medical procedures. Overall, the industrial revolution greatly enhanced the medical sector,
leading to better healthcare and treatment option

9. Capitalization
The Industrial Revolution led to capitalism by making businesses more profitable and creating a need for
investment in factories and machinery. This shift towards industrial production and trade encouraged the growth
of financial systems and the accumulation of capital.

10. Education Sector.

 Education sector moved towards the practicality or innovation.

 Towards the modernization.

The Industrial Revolution led to significant improvements in the education sector. It shifted focus towards
practicality and innovation, emphasizing modernization. This transformation included new teaching methods,
technological advancements in education, and increased access to education for a broader population. Overall, the
Industrial Revolution revolutionized education, aligning it with the changing needs of a rapidly evolving society.

11. Urbanization.
At that time London city became the
 Cultural harmony, social transactions etc. most attractive city in the world

The Industrial Revolution spurred urbanization as people flocked to cities in search of employment opportunities in
newly established factories and industries. This influx of workers led to the growth of urban areas, creating cultural
diversity, social interactions, and economic transactions that shaped modern cities into hubs of innovation and
development.

12. Global Village

The Industrial Revolution made it easier to trade and connect with other countries. New inventions improved
transportation and communication, helping goods and ideas travel globally. This increased trade and cultural
exchanges, bringing countries closer together and creating globalization.

Negative Environmental effects of Industrial Revolution:

 Increased Human interferences within the Earth system led to the negative impacts on the environment.

 The Industrial Revolution brought about significant advancements in technology, production, and economic
growth. However, these developments also brought negative environmental impacts that continue to affect us
today. The rapid industrialization led to increased pollution of air, water, and soil, deforestation, habitat
destruction, wildlife extinction, and climate change. These negative consequences highlight the importance of
sustainable industrial practices and environmental protection measures to mitigate the environmental damage
caused by industrial activities.
1. Water Pollution:

 The effects of industrial pollution are far-reaching and liable to affects the ecosystem for many years to come.

 Most industries require large amounts of water for their work. When involved in a series of processes, the water
comes into contact with heavy metals, harmful chemicals, radioactive waste, and even organic sludge.

 These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As a result, many of our water sources have a high amount
of industrial waste in them which seriously impacts the health of our ecosystem. The same water is then used by
farmers for irrigation purpose which affects the quality of food that is produced.

 Water pollution has already rendered many groundwater resources useless for humans and wildlife. It can at best
be recycled for further usage in industries.

2. Soil Pollution
 Soil pollution is creating problems in agriculture and destroying local vegetation. It also causes chronic health
issues to the people that come in contact with such soil on a daily basis.
 Acid rain also affects soil quality.

3. Air Pollution
 Air pollution has led to a step increase in various illness and it continues to affect us on a daily basis. With so many
small, mid and large-scale industries coming up, air pollution has taken the toll on the health of the people and the
environment.

 Fossil fuels, increase in usage of coal which lead different combustion of fossil fuel i.e., CO2, CO, SO2etc. Further
results in Air pollution, Water pollution and Land pollution.

4. Noise pollution
 The Industrial Revolution increased noise pollution.
 Transport activity, including railways and steamships, introduced constant mechanical sounds.
 Factories and industrial facilities operated heavy machinery and large-scale production processes.
 Urban areas became louder due to the proliferation of industrial operations.

5. Deforestation
 Rapid industrial growth increased the demand for timber for construction, fuel, and clearing land for factories and
cities, leading to widespread deforestation.
 People moved from rural areas to cities for factory jobs, causing rapid urban growth and expansion.
 Industrial activities led to significant air and water pollution due to emissions and waste from factories.
 The industrial revolution boosted production, leading to increased economic growth and higher standards of living.
 Innovations in machinery and production processes improved efficiency and productivity across various industries.
6. Eutrophication
 Eutrophication due to industrial waste, such as chemicals and pollutants, entering water bodies and causing
excessive algae growth, depleting oxygen levels and harming aquatic life.
 Urbanization and migration as people moved from rural areas to cities for factory jobs, leading to rapid urban
growth and social changes.
 Technological advancements in manufacturing, transportation, and communication, revolutionizing industries and
improving efficiency and production.
 Shift in labor practices with the rise of factories and mechanization, altering traditional agricultural-based
economies and creating new employment opportunities.
 Environmental degradation including air and water pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction due to
increased industrial activities and resource extraction.

7. Wildlife Extinction
 By and large, the issue of industrial pollution shows us that it causes natural rhythm and patterns to fail, meaning
that the wildlife is getting affected in a severe manner.
 Habitats are being lost, species are becoming extinct and it is harder for the environment to recover from each
natural disaster.
 Major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, the leak of radioactive material and damage to property are harder to
clean-up as they have a higher impact in a shorter span of time.

8. Global warming

 With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming has been increasing at a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse
gases are being released by industries into the air which causes an increase in global warming.
 Melting of glaciers, extinction of polar bears, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes are few of the effect of global warming.
 The issue of industrial pollution concerns every nation on the planet. As a result, many steps have been taken to
seek permanent solutions to the problem. Better technology is being developed for disposal of waste and recycling
as much polluted water in the industries as possible.

9. Climatic changes
 Changes in the average weather condition are called as climatic changes. The climatic changes are mainly caused
by solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and certain human activities are also responsible for it. Globally climatic
changes have led to different effects on the environment which may include loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level
rise and more intense heat waves.
10. Generation of Methane Gas
 Methane gas is another gas which is included in the greenhouse gas, this gas is emitted by the human activities.
 Methane gas is emitted naturally along with that it is also generated by the industrial activities such as leakage
from natural gas systems.
 Methane gas is more effective than the carbon dioxide gas and contribute more towards the radiation.
 Methane gas if leaked it may absorb the sun heat which may lead towards the warming of atmosphere.

11. Loss of Bio-diversity

 Rapid deforestation for factory construction and resource extraction.
 Increased pollution from factories harming ecosystems and wildlife.
 Overexploitation of natural resources disrupting habitats.
 Urban expansion encroaching on natural areas.
 Introduction of invasive species through global trade.

12. Desertification

 Increased demand for raw materials led to overexploitation of natural resources, contributing to desertification.

 Deforestation for industrial purposes reduced vegetation cover, leading to soil erosion and desertification.

 Industrial pollution, including emissions and waste disposal, degraded soil quality and contributed to land
degradation.

 Urbanization and industrial infrastructure development often disrupted natural ecosystems, accelerating
desertification processes.

Others

 Paper industry.

 Over exploitation of natural resources. (Use of coal, petrol, hydrocarbons for production use).

 Urbanization. (Urbanization needs deforestation).

The Solutions
 Now that we've realized an impact the industrial revolution has had and is still having on the

environment, what can we do to fix it…?

 There are two possible approaches that both factories and legislators can take help reduce the

impact of industrial pollution. First, industries can reduce their reliance on a product that causing pollution. One
good example is removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s. We've lowered our dependence on lead, which
reduced the amount of this heavy metal being leached into surrounding environment.

 Another option is to treat industrial waste to remove toxic components so that the rest of the waste can be
disposed of safely. It isn't always easy, and it does require that each factory implements the proper procedures to
purify cleanse their waste byproducts.

 However, it can help reduce soil, air and water pollution being produced but these facilities, and also help in
conservation of natural resources, companies.

 The industrial revolution may have changed the way that we look at the world, but it also changed the impact we
had on this planet that we call home. Now that we've realized the problem, it's up us to fix it so that we can
continue to grow and change without destroying our home in the name of progress.

Conclusion
Industrial and Agricultural revolution have contributed towards social, political, economic, scientific, and cultural
development in the world, but due to these revolutions the intensity and frequencies oh human interferences
increased, which further aggravated the risks of the environmental degradation.

PAKISTAN’S EFFORTS AT INDUSTRIALIZATION

Introduction
Industry is one of the vital sectors and makes the major portion of the economy of the country. The industry
gained a great boost after the “Industrial Revolution”. The countries which were previously relying solely on
agriculture encouraged their industrial sector. This switch over from agricultural to industrial sector has paid the
price to these countries. The examples of developed nations like America, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Russia,
China etc. are before us. On the other hand, the countries which did not give weight to the industry are lagging
behind. With the development of industry national income increased, the living standard improved, employment
opportunities increased and the investment increased. Not only this, but there was also a great rise in agricultural
production. All such developments opened new vistas for the countries. Countries of the world climbed out of the
poverty and became self-dependent.

Industrialization Defined
Industrialization is linked with the development of the industrial sector on a massive scale in a society i.e. changing
the society from an agrarian one to an industrialized nation. This process involves technological changes, where
new technology is developed and used.

Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a great phenomenon in the history of the world. It started in England during the 18th
century when machines began to replace manual labour in many industries. It spread through much of the world
starting in the 19th century and is still continuing in undeveloped countries. The whole scenario of the production
altered with the introduction of the machinery. Machines made the work faster and easier. The production
exceeded the demand of the items. Resultantly the prices dropped according to the supply and demand theory.
With industrial development, many other sectors of the economy also developed. In short, the Industrial
Revolution brought unprecedented changes in every aspect of life.

Industrial Sector at The Inception Of Pakistan

Pakistan got independence in 1947. At the time of partition, Pakistan had a negligible industrial base. It got only 34
industries out of total 955, while remaining were held by India. Such a small number of industries were not enough
for a newly born country to face the industrialized world. Pakistan had to start from the scratch to develop its
industrial sector and stand on its own feet. It had to make the most of its limited resources in order to keep the
pace with the changing trends of the world. With the passage of time Pakistan utilized it’s all available resources
domestic as well as external for rapid development of manufacturing sector. Pakistan has now attained a fairly
diversified base in manufacturing ranging from essential goods to ship building industry. Domestic production of
items such as refined sugar, steel, fertilizers, cement etc. has helped in import substitution and has saved
substantial amount of foreign exchange.

Pakistan’s Efforts At Industrialization

Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, SITE: In the early years, Pakistan recognized the need for industrial infrastructure,
leading to the establishment of the Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) near Karachi's Lyari area. SITE provided
essential facilities like water, roads, and waste disposal systems to support industrial growth.

The Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, PCSIR: In 1953, PCSIR was founded to develop
technologies utilizing indigenous resources. It aimed to disseminate research results, solve operational challenges
for new industries, and enhance high-level manpower for technology transfer.

Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation, PIDC: Created alongside PCSIR, PIDC focused on heavy industries
like cement, bridging gaps where private investment was lacking. Both PCSIR and PIDC played vital roles in
developing technology and fostering industrial growth.

Township and Industrial Area Development: Simultaneously, areas like Landhi and Korangi were developed,
integrating industrial estates into urban planning for employment opportunities and economic growth.

Shift in Manufacturing Contributions: Initially, small-scale manufacturing drove economic development, later
overtaken by large-scale industries leveraging embodied technologies.
Expansion Across Cities: Industrial complexes sprouted in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, Nowshera, Hyderabad,
Sukkur, Nawab Shah, Mirpur Khas, Khairpur, and eventually Baluchistan, supporting Pakistan's industrialization
efforts.

Challenges and Progress: Despite government efforts since independence, challenges persist in achieving desired
industrial growth and infrastructure development, reflecting the complex nature of industrial advancement in
Pakistan.

In the last over three decades the main obstacles which have slowed and retarded industrial development in
Pakistan are as follows:

Causes Of Backwardness Of Industry In Pakistan

Political Instability: Political instability in Pakistan has led to frequent policy changes by successive governments.
This inconsistency disrupts industrial progress as policies are frequently altered or disposed of, creating
uncertainty and setbacks for the industrial sector.

Capital and Loan Constraints: The lack of capital and limited access to loans hinder industrial growth. Industries
require significant capital to operate efficiently, but the scarcity of funds and loan facilities slows down progress.

Limited Market and Preference for Foreign Goods: A constrained domestic market, coupled with consumer
preferences for foreign goods, limits opportunities for local industries to expand. This preference for imports
reduces demand for domestic products, affecting the growth of the industrial sector.

Underutilization of Labor Potential: Efficient utilization of labor capabilities is crucial for industrial progress.
However, underutilization of labor potential due to improper placement and lack of skill development contributes
to industry lagging behind global competition.

Infrastructure and Communication Challenges: Inadequate infrastructure, including transportation,

communication, and basic facilities like roads, water supply, and sanitation, poses significant challenges for
industries. Poor communication infrastructure hampers industry survival and growth.

Technical Knowledge and Skilled Workforce: The lack of technical knowledge among workers and a shortage of
skilled laborers impede industrial development. Without a technically experienced workforce, industries struggle
to innovate and compete effectively.

Entrepreneurship and Investment Climate: Shortage of entrepreneurs and reluctance of foreign investors to
invest in a country with inadequate infrastructure and deteriorating law and order further hinder industrial
growth. Economic restrictions and global market challenges also contribute to industrial setbacks.

Energy Crisis: An ongoing energy crisis, including shortages of electricity, oil, and gas, severely impacts industrial
operations. Despite abundant resources, inadequate fuel supply disrupts industry functioning and productivity.

Transition Challenges and Policy Recommendations: Pakistan's transition from agrarian to industrial society
requires robust development projects, intensified industrialization, and policies that promote national unity and
competitiveness. Efforts to reduce provincialism and increase nationalism are essential for successful
industrialization and economic growth.
Here are some suggestions to stabilize our industrial sector:

Recommendations
• Government must unveil a solid industrial policy keeping in view the global requirements.

• Policies must be strictly implemented.

• Industrialists be given loans on easy instalments, so as they could run industries smoothly.

• New markets for the local products be explored and the quality of local products be improved to increase the
demand abroad.

• New technical universities and institutions be established for the guidance of the labour and equip them with the
modern techniques being used in the industry.

• Means of communication and basic infrastructure required for industry like roads, transportation etc. be
improved and enhanced to make the access easy.

• New and emerging entrepreneurs must be encouraged to lead the industrial sector and make investments.

• The crisis of energy must be resolved on priority basis and interrupted supply of energy to industry be ensured.

• Law and order situation be improved to allure the investors to invest their money and time.

• More attentions should be given to increase export.

• Import substitution products be produced to encourage people to use local products.

• Realistic and up-to-date statistics be provided to this sector.

Conclusion
To conclude with, the people of Pakistan perhaps already are aware that the country had the choice of building
institutions for development of technology and other industrial infrastructure and/or a strong institution for
planning. Pakistan opted assistance from the USA in formulating economic development plans while both India
and Korea when offered similar options opted for establishment of institutes of technology on the pattern of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT. The KIST or Korean Institute of Science and Technology and a chain of
IITs or the Indian Institutes of Technology were offered as technical assistance to Korea and India respectively and
both countries flourished on the basis of solid and self-reliant foundations provided by the respective institutions.
Pakistan has all the resources and a solid base to become an industrialized country. The need of the hour is to turn
the policies into action by following the examples of developed countries in letter and spirit.