Based on Windows 10 & Office 2019

Welcome to a super exciting year of learning about computers! Before we jump

into our first chapter on "Computer Languages" (which is all about how we
"talk" to computers!), let's quickly review some important and fun things
you've already learned. This refresher will help you remember all the cool
concepts from Class 3, 4, and 5, making sure you're fully prepared for new
challenges!
Computer Fundamentals | Class 3
 Types of Computer:
 Computers come in different shapes and sizes. Some examples are: Desktop
Computers, Laptop Computers, Tablets and Smartphones
 Parts of a Computer
 Hardware are all the parts of the computer that you can physically touch
and see.
 The main pieces you'll see in a common desktop computer setup are, The
Monitor, the CPU cabinet, the Keyboard, and the Mouse. These four are
usually together in one set.
 Some other devices that also form a part of the computer are the Printer,
Scanner, Microphone, Speaker, webcam, Bluetooth headphones, joysticks,
external hard drives etc.
 These are all hardware that make our computers more versatile.
 Computer Software:
 Software are the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to
do. Software are just code and instructions. It's what makes the hardware
useful!
 Working of a Computer:
 Computers work in a simple cycle called Input → Process → Output.
 Input: This is when you give information or commands to the computer.

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 Process: This is when the CPU works on the information you gave it. It does
all the calculations and operations.
 Output: This is when the computer shows you the result of its work.
 Advantages of a Computer:
 Super Fast, Stores Lots of Info, Never Gets Tired, Always Accurate, Fun &
Educational.
 Limitations of a Computer:
 Needs Our Orders, No Feelings, Needs Power, Can Make Mistakes if we make
mistakes. This is called "Garbage In, Garbage Out" (GIGO).
 Topic: Computer Manners
 These are like good habits or rules we follow to use computers safely,
respectfully, and helpfully for everyone.
 Some Examples:
 Always ask permission before using a computer that isn't yours.
 Keep your computer area neat and clean, and don't eat or drink near it.
 Be gentle with the keyboard, mouse; don't hit or press them too hard.
 Shut down the computer correctly to protect its system.
 Sit properly while using the computer (good posture) to avoid back pain.
 Don't share your personal information with strangers online.
Introduction to Data and Information | Class 4
 What is Data?
 Data refers to facts that we give to the computer. It's unorganized and might
not make sense on its own.
 What is Information?
 When the computer (its CPU, the brain!) processes or organizes the data, it
becomes information. Information is meaningful and useful.
 What are Data Storage Units
 Computers deal with a lot of data and information. Computers have their
own units to measure the amount of data!
 The smallest piece of data a computer can understand is called a Bit.

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  A group of 8 Bits makes a Byte.
 Here's how larger amounts of data are measured:
 Kilobyte (KB): About 1,000 Bytes.
 Megabyte (MB): About 1,000 Kilobytes.
 Gigabyte (GB): About 1,000 Megabytes.
 Terabyte (TB): About 1,000 Gigabytes.
 What are the Types of Memory
 Primary Memory (also called Main Memory)
 Secondary Memory (also called Storage)
 Primary Memory
 Primary Memory is the computer's "short-term memory"
 The CPU uses Primary Memory to quickly store information it needs right
now to do its work.
 Data stays in Primary Memory only while the computer is ON or working
on a task.
 If the power goes off or you shut down the computer, all the information in
Primary Memory is lost!
 The most common type of Primary Memory is called RAM (Random Access
Memory).
 Secondary Memory
 Secondary Memory is the computer's "long-term memory"
 Even if you turn off the computer, the information saved here will still be
there when you turn it back on.
 This is where you save your files so you can use them again later.
 Secondary Memory devices are also called Storage Devices.
 Storage Devices
 These are the actual hardware parts where Secondary Memory (long-term
memory) is stored.
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Pen Drive (USB Flash Drive)

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  Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
 Solid State Drives (SSD)
 Memory Cards
 Evolution of Computers
 Evolution of Computers means how computers have changed and improved
over a very long time.
 They went from being as big as a room to fitting in our pockets!
 This amazing journey is what we call the evolution of computers.
 Generations of Computers
 To make it easier to understand how computers evolved, scientists and
engineers have divided their history into different "Generations."
 Each Generation marks a big jump or change in the way computers were
built and how they worked.
 Each generation of computers became: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper and More
powerful
History of Computers (Class 5)
 Counting Through Time (Early Computing Devices)
 Abacus (The Ancient Calculator)
 The Abacus is one of the oldest known calculating devices, used for
thousands of years in places like China and Japan.
 It's a wooden or plastic frame with rods, and colorful beads slide along
those rods.
 You move the beads up and down to count, add, and subtract numbers.
 Each bead in a certain position means a different number.
 It helped people in ancient times (like traders and merchants) do
calculations quickly and accurately.
 Napier's Bones (The Multiplication Helper)
 A Scottish mathematician named John Napier invented this in the early
1600s.

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  It looked like a set of marked rods (like bones, which is why it's called
"Napier's Bones"!). Each rod had numbers printed on it.
 You would arrange the rods in a special way to easily multiply large
numbers. It helped people do multiplication and division much faster than
doing it in their heads.
 It was one of the first mechanical tools to help with multiplication, which
was a very difficult math problem back then.
 Pascaline (The First Adding Machine!)
 A brilliant French scientist named Blaise Pascal in the mid-1600s (around
1642, invented it to help his father, who was a tax collector and had to
do lots of calculations!
 This was a real mechanical calculator! It was a box with lots of gears
and wheels. You would turn dials to put in numbers.
 When you turned the dials, the gears inside would spin and show the
answer for addition and subtraction. It could actually carry over
numbers, just like when you add 9+1=10 and carry the 1!
 It's considered one of the very first true mechanical calculators in the
world. It showed that machines could do math automatically.
 Leibniz Calculator (Pascaline's Upgrade!)
 A German mathematician named Gottfried Leibniz invented this in the late
1600s (around 1673).
 His machine could not only add and subtract, but also multiply and divide!
 It was more advanced and complex than the Pascaline.
 It was a big step towards making machines that could do all kinds of
math, not just simple addition.
 The Visionaries: Father of Computers & The First Programmer
 Charles Babbage (The Father of Computers)
 He was an English mathematician, inventor, and mechanical engineer born
in 1791.

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  Charles Babbage is widely known as the "Father of the Computer"
because his designs had many features found in modern computers!
 He first designed a machine called the Difference Engine. It was meant
to calculate long math tables (like tables for navigation) automatically
and without mistakes. He built part of it, but it was very difficult.
 Then, he came up with an even more amazing idea: the Analytical Engine.
 This machine was designed to do any type of calculation, not just one! It
had parts like "Input," "Process," and "Output" and even a "Store" part
(like memory!).
 He couldn't finish building the Analytical Engine fully because the
technology back then wasn't ready. But his ideas were brilliant and
became the blueprint for all future computers.
 Ada Lovelace (The World's First Computer Programmer)
 The daughter of a famous poet, Lord Byron, Augusta Ada King, Countess
of Lovelace, was a brilliant English mathematician and writer (born in
1815).
 She was a close friend and collaborator of Charles Babbage.
 She understood Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine designs in great
detail.
 She realized that the machine could do more than just simple arithmetic;
it could manipulate symbols and follow a series of instructions.
 She wrote detailed notes and algorithms (step-by-step instructions) for
how the Analytical Engine could calculate Bernoulli numbers, which is
considered the first computer program ever written.
 She was a visionary who understood the power of software.

 Pre-Electronic Computers
Before computers used electricity and tiny chips, there were other clever
machines preparing the way!

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 Herman Hollerith & The Tabulating Machine
 This was made by an American inventor and statistician named Herman
Hollerith in the late 1800s (around 1890).
 He invented the Tabulating Machine to help process data from the 1890
United States Census.
 Counting millions of people manually was taking too much time!
 His machine used punch cards. Data (like names, ages) was punched as
holes on cardboard cards.
 The machine would then read these holes very quickly to count and sort
information.
 It proved that machines could process huge amounts of data quickly and
accurately using electricity.
 This idea of using punch cards was very important for early computers.
 He even started a company that later became IBM, a very famous
computer company!
The Different Eras of Computers (Generations!)
 Computers have made incredible leaps in technology, becoming smaller,
faster, cheaper, and more powerful over time.
 We categorize these major advancements into "Generations."
 First Generation Computers (1940s - 1950s) - The Giant Room-Fillers!
 These computers used glowing glass tubes called Vacuum Tubes.
 These were very big and used a lot of electricity.
 They were ENORMOUS! Some were as big as a whole room! They also
produced a lot of heat.
 They were very slow and could only do one job at a time. You would put
instructions in using punch cards.
 One famous first-generation computer was called ENIAC.
 Second Generation Computers (1950s - 1960s) – Using the Transistors!
 Scientists invented something much smaller and better than vacuum tubes:
Transistors.

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 Transistors were tiny switches.
 Because of transistors, these computers were much smaller than first-
generation computers. They also used less electricity and produced less
heat.
 They were faster and more reliable (they broke down less often). People
started writing programs using computer languages that were easier to
understand.
 Third Generation Computers (1960s - 1970s) - The Chip Era Begins!
 An even bigger invention: the Integrated Circuit (IC), also known as a 'chip'.
An IC is a tiny piece of silicon (a type of material) with many transistors
packed onto it.
 These computers became even smaller, faster, and more affordable. They
could do many tasks at once.
 For the first time, people could use keyboards and monitors directly with
these computers, and they even had an operating system (like Windows,
which manages everything).
 Fourth Generation Computers (1970s - Today) - Personal Powerhouses!
 The amazing Microprocessor! This is a tiny chip that contains all the
important parts of the CPU (the computer's brain) on one small piece.
 This generation brought us personal computers (PCs) – the desktop and
laptop computers you see today! They became very powerful, small, and
cheap enough for many homes.
 We got amazing graphics, networking (connecting computers together), and
the Internet started to become popular!
 Fifth Generation Computers (Today & Future) - Thinking Like Humans!
 These computers are still being developed! They are all about Artificial
Intelligence (AI).
 They are becoming even smarter, understanding natural language (like how
we talk), and solving complex problems.

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 This generation focuses on making computers that can learn from
experience, make decisions, and even understand human speech.
 Voice assistants like Siri or Google Assistant, smart robots, and self-driving
cars use AI.
Modern Computing Milestones (Connecting to Our World!)
 This is about how computers kept changing and becoming super important
in our daily lives!
 Personal Computers (PCs): After the microprocessor, computers became
small and affordable enough for homes, schools, and offices. This meant
everyone could have a computer!
 The Internet: This amazing invention connected computers all over the
world, letting us share information, send emails, watch videos, and learn
almost anything! It changed how we communicate and live.
 Mobile Computing: Now, computers are not just on desks! Our laptops,
tablets, and smartphones mean we carry powerful computers with us
everywhere we go, keeping us connected and entertained!
The Amazing Computer Journey of India!
 The Early Days (1950s - 1960s):
 India got its very first digital computer in 1955 at the Indian Statistical
Institute in Kolkata.
 Soon after, Indian scientists at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
(TIFR) in Mumbai built India's first home-made computer called TIFRAC.
 The Software Boom (1980s - 2000s):
 In the 1980s and 90s, India became famous for software – the programs
that make computers work.
 Big companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, and Wipro
grew rapidly, making software for businesses all around the world.
 The city of Bengaluru (Bangalore) became known as the 'Silicon Valley of
India' because so many computer companies started there.

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 Building Our Own Supercomputer! (1991):
 A very proud moment came in 1991 when India developed its own
supercomputer called PARAM 8000.
 This powerful machine was built by Indian scientists at C-DAC (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing), proving India's amazing skills in
complex computing.
 India as a Global Tech Power (Today):
 Today, India is a major IT (Information Technology) powerhouse globally.
 Millions of people work in the IT sector, helping other countries with
technology.
 Initiatives like 'Digital India' are helping more and more people across our
country use computers and the internet for learning, working, and
connecting.

This knowledge is the perfect foundation as you move into Class 6, Chapter 1:
"Computer Languages"! In this chapter, you'll learn the exciting new skill of
how to "talk" to computers by writing special instructions. Get ready to learn
the secret codes that make computers do amazing things!

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